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Early AmericaFrom Exploration to ColonizationAmerican Pre-historyHow did we all get here?Three Theories:Overland Migration = ______________________Multiple Entry Migration Coastal MigrationTrans-Pacific MigrationIndigenous Origin Creation Bering Strait TheoryAmerican Indians are thought to have descended from northern Asians who migrated to North America by crossing over a now-submerged land bridge from Siberia to Alaska somewhere between _________ and _________ years ago. The theory is now expanded to encompass travelers from as far away as Africa.Most popularly believed theory.The American IndiansAmerican Native way of life:Diverse cultures.Clans, Tribes, Tribal ConfederacySpiritualityNatural and Supernatural linked.Sustainability__________________________ Agrarian SocietyKnowledge and learningCivilized Cities, Governments, Laws (Aztec, Mayans, Inca)Farming:Around _______ BC, humans in Central America learned to farm. At first, they grew ______, ______, and __________.Over time, other humans in the America’s learned to farm.This allowed for civilizations to emerge.The 1st civilizations were in Central and South America. Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. The EuropeansWhat's happening in Europe?1200’s – 1600’sComing out of the “Dark Ages”_________________________Arts – Leo DivinciTechnologyEducationScienceReligious ReformEuropean views on Indians:Generally thought Indians lacked genuine religion; seen as ___________________Thought Indians were not “using” all of their land and did not have property claimsIn the European view: No property deed, no right to land.Viewed Indian men as savages who were mentally and spiritually weakOften seen as abusers who mistreated Indian womenEuropeans believed the idea of freedom was alien to Indian society.Ironically, the Europeans believed the Indians were “too free” because they did not have laws that conformed with European societyEuropean Ideals of FreedomEuropean ideals of freedom were based on:Personal IndependenceOwnership of ______________________People governed under a set of lawsFusion of religion and politicsObedience to Christ meant freedom from _______ (religious views)Obedience to laws mean freedom in the European political/social mentalityWomen had little to no rights and had to be obedient to their husbandsFreedom was a function of social classFor the masses: Limited freedom and “obedience” was the cost of a well-ordered societyFor the rich: “Masterless men” enjoyed liberties that the majority did notExploration, Expansion, & TradeTrade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia, & the Silk RoadEuropeans had ship trade in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian OceanWanted a _________________ to the east rather than dealing with the middle manAtlantic Ocean was vastly unknownMotives for ExplorationMoney, Money, Money EconomicDesire for wealth and foreign goodsWanted to sell foreign goods for profitEventually… ______________________Push/Pull Factors… What’s that?The Age of Exploration…The Portuguese take the lead:Bartolomeu Dias 1487-1488______________________ 1498The West AfricansSonghia and Benin KingdomsHighly civilized and densely populated.Advanced Agriculture (Gold & Salt mines)Iron WeaponsWriting SystemTransportation System (Camel Caravans & Riverboats)Portuguese ExpansionThe Portuguese began exploration before 1492Prince Henry the Navigator established an exploration school in 1420.Had new technology such as the caravel, compass, _________________, and quadrant.The goal: make travel along the African coast as efficient as possibleObjectives: Explore the African coastline to find a better route to the IndiesMake cash from trading in the Indies “New Monarchs” MovementPortugal, Spain, England, and France fell into this movement that stressed economic gain through ________________________ over constant warfareAdditionally the notion of “God and Country” began tied with this movementResults:The Portuguese establish trading posts along the west coast of AfricaThey begin colonizing the African Islands on the AtlanticEstablish sugar plantations and begin the ______________________Atlantic Slave TradeSlavery in Africa_______________ existed as a form of labor in Africa before Europeans became interestedWarfare was common due to influence from the Islamic empires(The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai)Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves and sell themEuropean InterestPortugal was the first European nation to establish a trading empire in AfricaThey traded textiles and guns for African slavesRoughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the Middle Passage initially(Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America)By 1800, 5 ? million adults and 11 million children were transported as slavesEuropeans saw slavery as a great economic boonThey did not notice the social impact that slavery had in Africa As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic mentality’ of slavery to the rest of EuropeSpanish ExpansionEssentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic boom and had to get involved…Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and wanted desperately to become a big economic powerThe Spanish _________________ was the only successful crusadeThe goal of the Reconquista was to purge Spain of Islamic factionsBasically, they ordered all Muslims to convert to Catholicism or get outBy the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending numerous explorers to find a way to the IndiesThe Spaniards Have Landed…Christopher Columbus 1492…But what did he really discover???Where did we get the name “Indians”?The Conquistadores____________________________ (3G Coverage)Hernando Cortes’ – Aztecs (Mexico) 1519-1521Juan Ponce de Leon – Fountain of Youth (Florida) 1513Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Valley (Cherokee)The Colombian ExchangeHorses, Steal Weapons… and Biological Warfare?Smallpox, Measles, and Cholera__________________________ die out… need slaves from Africa to compensate loss.Positives: Trade, Livestock, Colonial possibilitiesAmerigo VespucciSailed along the coast of South America around 1500He received the credit for discovering the New World.__________________ is named after him. Some Key TermsSpanish used a system called the __________________________ for receiving land grants and commission cuts on all the Indian villages that were sackedThe Spanish crown granted a person a partial track of land and a number of natives that they would “look after” and use as labor.The Catholic Church was very influential in this system___________________________When the prosperity of a nation is based upon its supply of capital (gold, silver, trade value) and the global volume of international trade is static.Encourage exports and discourage imports (using tariffs and subsidies)The Northwest PassageTreaty of _____________________, 1494Pope Alexander VILine of __________________________Spain on the LeftPortuguese on the RightThe French and English didn’t care…Looked for new passageway through North America ................
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