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DEFENCE SYSTEMS

Question 1

Illness in animals is often accompanied by fever, which is a rise in body temperature. Fever is caused by the resetting of the temperature control centre. This control centre is located in the:

a) Skin

b) Hypothalamus

c) Pituitary gland

d) Thyroid gland

Question 2

Apoptosis of a cell is its:

a) Replication

b) Natural death

c) Ability to photosynthesise

d) Survival in different environments

Question 3

In humans non specific immunity includes:

a) Production of antibodies by plasma cells

b) Different responses for different bacteria

c) Destruction of bacteria by enzymes in saliva

d) Presentation of material to a T cell by a phagocyte

Question 4

The protozoan Kentrophobos carries a dense coat of bacteria on its surface. Kentrophobos engulfs these bacteria by bending its cell surface around them. This process is known as:

a) Osmosis

b) Apoptosis

c) Pinocytosis

d) Phagocytosis

Question 5

Many bacteria and viruses are able to enter a body through mucosal surfaces that are only 1 cell thick. If this occurs they encounter features of specific immunity including:

a) B cells

b) Lysozymes

c) Washing by tears

d) Washing by urine

Question 6

Man different strains of the influenza virus exist. Tests were carried out to determine whether an individual with influenza was infected with a new strain (X) or one of 2 previous strains (Y and Z). It would be reasonable to claim that strain X was a new strain if:

a) Strain Y reacted with strain X antibodies

b) Strain Z reacted with strain X antibodies

c) Strain X failed to react with strain Y antibodies again

d) Strain X failed to react with both strain Y and strain Z antibodies

Question 7

The advantage of a naturally acquired immunity is that it:

a) Is long lasting, sometimes for life

b) Can develop with exposure to an antigen

c) Produces antibodies against a range of infective agents

d) Provides antibodies immediately the first time one is exposed to a particular bacterium

Question 8

The measles (rubella) virus causes a highly infectious childhood disease involving nasal discharge, cough and fever. It is reasonable to assume that:

a) An antibiotic would be effective in curing measles

b) No vaccine against measles is available

c) The virus is eliminated by the action of plasma antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

d) The disease is highly infectious because the virus replicates on children’s toys or play equipment

Question 9

Defence mechanisms that plants have against insects include the:

a) Cell walls of cellulose

b) Production of toxic chemicals in some tissues

c) Presence of an internal vascular system

d) Ability of stomata to close both day and night

Question 10

An allergy is caused when a person has large numbers of IgE antibodies against an antigen (also called allergen). Tests can be carried out to determine which IgE antibodies are present in a person if they have an allergy. An outline of the test to determine whether house dust is the cause of allergy in a particular person is as follows:

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Several antigens can be tested at once on the same paper disc. If a person’s serum contains IgE antibodies for any of the antigens tested a radio labelled spot will be obtained. An individual who had many allergies was tested against garlic, pollen and peanuts. The paper disc set up and the result received are shown in the following diagram.

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Based on the result received it is reasonable to conclude that the individual tested is allergic to:

a) Peanuts only

b) Garlic and pollen only

c) Pollen and peanuts only

d) Garlic and peanuts only

Question 11

Macrophages are large white blood cells that:

a) Give rise to Monocytes

b) Engulf bacteria and destroy them

c) Produce proteins called complement proteins

d) Secret bacterial destroying enzymes into the bloodstream

Question 12

An example of specific immunity is the:

a) Action of mucus to remove bacteria from the respiratory tract

b) Presence of natural flora bacteria in different areas of the body

c) Presence of antibacterial agents such as enzymes in saliva

d) Action of memory cells when an individual is subjected to a second infection of measles

Question 13

If a person has an adverse reaction when they come into contact with a particular substance the person has an allergy to the substance. During an allergic reaction the material that causes most tissue damage is:

a) Pus

b) Histamine

c) Interferon

d) Complement

Question 14

Each individual contains millions of different kinds of B cells that produce different kinds of antibodies. This diversity of B cells is due to the:

a) Rearrangement of gene segments

b) Splicing of protein molecules

c) Action of cytotoxic T cells

d) Interferon proteins

Question 15

The lymphatic system

a) Has no valves

b) Contains red blood cells

c) Contains white blood cells

d) Contains fluid that flows in both directions

Question 16

Long term immunity results from

a) Administration of chicken pox vaccine

b) The inflammatory response to a bee sting

c) An injection of immunoglobulin if exposed to mumps

d) The passage of maternal antibodies to the developing foetus

Question 17

A disease causing bacterium has the following structure

[pic]

The kind of antibodies most effective against this type of bacterium would be:

[pic] [pic] [pic][pic]

