PDF Introduction to Ethics

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1 c h a p t e r ? Jones & Bartlett Lea NOT FOR SALE OR DI

Introduction to Ethics ? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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Karen L. Rich

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OBJECTIVES

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After NreaOdiTngFthOisRchaSpAterL, tEheOreRadeDr IsShoTulRd IbBe aUbTleItOo:N

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1. Define the terms ethics and morals and discuss philosophical uses of

these terms.

2. Discuss systems of moral reasoning as they have been used

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personal and professional relationships.

& Bartlett LInetarrondinugct,iLoLnCto Ethics

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R SALE ORInDtIhSeTwRorIlBd UtodTaIyO, "Nwe are in the throes of aNgiOanTt eFthOicRal lSeaAp tLhEat iOs eRsseDn-ISTRIBUTION

tially embracing all of humankind" (Donahue, 1996, p. 484). Scientific and

technological advances, economic realities, pluralistic worldviews, and global

communication make it difficult for nurses to ignore the important ethical

issues in?theJwoonrledsco&mmBuanrittyl,etthteiLr eevaerryndiany gliv,eLs,LanCd their work. As con- ? Jones & Bartlett Lea

troversiaNl aOndTseFnOsitRiveSetAhiLcaEl isOsuRes cDonIStinTuRe ItBo cUhTallIeOngNe nurses and other NOT FOR SALE OR D

healthcare professionals, many professionals have begun to develop an appre-

ciation for traditional philosophies of ethics and the diverse viewpoints of

others.

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3

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4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Ethics

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? Jontheatset&hicBs acarntlbeettbaLseedamrnerienlygo,nLpLeCrsonal opinions. However,?if nJuorsnees sare&toBartlett Lea NOT eFnOterRinStoAthLeEgloObaRl dDialIoSguTeRabIBouUt eTthIOicsN, they must do more thanNpOraTctiFceOetRhicSs ALE OR DI

based simply on their personal opinions, their intuition, or the unexamined beliefs that are proposed by other people. It is important for nurses to have a basic understanding of the concepts, principles, approaches, and theories that have been used

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to develop our hearts as well as our minds" (p. 6).

The Meaning of Ethics and Morals & Bartlett Learning, LWLChen narrowly defined accor?dinJgotoneitsso&rigiBnaalrutslee, tetthLices aisranbirnagnc,hLoLf pChilosR SALE OR DISTRIBUoTpIhOyNthat used to study ideNalOhuTmFanObRehSavAioLrEanOd RideDalISwaTyRs IoBf UbeTinIgO. NThe

approaches to ethics and the meanings of related concepts have varied over time among philosophers and ethicists. For example, Aristotle believed that ideal behaviors were practices that lead to the end goal of eudaimonia, which is synonymous

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in accordance with one's duty. For Kant, well-being meant having the freedom to exercise autonomy (self-determination), not being used as a means to an end, being treated with dignity, and having the capability to think rationally.

As a philosophical discipline of study, ethics is a systematic approach to under-

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ships among sentient beings. Ethical determinations are applied through the use of formal theories, approaches, and codes of conduct, such as codes that are developed for professions and religions. Ethics is an active process rather than a static

R&SBAaLrEtleOttRLDeaISrnTiRnIgB,ULceoTLotthIhCnOiedcrsiNt,witoohnred,ysso,neesvoeedmnteiofepstheuoipcppilsoetrsbtuetsl?NhieeeOvtihJreeTotbheenxalFitpeeOerfsteshsRasi&nciosdSniBsaAdtsaoosLeitrnarEttglllieyoeOtnsthutsRibcwLsj.eiDeWtchtaIihSvsreeonTn,utiRnphndeeIgoyBrpm,elUaeLusaoTsLrtnIeCbiOndegoaN;ibnilneg

to justify their positions through logical, theoretically based arguments. Feelings and emotions are a normal part of everyday life and can play a legitimate role in doing ethics. However, people sometimes allow their emotions to overtake good

? Jorneeasson&ingB, aanrdtlewthtenLethaisrnhainppge,nsL, LitCdoes not provide a good ?fouJnodnateiosn &forBartlett Lea NOTeFthOicRs-reSlaAteLdEdeOcisRionDs.ISETvaRluIaBtioUnTs IgOenNerated through the praNctOicTe oFfOetRhicSs ALE OR D

require a balance of emotion and reason. Throughout history, people, based on their culture, have engaged in actions that they believed were justifiable only to have the light of reason later show otherwise. Following a charismatic, but ego-

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Introduction to Ethics 5

through?sysJteomnaeticse&thicBalaarntalleytsits.LTehae rrnevienrsge,oLf mLoCrality is immorality, which? Jones & Bartlett Lea

means thNatOaTperFsoOnR's bSehAavLioEr iOs iRn oDppIoSsTitiRonIBtoUacTcIeOptNed societal, religious, culN- OT FOR SALE OR DI

tural, or professional ethical standards and principles; examples of immorality

include dishonesty, fraud, murder, and sexually abusive acts. Amoral is a term used

to refer to actions that can normally be judged as moral or immoral, but are done

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nonmoral if moral standards essentially do not apply to the acts; for example,

choosing between cereal and toast and jam for breakfast is a nonmoral decision.

When people consider matters of ethics, they usually are considering matters

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describe ethics in its negative form when, for instance, a person's character or

behavior is contrary to admirable traits or the code of conduct that has been

endorsed by one's society, community, or profession. Because the word ethics is

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thereby using the terms ethics and morals interchangeably. In this book, some

effort has been made to distinguish the words ethics and morals based on their lit-

eral meanings; however, because of common uses, the terms have generally been

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and ethics:

Probably the most important feature about ethics and morals is that no one

can avoid making moral or ethical decisions because the social connection

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Other people are always involved with one's moral and ethical decisions.

