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Physical NotesLatin American spans _______________ milesFrom US- Mexico border to _______________ del FuegoPart of North America, all of _______________ and _______________ America, and _______________Major islands of the CaribbeanBahamas- hundreds of islands off southern _______________, north of Cuba_______________ is largest city and capitalThe Greater _______________- larger islands in Caribbean:CubaJamaicaHispaniolaPuerto RicoThe Lesser _______________- smaller islands southeast of Puerto RicoMountains_______________ MountainsCalled the Rockies in the USCalled _______________ _______________ in MexicoWorld’s longest mountain rangeThe Andes Mountain range is the highest mountain range outside _______________The highest peak, _______________, rises to 22,840 ft. Plains for Grain and Livestock_______________Grassy, treeless areas used for livestock grazing, farmingLocated in _______________ and _______________CerradoFlat savannahs with moderate rainfall, good for farmingFound in interior of _______________ in mostly undeveloped Amazon River Basin_______________Areas of grassland, rich soil, used for cattle and wheatLocated in _______________ and _______________Home to gaucho culture centered on horsemenRivers and WaterwaysRio _______________- forms border between US and MexicoAmazon RiverLongest river in the _______________ hemisphereFlows _______________ miles, from west to east, to Atlantic OceanBranches start in _______________Fed by over _______________ tributariesCarries more water than next _______________ largest rivers combined_______________ CanalCuts through land bridge, connects the _______________ Ocean and the _______________ OceanCanal traffic makes Panama an important crossroads of world tradeLake _______________- region’s largest lakeAngel FallsLocated in _______________World’s largest waterfall (_______________ ft)The base of the falls feeds into the Kerep RiverNamed after _______________ _______________, a US pilotThe height of the fall is so great that before getting anywhere near the ground, much of the water is _______________ or carried away as a fine mist by the strong windNatural Resources of Latin AmericaRegion is rich in _______________, energy resources, agriculture, _______________MineralsGoldSilver_______________CopperBauxite (_______________ ore)LeadNickelSouth America is a world leader in _______________ and exporting raw materials_______________ began bauxite mining to reduce dependency on agriculture & tourismOil, _______________, natural gas, uranium, and _______________ power are plentiful_______________ is rich in hydroelectric power, oil, and gas_______________ and _______________ have major oil depositsClimatesRain forestsDense forests with different _______________ of treesHot and rainy all yearUnique ecosystem- community of plants, animals living in balanceLargest is Brazil’s _______________ Rain Forest with 2 million square miles_______________ types of Amazon treesAnimals include_____________________________________________Savannahs Found in _______________, Colombia, Argentina Hot with seasonal rainDeserts_______________ Desert Located in north _______________HighlandsVaries from moderate to cold due to elevation, wind, sun, and landscapeFound in mountains of _______________ and South _______________Agriculture Reshapes the EnvironmentSlash and _______________Cut trees, brush, grassBurn _______________ to clear fieldsUsed by native peoples and today by poor _______________ in Amazon basinThey move to new area when soil is _______________One reason for _______________ rain forests_______________ farmingStep like farm fields cut into _______________, hillsidesAllows crops grow on steep land, cuts down on _______________ _______________Used by _______________ in Peru, _______________ in MexicoCultural NotesHistoryThree important native civilizations that began in Latin America were:_____________________________________________MayansThe _______________ lived in southern Mexico, _______________, and GuatemalaTheir civilization was at its peak around 250 – 900 ADThe Maya had city states ruled by _______________ and _______________They worshipped the gods by ritual _______________ and _______________-lettingLived in a tropical wet climate with rainforestsThey practiced _______________ and _______________ farming and grew squash and cornIncaThe Inca lived in _______________ _______________ in Peru and ChileThe Inca built a system of _______________ through the Andes Mountains to connect their empireThe Inca did not have a _______________ system but they kept records with a complicated system of _______________ with _______________The Inca spoke _______________AztecThe Aztec lived in central _______________Their capital was called _______________ and it was located on islands in a lake_______________ _______________ now stands on the ruins of the Aztec capitalThe Aztec also practiced _______________ and built large _______________ like the MayaThe Aztec empire flourished from 1400 to about 1520, when it was overthrown by the _______________Europeans Arrive1492- _______________ discovered America1494- Treaty of _______________Agreement between _______________ and PortugalGave _______________ control of what would become BrazilEarly 1500s- _______________ and Spanish destroyed capital, and built Mexico City on ruinsSpanish brought own _______________, religions; Indian heritage stays strongLarge _______________ population- mixed Spanish, Native American heritage_______________ conquered Incas for SpainSince Spanish conquest in 1500s, Native Americans ruled by othersUnder Spain, _______________ ruled the region, acting on behalf of monarchsEuropean ColonizationLatin American was colonized _______________ countries_______________ colonized Mexico and most of Central America and South America_______________ colonized BrazilThe English colonized _______________ and _______________The French colonized _______________The Europeans converted the natives to _______________ _______________ and made them learn their languagesThe most wide-spoken languages are _______________ and _______________The Europeans also brought _______________ to work on sugar plantations as slavesAfrican InfluencesLatin America is heavily influences by _______________ cultureMusic_______________Steel drum bands_______________Religion_______________ in