Question 18

In Addison’s disease the immune system attacks cells of the adrenal organs. These cells are progressively destroyed. This form of disease could be due to:

a) T cells recognising adrenal cells as antibodies

b) The failure of blood complement proteins to be activated

c) The failure of the immune system to recognise adrenal hormones as self

d) The immune system failing to recognise cells of the adrenal organs as self

Question 19

After contact with the polio virus a child developed polio and recovered. 12 months later the child came in contact with the polio virus again but did not show any symptoms of the disease. This happened because shortly after the first infection the child:

a) Had an injection of polio antibodies

b) Grew B memory cells specific to polio

c) Grew B memory cells that could respond to any virus

d) Developed T cells that consumed the new polio particles

Question 20

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints. RA typically appears between the ages of 30 and 40 years. Autoimmune diseases such as RA occur when:

a) B and T cell lymphocytes mistakenly attack self tissue

b) B and T cell lymphocytes fail to recognise non self material

c) The immune system is unable to produce sufficient numbers of T lymphocytes

d) The immune system is unable to produce sufficient numbers of B lymphocytes

Question 21

A swimmer cut his foot on a sharp piece of coral. Microscopic fragments of the living coral remained in the wound and the swimmer suffered itching, redness and pain for several days afterwards. The non specific responses made by his immune system as a result of this injury could include:

a) Reaction of antibodies with the living coral fragments

b) Decreased blood vessel permeability in the foot

c) Removal of foreign material by Neutrophils

d) A decrease in body temperature

Question 22

In Australia it is recommended that children receive immunisation against chicken pox at 18 months and again at 7 years of age. The following table gives information with regard to chicken pox about an Australia family.

|Family member |Age |Immunological history |Immunological history regarding |

| | | |chicken pox |

|Mother |30 years |Contracted chicken pox aged 5 years |No immunisation |

|Father |35 years |No information available |No immunisation |

|First child |4 years |Hasn’t had chicken pox |Immunised at 18 months |

|Second child |15 months |Hasn’t had chicken pox |No immunisation |

|Third child |2 weeks fully breast fed |Hasn’t had chicken pox |No immunisation |

The family described above were all exposed to the chicken pox virus. Two weeks later the second child developed the disease. No other family member showed any symptoms of the disease, even after a month. Given the information above it would be reasonable to claim that the:

a) 15 month old child has a defective immune system

b) Father already had infective chicken pox in his body

c) 2 week old baby had naturally acquired chicken pox antibodies

d) 4 year old child had previously received an injection of chicken pox antibodies

Question 23

Canavanine is an amino acid that is part of the defence system of some plants. Some insects that eat seeds containing canavanine incorporate it into their own proteins in the place of the amino acid arginine. This causes the insect to produce proteins with a modified tertiary and/or quarternary structure. The proteins containing canavanine can affect the nervous system of the insect. This information suggests that canavanine:

a) Is a plant hormone that affects insects

b) Is a pheromone that attracts insects

c) Makes seeds containing it distasteful to insects

d) In insect proteins reduces the ability of an insect to feed.

Question 24

A specific response involves:

a) Helper T lymphocytes releasing cytotoxins

b) T lymphocytes recognising antigens presented by macrophages

c) Suppression of the response by memory B cells after the infection

d) B lymphocytes each with a number of different surface antibodies

Question 25

Which of the following statements is correct about the pathogen defence system in plants?

I Plants have antibodies like those in animals which circulate throughout their vascular system

II Plants lack a defence system because they are not attacked by pathogens

III Plants rely on physical barriers and chemicals with antimicrobial activity to protect them

a) I only

b) II only

c) III only

d) I and II only

e) I and III only

Question 26

The lymphatic system in humans

a) Is only involved in the transport of fluid throughout the body

b) Surrounds the brain and protects it from mechanical damage

c) Is under the direct control of the nervous system

d) Has an important role in the immune system

e) Transports the same cells as that found in the circulatory system

Question 27

Which of the following is a possible response of the immune system to infection by a pathogen?

a) T cells phagocytose the pathogen

b) Complement proteins are released by B cells

c) B cells are activated and secrete antigens

d) Antibodies are produced by T cells

e) Antibodies are produced by B cells

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1

Some people have allergic responses to particular compounds or foods. For example asthma attacks in which a person has difficulty breathing may be due to an allergic response. Cells of the immune system including mast cells are involved in these allergic responses. A summary of the action of mast cells is shown below.

[pic]

Where are mast cells found in the body?

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Name the following

Structure X ________________________________________________________________________

Structure P_________________________________________________________________________

Compound Z _______________________________________________________________________

The release of compound Z results in inflammation of the surrounding area. What is the importance of inflammation?

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Treatment is sometimes given to people with an allergy to reduce the chance of future reactions. Treatment can involve the injection of particular kinds of antigens. Explain how this treatment reduces the chance of a future allergic reaction.

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Question 2

Blood is grouped according to the kinds of antigens on the surface of red blood cells of an individual. One blood group in humans is the Rhesus blood group. With regard to this group, individuals are classified as follows.

Rhesus positive: Individuals that have rhesus protein on red blood cells (rbc)

Rhesus negative: Individuals with no rhesus protein on red blood cells

Under normal conditions no rhesus antibodies exist in blood plasma but rhesus antibodies can be produced in particular circumstances. In an emergency a male who is rhesus negative may be given a transfusion.

