White Plains Public Schools



Apartheid WHAP/Napp

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“After 1980, South Africa remained the only white-ruled country south of the Sahara. South Africa’s whites – some 8 million out of a total population of almost 40 million in 1990 – had come to view themselves as Africans. The first major group, settlers from the Netherlands called Afrikaners or Boers, were pushed by later immigrants from Britain into a ‘great trek’ north of the Orange River. The South Africans of British descent defeated the Boers in three years of warfare, 1899-1902, but the two groups finally came together to form the Union of South Africa in 1910, and they adopted the Afrikaners’ harsher policies toward the black majority. Wages and conditions in the European mines were so abysmal that Africans would not work them. Chinese contract laborers were imported. The 1913 Native Land Acts restricted African residence and purchase of land to only 13 percent of the surface of the country, effectively forcing black Africans into service as landless laborers in white-controlled farming and industry. The labor market had two impermeable tiers, the top with better conditions and pay for whites, the bottom for blacks. Non-whites had no political rights. Still more restrictive laws after 1948 established apartheid (segregation of the races). Blacks working in the cities could not legally establish residence, but had to commute long distances each day from black residential areas or stay in dormitory settings, leaving their families behind in the village areas. Black African frustration, resentment, and anger at first expressed itself principally through independent Ethiopian Churches as early as the 1870s and 1880s. The African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1913 and grew steadily over several decades as a constitutional party of protest. As other African nations began to win independence, Europeans urged South Africa to liberalize its racial policies.

But the government of South Africa stubbornly resisted. It confronted unarmed political protest in March 1960 at Sharpeville with a massacre in which sixty-nine were killed and many were wounded. The African National Congress now shifted to strikes and armed protest, but renounced attacks on people, limiting itself to sabotage of property. The South African government continued to crack down, maintaining its apartheid policies and sentencing ANC leader Nelson Mandela, a forty-six-year-old lawyer, to life imprisonment. The ANC and the general movement for racial justice were crippled but not killed off by this action. As Zambia and Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique won independence and majority rule, world attention focused on South Africa as the last remaining center of white, minority rule. In addition, the newly independent, front-line nations sheltered members of the ANC and other movements for majority rule, including some dedicated to guerrilla warfare. Through the United Nations as well as through unilateral actions, many nations adopted sanctions against South Africa, restricting or stopping trade; ‘divesting’ or withdrawing economic investments; and ending diplomatic, cultural, and sports exchanges. South Africa was to be treated as a pariah nation, cut off from intercourse with much of the rest of the world until it moved toward racial equality. Enforcing sanctions proved difficult. South Africa was a regional economic powerhouse, with rich resources: 85 percent of the world’s known platinum, half its gold and substantial diamonds.”

~ The World’s History

1- Discuss apartheid – its causes and effects and ultimate demise. ________________________________________________________________________

|Origins |

|In 1948, South Africa had a new government, the National Party |

|Elected in a whites-only election |

|Among the first measures were statutes to separate the residential areas |

|Then, racially mixed marriages were prohibited |

|Apartheid, or racial separation, overshadowed South Africa for forty years |

|Chief objective was to deny non-whites the fruits of supposedly white labors |

|Also an assumption of supremacy among South Africa's whites that stemmed back to first European settlers in 1652 |

|For Afrikaners, descended from Dutch immigrants, the idea that different cultures should live apart was nothing less than God's will |

|Most Afrikaners were Calvinists with a strong streak of determinism |

|First serious effort to establish a settlement in South Africa came in 1652, with arrival of Jan van Riebeeck and Dutch East India Company |

|Van Riebeeck purchased slaves to do domestic and agricultural work |

|Then the Congress of Vienna gave the southern tip of Africa to the British |

|The British and the Dutch achieved an uneasy peace |

|Until discovery of gold/diamonds in Dutch Orange Free State and Transvaal |

|After the Boer Wars, British gained complete control of the land |

|But following independence from England, power-sharing between British and Afrikaners until Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong|

|majority |

|Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid |

|Apartheid |

|Racial discrimination was institutionalized |

|1950: Population Registration Act required all South Africans to be racially classified as white, black (African), or colored (of mixed |

|decent) |

|All blacks were required to carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas |

|1951: Bantu Authorities Act established “homelands” – Black South Africans were now citizens of homeland, losing citizenship in South Africa |

