FISH, AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILES- high school version



FISH, AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILES- high school version

I. Fish

A. All have notchord (support – eventually replaced by backbone)

B. All have nerve chord

C. Two chambered heart-

1. Atria – receiving chamber

2. ventricle – pumping chamber

D. All are aquatic

E. All have gill slits

F. All are ectothermic (cold blooded)

G. Most reproduce by spawning

H. All use gills to breathe

I. Body is streamline for speeding through water

J. Consumption of fish is only second to beef

K. Have internal skeleton made of cartilage or bone

L. First vertebrates to evolve

M. 2 distinct sexes usually

N. most are oviparous – they lay eggs

O. all are ectotherms – cold blooded – environment determines body temperature

P. Vertebrates belong to the phylum Chordata

Q. Three groups

1. Jawless fish- (Agnathans )

a. no jaw – use suction cup technique

b. round sucking mouth

c. two chambered heart

d. no paired fins

e. no scales

f. endoskeleton is all cartilage

g. notchord all it’s life

h. have numerous teeth on their tongue

i. examples: hagfish (scavenger) and lamprey (parasite)

1) Hagfish –

a) live in salt water only

b) scavengers

c) short tentacles around mouth that act as nose

2) Lamprey

a) parasite

b) live in both fresh and salt water

2. Cartilage fish (Chondrichthes)

a. endoskeleton is all cartilage

b. First fish type to have jaws, scales and paired fins

c. Endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage

d. Internal fertilization

e. Sharks

1. rows of teeth

2. large curving tails

3. torpedo shaped body

4. 3000 replaceable teeth in 6-20 rows

5. goes through 20000 teeth in a lifetime

6. have placoid scales: boney, spiny rojections with enamel-like covering

7. most are meat eaters

8. keen smellers

9. Many critters in this CLASS have electroreceptors in their heads that allows them to sense the weak electrical charge that is produced by muscle contractions

f. Rays

1. Large paired fins extend on body sides like wings

2. live near ocean floor

3. feed on small fish, mollusks and crustaceans

4. generally a meter long (up to 7 meters)

3. Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)

a. largest class of fish (15,000 to 40,000)

b. huge variety

c. scales and paired fins

d. both fresh and salt water

e. gills have gill cover (operculum) to increase water flow

f. lateral line – detects vibrations

g. nostrils – odor sensitive/better than sight

h. air bladder – (swim bladder) regulated swim depth

i. examples: guppies to salmon to eels to tuna

j. all are Ray-finned fish (refers to the way fins are formed)

k. scales are pigmented – many camouflage

l. fins stabilize position in water or move the fish

m. have inner ear for equilibrium and hearing

n. reproduction called spawning

o. some reproduce cyclicly, others only once in a lifetime

II. Amphibians

A. Examples: frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts

B. Greek word meaning “double life”

C. Use their thin, moist skin to breathe in water or land too

D. Always hairless

E. Lack external ears, but have well developed internal ears

F. Many lack eardrums so can’t hear high frequency sounds

G. Tetrapods (2 forelimbs, 2 hindlimbs, strong bones

H. Common in moist temperate regions, but also found other places

I. Also use simple lungs to breathe on land

J. Indicator species

K. External nares

L. Tympanic membrane

M. Cold-blooded (ectotherm)

N. During winter they hibernate (become inactive)

O. In hot temperature they may estivate (same as hibernate)

P. Fertilized eggs lack shells, so they must be laid in water

Q. 2 main stages of metamorphosis: larval stage in water and adult stage on land

R. larval stage has gills, but adults has lungs

S. lifespan – 10-40 years

T. 2 pair of limbs as adults, one pair as larvae

U. three chambered heart- 2 atria, 1 ventricle

V. have a cloaca: area common to both reproduction and urinary system

W. must return to the water to reproduce

X. will protect eggs but abandon tadpoles

Y. external fertilization usually

Z. two groups:

1. Tailed (Caudates)

a. examples: salamanders and newts, mudpuppies

b. never lose their tails

c. long body, neck and tails

d. salamander may keep feathery gills (mudpuppy)

e. newts begin with gills, end with lungs

f. mostly found in northern hemisphere

g. limbs extend at right angles from the long narrow body

h. all 4 legs about the same size

2. Tailess (Anurans)

a. examples: frogs and toads

b. no tail (adult stage)

c. adapt to environments all over the world

d. short body

e. no neck

f. frogs – smooth moist skin

g. toads – dry rough skin

h. metamorphosis: eggs(tadpole (legless) ( legged ( frog with tail ( frog

3. Wormlike Amphibians

a. Includes caecilians

b. No legs, most have no tails

c. 3-60 inches long

d. smooth skin and small eyes

e. blind or nearly so

f. feeds on worms and insects

g. lives in burrows

III. Reptiles

A. Examples: snake, turtle, lizard and crocodile

B. Cold-blooded (ectotherm)

C. Lay water-tight, leathery eggs on land or give birth to live young

D. Internal fertilization

E. No metamorphosis

F. Breathe with lungs entire life

G. Three chambered heart

H. Most have four legs (except snakes)

I. Most have claws – to dig, climb and run

J. Scales prevent drying out and injuries

K. First animals to adapt completely to life on land

L. Live on both land and water

M. Live on all continents except Antarctica

N. 4 groups

1. Snakes

a. have no ears (tympanic membrane instead)