Haiti_______________ in BrazilPopulationMost of Latin America has a mixed population called ______________________________ are people of mixed _______________ and Native ancestryPeople in the _______________ have mixed European, Native, and African ancestryFollowing IndependenceMinority of Spanish colonists still ruled after 1800s independence_______________- non-democratic government of the few (ruled by a few people)Press _______________, free speech limited, and dissent punished_______________ against those not in Spanish ruling classIf government could not control people, _______________ would seize powerForm a _______________Harsh government run by _______________Many 20th century Latin-American countries ruled by a _______________Military dictator or _______________ bossSupported by military and _______________; sometimes even electedRigid Social StructureThere are many _______________ people and a few rich peopleThe _______________ class is very smallDuring most of its history Latin America was divided among rich _______________ who owned most of the landCultureLanguagesMost Latin American countries speak _______________Suriname is Dutch-speaking and _______________ Guiana is part of France_______________ is the official language of BrazilEmigrationMany workers travel to ______________ (2,000-mile border with the US)Separates families; workers in US send money, return with _______________Growing population and government policies create a shortage of _______________Many Mexicans migrate to US for work, but can’t get good jobsSchool attendance is improving; _______________ of school age kids in classUrbanization: The Move to the Cities_______________ farming barely supports people and their familiesPeople move to cities to improve their lives_______________ factors- factors that “push” people to leave rural areas_______________ factors- factors that “pull” people to citiesRapidly growing cities have similar problemsGrowing _______________Increasing _______________ and crimeEnvironmental problems include air _______________, drinking water shortagesFailing infrastructure- _______________, transportation, electricity, ______________________________ of Latin America’s most populous cities are in South AmericaMost populous city in Latin America is _______________ City18 to 20 million in city, _______________ million in greater metropolitan areaLiteracy in South AmericaSpanish speaking South American countries have a high literacy rateBetter than Central America, _______________, Mexico, Brazil_______________ in Argentina, Chile, _______________ with rates for women as high as _______________Chile has a _______________ adult literacy rate and _______________ for young peopleAll children ages 6-13 attend school; free public educationEconomy_______________ gap- difference between quality of life of the rich and poorGap is widening in most Latin American countriesMost countries have _______________-market economies and minimal _______________ rulesPeople have freedom, and rewards they need to create wealthPoor lack skills to fully, equally participate in such an economyMost have little _______________; can’t _______________; can’t find jobsEnd up doing _______________ laborConditions in slums bring _______________, crime, short life spansGulf oil reserves help _______________ develop industrial economy and manufacturingMany new factories along _______________ border_______________- factories that assemble imported materialsExport products (_______________, clothes) to USMexico is part of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) with _______________ and _______________Prosperity through _______________ expectedSugar cane is _______________ largest export cropPoor crop-labor _______________ leaves Caribbean’s per capita income very low_______________ _______________ plantations produce 10% of world’s coffee, bananasMining and forest resources are also _______________Chile’s largest export is _______________Advantages of TourismTourists spend money on _______________, trips, restaurantsNew hotels, businesses have been built in _______________ and the _______________Regional ports serve cruise ships_______________ work in restaurants and resorts, guide tours and activitiesHelps reduce income _______________ between rich and poor Disadvantages of TourismResort built on _______________ settings create congestion, pollutionGap between rich tourists and poor residents creates _______________Local governments run up _______________ to build tourist facilitiesAirports, harbors, hotels, resorts, sewage systems, shopping mallsFacility owners often live out of _______________, so profits leave the areaSuch owners make decisions that may not be in the area’s best interestRain Forest Land UsesRain forest has _______________- wide range of plant, animal species50 million acres of rain forest worldwide destroyed ______________________________ and cedar harvested; exported from AmazonPoor native farmers clear rain forests for crops (_______________ and _______________)Poor soil fertility; increased _______________ lead to nore timber clearingBrazil’s growing population: _______________ million in 2000, _______________ million projected in 2020Over half of Amazon rain forest is in _______________The Price of DestructionDeforestation- cutting down and clearing away _______________Rain forests regulate climateAbsorb _______________ _______________Produce _______________Fewer forests means less carbon dioxide absorbed- it builds up in atmosphere, prevents heat from escaping into _______________Global warming- atmospheric temperature rises, weather patterns change Covers 6% of earth’s surface but has _______________ of plant, animal speciesResearchers are trying to develop _______________ from rain forest plantsMoving Toward SolutionsBalancing economic development with rain forest _______________Some countries restrict economic development_______________ organizations try to educate people about rain forestsProtest environmentally damaging plansDebt-for _______________ swap- group pays part of government’s large debtGovernment protects part of rain forestApproach works in _______________Recommendation: Highlight the answers to review questions. You will be seeing them again and need to be able to answer those questions without looking up the answers. ................
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