Second edition - Library of Congress

A History of the Spanish Language

Second edition

Ralph Penny

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA

477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

Ruiz de Alarco?n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain

Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa






C

Cambridge University Press 1991, 2002

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without

the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1991

7th printing 2000

Second edition 2002

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Times 10/12 pt

System LATEX 2¦Å [tb]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Penny, Ralph J. (Ralph John), 1940¨C

A history of the Spanish language / Ralph Penny. ¨C 2nd edn

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0 521 80587 2 (hardback) ISBN 0 521 01184 1 (paperback)

1. Spanish language ¨C Grammar, Historical. I. Title.

PC4101 .P46 2002

460
.9 ¨C dc21 2002025671

ISBN 0 521 80587 2 hardback

ISBN 0 521 01184 1 paperback

Content

List of maps

List of tables

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the second edition

List of abbreviations and symbols

1

Introduction

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

2

Time-line

Indo-European, Latin and Romance

The Latin of Spain

1.2.1 Archaism

1.2.2 Conservatism

1.2.3 Dialectalism

1.2.4 Innovation

Conquest and Reconquest

1.3.1 The Visigoths

1.3.2 Moors and Christians

Standard Spanish

Spanish overseas

1.5.1 The Canaries

1.5.2 America

1.5.3 The Mediterranean and the Balkans

1.5.4 The Philippines

¡®Castilian¡¯ and ¡®Spanish¡¯

Spanish in the present day

Phonology

2.1

Phonological change

2.1.1 Conditioned change

2.1.1.1 Assimilation

2.1.1.2 Dissimilation

2.1.1.3 Epenthesis

2.1.1.4 Metathesis

2.1.2 Isolative change

2.1.3 Changes affecting the phonemic system

2.1.3.1 Split

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vi

Contents

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.1.3.2 Merger

2.1.4 Change of incidence of phonemes

Transmission

2.2.1 Popular words

2.2.2 Learned words

2.2.3 Semi-learned words

2.2.4 Doublets

Suprasegmental features

2.3.1 Position of the accent

2.3.2 Nature of the accent

2.3.3 The syllable

Development of the vowel system

2.4.1 The Latin vowel system

2.4.2 Tonic vowels

2.4.2.1 Metaphony

2.4.2.2 Diphthongization

2.4.2.3 The Latin diphthongs

2.4.2.4 New diphthongs

2.4.2.5 Medieval developments

2.4.2.6 Summary of tonic vowel development

2.4.3 Atonic vowel development

2.4.3.1 Initial vowels

2.4.3.2 Final vowels

2.4.3.3 Intertonic vowels

2.4.3.4 Hiatus

Development of the consonant system

2.5.1 The Latin consonant system

2.5.2 Developments from Latin to Old Spanish: (1) The creation

of the palatal order

2.5.2.1 Consonantization of /i/

2.5.2.2 Palatal developments of consonant + [j]

2.5.2.3 Palatalization of syllable-initial velars

2.5.2.4 Palatalization of syllable-final velars

2.5.2.5 Palatalization of -ll- and -nn2.5.2.6 Palatalization of pl-, cl-, fl2.5.2.7 Summary of palatal developments from Latin to

Old Spanish

2.5.3 Developments from Latin to Old Spanish: (2) The creation

of the voiced fricative series

2.5.3.1 The appearance of /
/ and /¦Â /

2.5.3.2 Lenition

2.5.3.2.1 Labial plosives

2.5.3.2.2 Labial fricatives

2.5.3.2.3 Labial nasal

2.5.3.2.4 Dental plosives

2.5.3.2.5 Dento-alveolar fricative

2.5.3.2.6 Dento-alveolar affricate

2.5.3.2.7 Palatal fricative

2.5.3.2.8 Velar plosives

2.5.3.2.9 /n/, /l/ and /?/

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Contents

2.5.3.3 Further effects of lenition: consonant + r or l

2.5.3.4 Lenition of consonants in contact with a glide

2.5.3.5 The Old Spanish voiced fricative series

2.5.4 Final consonants

2.5.5 Secondary consonant groups

2.5.6 The development of Latin f

2.5.7 Other initial consonants

2.5.8 The Old Spanish consonant system

2.6 Phonological change since the Middle Ages

2.6.1 The merger of OSp. /b/ and / ¦Â/

2.6.2 The Old Spanish sibilants

2.6.3 The sibilants in Andalusian and American Spanish

2.6.4 The phonologization of /f/ and /h/

2.6.5 Learned consonant groups

2.6.6 Ye??smo

2.6.7 Weakening of syllable-final /s/ and / ¦È/

2.7 Chronology of phonological change

3

Morpho-syntax

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

General concepts

3.1.1 Morphological change

The noun

3.2.1 Case and number

3.2.2 Gender

3.2.2.1 Neuter nouns

3.2.2.2 Gender-marking of the noun

3.2.2.2.1 Masculine and feminine nouns in -us

and -a

3.2.2.2.2 Masculine and feminine nouns in /e/

or a consonant

3.2.3 Noun classes

The adjective

3.3.1 Adjective endings

3.3.2 Comparison of adjectives

The adverb

The pronoun

3.5.1 Personal pronouns

3.5.1.1 Forms of address

3.5.2 The possessive

3.5.3 Demonstratives and articles

3.5.3.1 The demonstratives

3.5.3.2 The articles

3.5.4 Relatives and interrogatives

3.5.5 Indefinites

The numeral

3.6.1 Cardinal numerals

3.6.2 Ordinal numerals

3.6.3 Multiples and fractions

The verb

3.7.1 General developmental features

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