b. use tongues for “smelling”

c. tongue picks up chemicals from the air and transfers them to a sensing organ (Jacobs organ) in the roof of the mouth

d. Pit vipers and some pythons, have heat-sensitive pits on their face

e. All snakes are predators

f. All swallow their prey whole

g. Venom is a protein

h. Have vestigial bones of his and leg bones

i. Some snakes kill their prey by constriction

j. Some snakes inject venom into the prey through hollow fangs

k. Most are harmless

l. Almost all are beneficial to humans because they prey on rodents

m. Non-moveable eyelids

n. Molt when they grow

o. Eat only meat

p. Flexible jaw allows it to engulf prey much larger than themselves

q. All are ectotherms

r. Have at least 100 vertebrae

s. Produce pheromones for mating

t. Many live 20-30 years

u. Largest anaconda

v. Most poisonous in world: sea snake in U.S: coral snake

2. Lizards

a. Dry, scaley skin

b. Examples: iguana, gecko, skink, chameleon

c. Some can loose their tail for defense

d. Moveable eyelids

e. Temperature of eggs determine the sex of the offspring

f. Some have long, sticky tongue for capturing food

g. Omnivore

h. Eat over large prey

i. As small as a quarter or up to 600 pounds

j. Fragile detachable tail

k. Tail provides balance

l. Tail provides fat storage

m. Smell with tongue

n. Eat spiders, grasshoppers, worms, slugs, and small insects as well as members of their own order

o. Komodo dragons are largest

p. Some are poisonous – gila monster

3. Crocodiles and alligators

a. eat any type of animal or can canabalize also

b. can live for up to 100 years

c. lay about 50 eggs

d. temperature of egg, determines the sex of offspring

e. alligators may have 80 teeth and get up to 19 ft long

f. swallow prey whole

g. crocodiles have survived for over 200 million years

h. crocks have narrower snout than alligator

i. crocks can stay under water for up to 2 hours

j. most live in shallow water

k. only reptile with a 4 chambered heart

l. young are protected by adults for up to a year

m. skin is armored black plates called skutes

n. tail is half the animal’s length

o. able to digest bones, hooves and horns

p. may allow birds to eat out of the teeth like a tooth pick

4. Turtles and Tortoises

a. have two hard bony shells

b. top shell is called a carapace

c. omnivores

d. may live 120 to 200 years

e. hand and water types

f. have no teeth

g. use beak to feed

h. 4 legs with clawed feet

i. eat worms, fish and insects, some are also herbivores

j. some can completely hide inside their shells

k. some swim faster than you can run

l. turtle more dependent on water environment, tortoise is land dweller only.

|FISH |All have notochord (support – eventually |All have nerve chord |

| |replaced by backbone) | |

|Two chambered heart |All are aquatic |All have gill slits |

|All are ectothermic (cold blooded) |Most reproduce by spawning |All use gills to “breathe” |

|Body is streamline for speeding through water |Consumption of these is only second to beef |Have internal skeleton made of either |

| | |cartilage, bone or both |

|First vertebrates to evolve |Two distinct sexes |Most are oviparous – they lay eggs |

|Belong to the phylum chordata |Three classes |Jawless Fish |

|Agnathans |No jaw – use suction cup technique |Round sucking mouth |

|Two chambered heart |No paired fins |No scales |

|Endoskeleton is ALL cartilage |Notochord all it’s life |Examples: hagfish (scavenger) and lamprey |

| | |(parasite) |

|Hagfish |Live in salt water only |Scavengers |

|Short tentacles around mouth that act as |Lamprey |Filter feeders |

|“nose” | | |

|Live in both fresh and salt water |Cartilage Fish |Chondrichthes |

|Endo skeleton is all cartilage |First type to have jaws, scales and paired fins|Internal fertilization |

|Sharks |Rows of teeth |Large curving tails |

|Torpedo shaped body |3000 replaceable teeth in 6-20 rows |Goes through 20000 teeth in a lifetime |

|Have placoid scales: bony, spiny projections |Most are meat eaters |Keen smellers |

|with enamel-like covering | | |

|Rays |Large paired fins extend on body sides like |Live near ocean floor |

| |wings | |

|Feed on small fish, mollusks and crustaceans |Generally a meter long (u to 7 meters) |Bony Fish |

|Osteichthyes |Largest class (15,000-40,000) |Huge variety |

|Scales and paired fins |Both fresh and salt water |Gills have gill cover (operculum) to increase |

| | |water flow |

|Lateral line- detects vibrations |Nostrils – odor sensitive/ better than sight |Air bladder (swim bladder) regulates swim depth|

|Examples: guppies to salmon to eels to tuna |All are ray-finned fish (refers to the way fins|Scales are pigmented – may camouflage |

| |are formed) | |

|Fins stabilize position in water or move the |Have inner ear for equilibrium and hearing |Reproduction by spawning |