A male, blood group rhesus negative unexpectedly lost a lot of blood during a minor operation and urgently needed a blood transfusion. No suitable rhesus negative blood was available and he was given a transfusion of rhesus positive blood. The man’s blood was monitored over time. Consider the following symbol code.

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In the following table list which of the structures 1, 2 and 3 you would expect to find in the mans blood at each of the times indicated

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Explain why you gave the particular answer you did for the box “one month after transfusion” in part ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The man had an accident about 5 years after his minor operation and again required a blood transfusion. A doctor examined the mans medical history and commented “well we certainly cannot give him rhesus positive blood this time. Explain whether you agree or disagree with the doctor’s comment regarding a rhesus positive blood transfusion.

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Question 3

From time to time local health agencies such as councils, health centres and doctors distribute information about recommended immunisation schedules for vaccination of Australian children and adults. Vaccines contain dead or attenuated (changed) cells of the disease causing organisms. Explain why dead or attenuated cells are effective as a vaccine.

Explain how vaccination leads to the production of memory cells.

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A newborn baby was monitored for the presence of diphtheria antibodies for the first 2 months of life. Over that period none were detected in the baby. The baby was then given the routine vaccinations against diphtheria at 2,4 and 6 months. On the following figure draw a graph indicating the level of antibodies you would expect in the baby from the age of 2 to 18 months.

[pic]

Explain the likely source of antibodies that a baby may have between the ages of 0 and 2 months

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Question 4

Antigens exist on cell surfaces. The following diagrams show the different forms of antigens and their relative distribution found on the surfaces of different strains of staphylococcus bacteria.

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Which strain would you used to make the vaccine?

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Against which of the strains would your vaccine be effective?

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Students were asked to draw an antibody that would be most effective against strain P. The following diagrams were presented by 3 different students. Explain which student has drawn an antibody that would be most effective against strain P staphylococcus shown above.

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Question 5

Plants and animals are both susceptible to infection.

Name 1 feature of plants that inhibits the entry of infective organisms

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Name 1 feature of humans that inhibits the entry of infective organisms

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Assume that infection has occurred in a plant, outline 1 way in which a plant responds to minimise damage to its tissues.

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Assume that infection has occurred in a human. Outline 2 general features of inflammation that minimise the impact of the infection.

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Explain how cells of the immune system determine self from non self molecules.

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What substance does the body normally produce in response to an antigen?

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Many people have an adverse reaction to a particular kind of food or other material. The material causing the reaction is called an allergen and the reaction is called an allergic response. Explain the relationship between an allergen, mast cells and histamines.

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Question 6

A person infected with the HIV virus was monitored for several years for the level of T cells and HIV particles. The results are summarised in the following graph.

[pic]

Explain what is happening in the first year after infection with the HIV virus.

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In the second to fifth years (inclusive) after infection the patient has swollen lymph nodes. Explain.

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Nine years after infection, describe what has happened to the immune system of the patient.

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During its cycle in a cell the virus undergoes many changes in its genetic material. This has made treatment very difficult. Currently a mixture of drugs which target different stages of the viral cycle are used. Why has this treatment been more successful than treatment with only 1 drug?

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Question 7

Briefly explain the role that each of the following have in the immune response to infection.

Phagocytes

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Complement proteins

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Question 8

Immune cells have many different kinds of receptors on their plasma membranes as well as different kinds of self antigens. Some of the receptors are for self antigens and some are for non self antigens. By examining other cells for the presence of self and non self antigens, immune cells can determine the kind of threat those other cells might be for the organism. The more non self antigens an immune cells detects the greater will be its reaction against a cell it comes into contact with. Examine the following immune cell. Note the kinds or antigens and receptors it has.

[pic]

This immune cell X encounters the following three cells.

[pic]

Which of these cells P, Q or R will cause the greatest response from cell X?

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Explain the choice you made.

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Question 9

The diagrams below outline the sequence of events involved in an allergic response.

[pic]

Name 1 one well recognised allergen

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Examine the plasma cell shown in the above diagram. Identify the organelle that is abundant in the cytosol of the plasma cell. Explain the specific role of this organelle in the plasma cell.

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Name the type of cell represented by cell K.

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Cells of type K can produce localised allergic responses in particular regions of the body. Name 1 such region of the body.

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Describe 1 effect of the release of histamine by cell K into the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream.

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Question 10

Viruses are responsible for many diseases Name 1 natural feature of the body that acts as a first line of defence when a person comes in contact with a pathogen.

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After infection with a virus some cells secrete interferons, describe the role of interferons.

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Cervical cancer is a rare consequence of persistent infection by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in some women. The virus is transmitted sexually and may cause genital warts in both males and females. The natural immune response to this virus is not very effective. Recently, a vaccine has been produced to prevent this viral infection and therefore reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. The vaccine contains virus like particles from the protein coat of the virus in a saline solution. The graph below shows the antibody response to a trial vaccination programme in 16-23 year old women, to whom three doses were given. Another group of women received injections of saline only.

In the design of the vaccine what features prevents the virus like particles infecting cells and causing disease?

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What is the purpose of injecting some women with a saline solution?

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Why does the antibody response increase with each vaccination?

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