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Earth and Space Science Semester 1 Exam Study GuideWhere does FL get its minerals?What is the most reliable mineral identification test?What is the chemical equation for carbonic acid?Which state has the most sinkholes?What is coal classified as?Using your knowledge of prefixes and word roots, what does hydrothermal energy most likely mean?How can you tell the difference between the dependent and independent variables in an experiment?What is the hydrosphere?How can you test a hypothesis?What kinds of questions cannot be answered by an experiment?What are acids and bases?What is the pH scale? What does it measure? Which side is which?What is a heterogeneous mixture?How do you write chemical symbols?What is the Mohs hardness scale? Which mineral is the softest? The hardest?How do you perform the luster test on minerals?Why are silicates the most common minerals in rock-forming compounds?What does mineral color rely on?Is the color test reliable?Why is pyrite a good example of why streak tests are useful?What causes metamorphism?You find a rock with pieces of fossilized seashells in a sedimentary rock. What is the best explanation of how the seashells got there?How could a metamorphic rock turn into an igneous rock?How are crystals in igneous rock different according to the speed at which they cool?What kind of rock does cooling magma form? What about cooling lava?What’s the difference between magma and lava?How do igneous rocks form?What’s the difference between a stalagmite and a stalactite?What happens when a river enters a large body of water?What are rocks made of?What do all agents of erosion have in common?Is a boulder sediment?What kinds of climates have the most chemical weathering?What can cause mechanical weathering?What can cause chemical weathering?According to the pie graph, which sector is the second biggest contributor to nitrogen pollution in the Chesapeake Bay?What are the agents of erosion?Which field of earth science are volcanoes a part of?What are the steps of the scientific method?What are the basic building blocks of matter?What type of bonding takes place to form salt (NaCl)?Which regions of the US are most likely to have abundant mechanical weathering? What about chemical weathering?Why does Florida have so many sinkholes?What are the necessary steps involved in sinkhole formation?What questions do you need to ask in order to determine whether something is a mineral? What are some examples of minerals? Why are they classified as such?What are some examples of non-minerals? Why are they classified as such?According to the table below, which river in Asia has the largest drainage basin?What is the Mohs hardness scale? What is it based on? What do the numbers of the Mohs hardness scale represent?How can you use the Mohs hardness scale to identify a mineral?Why do people take Tums to ease their heartburn?How can you ensure that the results of your experiment aren’t due to chance?What are the subatomic particles?What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?What’s the chemical formula for carbonic acid?What kind of mineral will fizz if you put dilute hydrochloric acid on it?What’s the chemical formula for calcite?Which mineral has been banned by the US government due to its propensity to cause mesothelioma?If you wanted to test the effects of a high-energy protein bar on athletic performance, what would be your independent and dependent variables?Sponge Bob notices that his pal Gary is suffering from slimotosis, which occurs when the shell develops a nasty slime and gives off a horrible odor. His friend Patrick tells him that rubbing seaweed on the shell is the perfect cure, while Sandy says that drinking Dr. Kelp will be a better cure. Sponge Bob decides to test this cure by rubbing Gary with seaweed for 1 week and having him drink Dr. Kelp. After a week of treatment, the slime is gone and Gary’s shell smells better. What did Sponge Bob do wrong in this experiment? What are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust?What are the two most abundant elements in the universe?According to the graphs below, which specific rock is the most common on Earth? The least common?Patrick believes that fish that eat food exposed to microwaves will become smarter and would be able to swim through a maze faster. He decides to perform an experiment by placing fish food in a microwave for 20 seconds. He has the fish swim through a maze and records the time it takes for each one to make it to the end. He feeds the special food to 10 fish and gives regular food to 10 others. After 1 week, he has the fish swim through the maze again and records the times for each. Which type of graph would best represent the fish data? What makes an experimental question different than any other kind of question?What is a scientific theory?What is a hypothesis?What is a scientific law?Are scientific theories reliable? Prove your answer by providing a quotation and page number from your textbook.Can a scientific theory ever change? Why or why not?Can a scientific law ever change? Why or why not?What are the four main spheres of Earth science? What does each contain?What kind of questions cannot be answered by science?What is a scientific model? What is it used for?A scientist planted 800 seeds in containers of damp soil. Half of the seeds were placed in direct sunlight. The other 400 seeds were kept in total darkness. All other conditions were the same for both groups. After 7 days, all 800 seeds had sprouted and had produced leaves. The plants from the 400 seeds that were kept in total darkness had white leaves. Green leaves developed in 296 of the plants grown in the sunlight, and white leaves developed on 104 plants in sunlight. All 800 plants were then placed in sunlight for 2 weeks. After 14 days in sunlight, the leaves of 305 of the 400 plants that had originally been kept in darkness had turned green. The other 95 plants in this group remained white. What can you conclude from these experimental results? What are the five properties necessary for a substance to be considered a mineral?According to the Mohs hardness scale, quartz will be able to scratch which minerals?What’s the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?What type of rock gets chemically weathered by acidic groundwater to form cave features?What is frost wedging? What is required for it to happen? Where is it most common?What is the correct order of the following three processes: deposition, weathering, and erosion?What is acid rain? How does it form? What is its pH?If you are a clastic sedimentary rock that was once an igneous rock, what processes could have brought you to where you are today?What are the main types of sedimentary rocks, and what is an example of each?Using your knowledge of prefixes and word roots, what does polychromatic most likely mean?Using your knowledge of prefixes and word roots, what does herbicide most likely mean?According to the Table 7-1 on page 158 of your textbook, which species are the most sensitive to acid rain?What steps in the rock cycle come before and after sedimentary rock?During metamorphism, how is it possible for a one rock to transform into multiple types of rocks?How do you perform a streak test on a mineral?How do you perform a hardness test on a mineral?What does mineral cleavage mean?What’s the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?How can a rock go from being nonfoliated to being foliated?What kind of rock is made out of dead plants? What are some examples?What is a delta? What does it look like?How does the process of percolation occur?How does the process of transpiration occur?Use the flowchart below to answer this question. You are out hiking and find an interesting mineral that you’ve never seen before. You notice that it isn’t metallic, it’s light colored, you can scratch it with your fingernail, it doesn’t break evenly, and it doesn’t feel slippery. What kind of mineral have you found? ................
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