|animal | | |

|Some reproduce cyclically, others only once in|AMPHIBIANS |Examples: frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts |

|a lifetime | | |

|Greek word meaning “double life” |Use their thin, moist skin to breathe in water |Always hairless |

| |or land too | |

|Lack external ears, but have well developed |Have a tympanic membrane covering “ear” |Many lack eardrums so can’t hear high frequency|

|internal ears | |sound |

|Tetra pods (2 forelimbs, 2hindlimbs, strong |Common in moist temperate regions, but also |Use simple lungs to breathe on land in adult |

|bones) |found other places |life only |

|Ectotherm |During winter they hibernate (become inactive) |In hot temperature they may estivate (same as |

| | |hibernate) |

|Fertilized eggs lack shells, so they must be |2 main stages of metamorphosis: larval stage |Larval stage has gills, but adults have lungs |

|laid in water |in water and adult stage on land | |

|Lifespan 10-40 years |2 pair of limbs as adults, one air as larvae |Three chambered heart – 2 atria, one ventricle |

|Have a cloaca: area common to both |Must return to the water to reproduce |Will protect eggs but abandon tadpoles |

|reproduction and urinary system | | |

|External fertilization usually |External nares to breathe when in water |Two groups |

|Tailed |Examples: salamanders and newts, mudpuppies |Never lose their tails |

|Long body, neck and tails |Salamander may keep feather gills (mudpuppy) |Newts begin with gills, end with lungs |

|Mostly found in northern hemisphere |Limbs extend at right angles from the long |All 4 legs about the same size |

| |narrow body | |

|Tailess |Examples: frogs and toads |No tail (adult stage) |

|Adapt to environments all over the world |Short body |No neck |

|Frogs – smooth moist skin |Toads – dry rough skin |Metamorphosis: eggs ( tadpole (legless) ( |

| | |legged ( frog with tail( frog |

|Wormlike Amphibians |Includes caecilians |No legs, most have tails |

|3-60 inches long |Smooth skin and small eyes |Blind or nearly so |

|Feeds on worms and insects |Lives in burrows |REPTILES |

|Temperature of eggs determine the sex of the | | |

|offspring | | |

|Examples: snake, turtle, lizard and crocodile |Ectotherm |Lay water-tight, leathery eggs on land or give |

| | |birth to live young |

|Internal fertilization |No metamorphosis |Breathe with lungs entire life |

|Three chambered heart |Most have 4 legs |Most have claws – to dig, climb and run |

|Scales prevent drying out and injuries |First animals to adapt completely to life on |Live on both land and water |

| |land | |

|Live on all continents except Antarctica |4 groups |Snakes |

|Have no ears (tympanic membrane instead) |Use tongues for “smelling” |Tongue picks u chemicals from the air and |

| | |transfers them to a sensing organ (Jacobs |

| | |organ) in the roof of the mouth |

|Pit vipers an some pythons, have heat |All are predators |All swallow their prey whole |

|sensitive pits on their faces | | |

|Venom is a protein |Have vestigial bones of hip and leg bones |Some snakes kill their prey by constriction |

|Some snakes inject venom into the prey through|Most are harmless |Almost all are beneficial to humans because |

|hollow fangs | |they prey on rodents |

|Non-moveable eyelids |Molt when they grow |Eat only meat |

|Flexible jaw allows it to engulf prey much |All are ectotherms |Have at least 100 vertebrae |

|larger than themselves | | |

|Produce pheromones for mating |Many live 20-30 years |Largest: anaconda |

|Most poisonous in US: coral |Most poisonous in world: sea variety |Lizard |

|Dry, scaley skin |Examples: iguana, gecko, skink, chameleon |Some can loose their tail for defense |

|Moveable eyelids |Some have long, sticky tongue for capturing |Omnivore |

| |food | |

|Eat over large prey |As small as a quarter or up to 600 pounds |Fragile detachable tail |

|Tail provides balance |Tail provides fat storage |Smell with tongue |

|Eat spiders, grasshoppers, worms, slugs, and |Komodo dragons are largest | Some are poisonous – gila monster |

|small insects as well as members of their own | | |

|order | | |

|Crocodiles and alligators |Eat any type of animal or can cannibalize also |Can live for up to 100 years |

|Lay about 50 eggs |Alligators may have 80 teeth and get up to 19 |Swallow prey whole |

| |ft. long | |

|Crocodiles have survived for over 200 million |Crocks have narrower snout than alligator |Crocks can stay under water for up to 2 hours |

|years | | |

|Most live in shallow water |Only reptile with a 4 chambered heart |Young are protected by adults for u to a year |

|Skin is armored black plated called skutes |Tail is half the animal’s length |Able to digest bones, hooves and horns |

|Turtles and Tortoises |Have two hard bony shells |Top shell is called a carapace |

|Omnivores |May live 120-200 years |Land and water types |

|Have no teeth |Use beak to feed |Eat worms, fish and insects, some are also |

| | |herbivores |

|Some can completely hide inside their shells |Some swim faster than you can run |Turtle more dependent on water environment, |

| | |tortoise is land dweller only |

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