|From 1976 to 1981, homelands denationalized nine million South Africans |

|Thus, Africans living in homelands needed passports to enter South Africa |

|In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry passes; government declared a state of emergency leaving 69 people dead; 187 |

|people wounded |

|IV. The Fight Against Apartheid |

|Soweto riots of 1976 were most brutal and violent riots |

|Apartheid government decided to start enforcing a long-forgotten law requiring secondary education be conducted only in Afrikaans |

|Students resented being forced to learn language of their oppressors |

|Government response was to shut down schools and expel striking students |

|Protest march in Soweto township on June 16,1976 |

|Police showed no mercy attacked students of all ages, armed or unarmed |

|South Africa was ostracized from world community |

|Boycotts, divestment, and protests |

|In 1993, Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize |

|In 1994, Mandela was elected the first Black president of South Africa |

1- When was apartheid established? ________________________________________________________________________

2- Why was apartheid established? ________________________________________________________________________

3- What was the first measure enacted under apartheid? ________________________________________________________________________

4- What did apartheid laws prohibit? ________________________________________________________________________

5- What does the word “apartheid” mean? ________________________________________________________________________

6- When did the first Europeans arrive in South Africa? ________________________________________________________________________

7- Who were the Dutch Boers or Afrikaners? ________________________________________________________________________

8- What did many Dutch Boers believe regarding race and religion? ________________________________________________________________________

9- Who are Afrikaners? ________________________________________________________________________

10- Who was Jan van Riebeeck and why did he purchase slaves? ________________________________________________________________________

11- Why did South Africa become a British colony? ________________________________________________________________________

12- What was discovered on Boer land? ________________________________________________________________________

13- What was a cause of the Boer Wars? What was an effect? ________________________________________________________________________

14- What was the Population Registration Act of 1950? ________________________________________________________________________

15- Why did black South Africans have to carry passbooks? ________________________________________________________________________

16- How did passbooks affect the movement of black South Africans? ________________________________________________________________________

17- What was the Bantu Authorities Act of 1951? ________________________________________________________________________

18- How did the creation of homelands harm black South Africans? ________________________________________________________________________

19- What was a cause of the Sharpeville Massacre? What was an effect? ________________________________________________________________________

20- What was a cause of the Soweto Riots? What was an effect? ________________________________________________________________________

21- Why and how was South Africa ostracized from the world community? ________________________________________________________________________

22- Who was Nelson Mandela and how did he change world history? ________________________________________________________________________

23- Why was 1994 a turning point in South African history? ________________________________________________________________________

|Apartheid ended in South Africa because |5. From 1948, South African politics were dominated by |

|The African National Congress became radicalized and more politically |(A) The Nationalist Party. |

|active after the Sharpeville Massacre. |(B) The Black leadership of the Zulu nation. |

|The international community imposed economic sanctions against South |(C) A U.N. mandate-government dominated by the United States. |

|Africa. |(D) Nelson Mandela. |

|President de Klerk convinced his party to dismantle and the system and| |

|hold free elections. |6. The white South African leader that negotiated with Mandela the |

|The African National Congress provided a vehicle for resistance. |transition to black rule was |

|All of the above. |(A) De Klerk. |

| |(B) Nkrumah. |

|In 1948 in South Africa, the white minority ensured their political |(C) Mugabe. |

|control over the black majority by relying on a policy of racial |(D) Kimgangu. |

|separation called | |

|Caste. |7. “Apartheid” is the term often used to describe the racial policies |

|Apartheid. |followed until 1991 by the government of |

|The estate system. |(A) Zambia. |

|The slavery system. |(B) Namibia. |

| |(C) The Republic of South Africa. |

|A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |(D) Botswana. |

|is called. | |

|Stereotyping. |8. The policy of separation of whites from blacks in South Africa was |

|Social mobility. |called |

|Social stratification. |(A) Segregation. |

|Social inequality. |(B) Laws. |

| |(C) Separate but equal. |

|4. The Boers were |(D) Apartheid. |

|(A) East African coastal merchants. | |

|(B) Indians who served as soldiers for the British. |9. The first President of the African National Congress (ANC) was |

|(C) Malaysian tribal chieftains who allied with the Dutch. |(A) Nelson Mandela. |

|(D) Australian aborigines. |(B) John Dube. |

|(E) Dutch settlers in South Africa. |(C) Walter Sisulu. |

| |(D) Oliver Tambo. |

Thesis Practice: Comparative

Analyze similarities and differences in the process of decolonization in the Indian subcontinent and in South Africa.

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