Private morality does not exist.

Moral decisions matter because every decision affects someone else's life,

self-esteem, or happiness level.

Defi?nitJeoconnecslus&ionBs aorrrtelesotltutLioenas rwnililnnegv,erLbLeCreached in ethical debates. ? Jones & Bartlett Lea In tNheOarTeaFoOf mRorSalAs aLnEd eOthiRcs,DpeIoSpTleRcaIBnnUotTeIxOerNcise moral judgment NOT FOR SALE OR D

without being given a choice; in other words, a necessity for making a

sound moral judgment is being able to choose an option from among a

number of choices.

? Jones & PBeoaprlteleustet mLoeraalrrneainsogni,nLg LtoCmake moral judgments or?to dJioscnoveesr r&ighBt artlett Learning, LLC

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6 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Ethics

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NOT EFthOicRs isScAateLgEoriOzedRacDcoISrdTinRg tIoBtUhrTeeIOtypNes of inquiry or study: nNorOmaTtivFeOetRhicSs, ALE OR DI

meta-ethics, and descriptive ethics. The first approach, normative ethics, is an

attempt to decide or prescribe values, behaviors, and ways of being that are right

or wrong, good or bad, admirable or deplorable. When using the method of nor-

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one should be.

Outcomes of normative ethics are the prescriptions derived from asking nor-

mative questions. These prescriptions include accepted moral standards and codes.

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what can be thought of as a universal morality, the common morality provides

society with a framework of ethical stability. The belief that robbing a bank and

murder are wrong is part of the common morality, whereas abortion is not a part

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Particular moralities adhered to by specific groups can be distinguished from

the common morality (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009). Particular moralities, such

as a profession's moral norms and codes, are heavily content laden and specific,

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nurses ought to be compassionate--that is, nurses should work to relieve suffering.

Nurses have specific obligations toward the recipients of their care that are different

from the obligations of other people. As risks and dangers for nurses become more

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to endanger my life and the life of my family members by working during a highly

lethal influenza pandemic? Do I have an obligation to stay at work in a hospital

during a category 5 hurricane rather than evacuating with my family? The answers

to these questions may generate strong emotions, confusion, or feelings of guilt.

? JoneTshe&foBcuasrotflemtettaL-eethaircns, iwnhgic,hLmLeCans "about ethics," is not an?inJqouniryeasbo&utBartlett Lea NOTwFhOatRouSghAt LtoEbeOdRonDe IoSr TwRhaItBbUehTavIOiorNs should be prescribed.NInOstTeadF,OmRetaS- ALE OR D

ethics is concerned with understanding the language of morality through an

analysis of the meaning of ethically related concepts and theories, such as the

meaning of good, happiness, and virtuous character. For example, a nurse who is

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Introduction to Ethics 7

Descr?iptJivoenetehsics&is BofaterntrleeftetrrLedetaorans ainscgie,nLtiLficCrather than a philosophica?l Jones & Bartlett Lea

ethical inNquOirTy. IFt iOs aRn aSppAroLaEchOusRed DwhISenTreRseIaBrcUheTrsIOorNethicists want to describeNOT FOR SALE OR DI

what people think about morality or when they want to describe how people actu-

ally behave--that is, their morals. Professional moral values and behaviors can be

described through nursing research. An example of descriptive ethics is research

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Ethical Perspectives

Ethical thinking, valuing, and reasoning fall somewhere along a continuum

between two opposing views: ethical relativism and ethical objectivism.

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Ethical relativism is the belief that it is acceptable for ethics and morality to differ

among persons or societies. There are two types of ethical relativism: ethical sub-

jectivism and cultural relativism (Brannigan & Boss, 2001). People who subscribe

to a belief in ethical subjectivism believe "that individuals create their own

morality?[anJdothnaet]sth&ereBaraerntoleotbtjeLcteivaermnoirnagl t,ruLthLs--Conly individual opinions"? Jones & Bartlett Lea (p. 7). PeNopOleT's bFeOlieRfs aSboAuLt aEctiOonRs bDeiInSgTriRghItBorUwTrIoOngN, or good or bad, dependNOT FOR SALE OR DI

on how people feel about actions rather than on reason or systematic ethical

analysis. What is believed by one person to be wrong might not be viewed as wrong

by one's neighbor depending on variations in opinions and feelings. These differ-

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(2000) defined cultural relativism as "the ethical theory that moral evaluation is

rooted in and cannot be separated from the experience, beliefs, and behaviors of a

particular culture, and hence, that what is wrong in one culture may not be so in

another" (p. 12). People opposed to cultural relativism argue that when it is prac-

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actions (Brannigan & Boss, 2001). An example of cultural relativism is the belief

that the act of female circumcision, which is sometimes called female genital muti-

lation, is a moral practice. Though not considered to be a religious ritual, this act

is consid?ereJdoetnhiecaslly&acBceaprtatbleletbtyLsoemaerngrionugp,s iLnLcoCuntries that have a Muslim? Jones & Bartlett Lea ocornasnidEegryNepdOttioaTnbPeFhaOagrRraaovnSeicvAihoLelarEittiaoOgneR.inInaDcmcISoorsTdt aRcnoIcuBenwUtriiTtehsIOtahneNdUcunlittuedreNs,ahtoiownesv' eDr,ecitlai-sNOT FOR SALE OR D

ration of Human Rights.

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