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Period 2 Handout

Group 1

The Westward Movement-

• Andrew JAckson was the first president from beyond the Appalachian mountains

• Half the americans were under the age of 30 during the expansion.

• Abraham lincoln grew up and took part during this time.

• A lot of women suffered from loneliness as a result of isolation.

Shaping the Western Landscape-

• The ecological imperialism was during the expansion.

• Religion changed the landscape greatly.

• The rendezvous system was a huge part for fur trades.

The March of the Millions-

• Increasing European immigration and the closing of the slave trade started “whitening” the population beginning in 1820.

• 1790:3,172,000 white people and 757,000 nonwhite people

• 1820: 7,867,000 white people and 1,772,000 non white people

• 1860: 26,922,000 white people and 4,521,000 non white people

• The Irish and German immigration by decade, 1830-1900

• 1831-1840: 207,381 Irish and 152,454 Germans immigrated

• 1891-1900: 388,416 Irish and 505,152 Germans immigrated

The Emerald Isle Moves West-

• Ireland's population was over 8 million in 1841 but by 1851 it was reduced to about 6 .5 million.

• Many flee to America, like everybody else, to search for a better life

• Most immigrants were treated very poorly

• Popular cities on the East coast quickly populated, like New York and Boston

• The Irish lived in extremely poor conditions

• Approximately 2 million Irish immigrants arrived in America between 1830 and 1860

The German Forty-Eighters-

• The only woman listed among the Forty-eighters, Mathilde Franziska Giesler Anneke, was a suffragist.

• Because of the very liberal views of some of the Forty-eighters, they were referred to as radicals.

• The United States during the days of the Civil War was greatly aided by the addition of the Forty-eighters.

• Numerous  young Germans in America were technically criminals, but worried no one.

• Ten thousand or more Germans fled to Switzerland and England and some 4000 participants came to America.

• The German Society of New York actually paid for the return of some deportees to Europe.

Flare-ups of Antiforeignism-

• The influx of newcomers resulted in anti-immigrant sentiment among certain factions of America’s native-born, predominantly Anglo-Saxon Protestant population.

• In the 1850s, the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party (also called the Know-Nothings) tried to severely curb immigration, and even ran a candidate, former U.S. president Millard Fillmore (1800-1874), in the presidential election of 1956.

•  One of the first significant pieces of federal legislation aimed at restricting immigration was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned Chinese laborers from coming to America.

•  Federal and state governments encouraged immigration through railroad and canal construction subsidies because the companies that built the railroads and canals needed to hire laborers, who were most easily found in Ireland and Germany.

• Federal and state militias enlisted foreigners—immigrants represented a third of the regular soldiers in the U.S. army in the 1840s.

Creeping Mechanization-

• Steam was used with machines to take the place of human labor.  

• Best products still came from Britain

• Europe had already started up their industrial revolution and put up laws to protect themselves and passed laws that wouldn’t let machines or mechanics who knew how to make them leave the country.

• Not until past mid 19 century was the factory more profitable than the farm.

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine-

• A skilled British mechanic at the age of 21 disguised himself to go to America.

• When he got to America he got the backing of a Quaker capitalist by the name of Moses Brown.

• Picking one pound of lint from three pounds of seed was a full days work, so it was expensive and rare to find American-made cotton cloth.

Marvels in Manufacturing-

• The Embargo Act, Nonintercourse Act, and the War of 1812 greatly increased American manufacturing.

• American goods were needed to replace British goods.

• Patriotism led to the creation of slogans like “Buy American” and “Wear American”

• Items like dental floss (1815), the graham cracker (1829), doorbell (1831), combine harvester (1834), morse code (1836), ice cream maker (1843), and baseball (1845) were patented during this time.

• The creation of the sewing machine led to many seamstresses to leave their homes, and enter the factory.

• The Appleton, Cabot, Lowell, Lawrence, and Jackson families created the Boston Associates which later dominated the railroad, insurance, textile, and banking industries of Massachusetts

Workers and “Wage Slaves”-

• The earliest recorded strike occurred in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors protested a wage reduction.

• The formation of the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (shoemakers) in Philadelphia in 1794 marks the beginning of sustained trade union organization among American workers.

• Local craft unions proliferated in the cities, publishing lists of “prices” for their work, defending their trades against diluted and cheap labor.

• The formation in 1827 of the Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations in Philadelphia, central labor bodies uniting craft unions within a single city.

• Although the factory system was springing up during these years, industrial workers played little part in the early trade union development.

• In the nineteenth century, trade unionism was mainly a movement of skilled workers.

Group 2

Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860

Advances in Agriculture, Canals and Railroads, Forging a National Market

1. Women and the Economy

1. Women at work

1. Young, single women worked in textile factories with harsh working conditions

2. Most women were nurses, until teaching became popular

2. Women and marriage

1. Men owned women

2. Women had virtually no property rights after marriage

3. Marriage for love and not arrangement by parents became more popular

3. Women in the home

1. Women worked around the house and were full time mothers

2. Fertility rate in women decreased and families became smaller

3. Women began to have more say in house decisions such as how many children

4. Families became child-centered and more affectionate due to the smaller size

4. Sewing machine was invented in 1845  

II.     Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields

1. Trans-Allegheny region

1. Ohio-Indiana-Illinois tier

2. Grain supplier to the nation, then the world

B. Corn (staple market items)

1. Fed to hogs

2. Distilled into liquor

3. Ease of transportation

C. Land and Profit Hungry

1. Use of river systems

2. Want of land for cultivation and higher profits

3. Landlocked, preventing extensive trade

D. New Inventions

1. John Deere in 1837 developed a steel plow

2. Cyrus McCormick in the 1830s invented the McCormick reaper

III.      Highways and Steamboats

1. New Roads

1. Turnpikes replaced traditional toll roads

2. National Road

1. Connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers

2. Became main transport road

B. Steamboats

1. Enabled people to travel against the elements

2. Racing

1. Boilers often exploded

2. The Sultana

C. Economic Benefits

1. Condensed population and attracted European immigrants

2. Farmers and manufacturers able to ship products more effectively and at a lower cost

3. Prices of many goods reduced, which influenced competition

IV. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York

1. Erie Canal

1. Led by Governor DeWitt Clinton

2. Linked Great Lakes with Hudson River

B. Influence on Farming

1. Competition

2. Population Clustered

V.    The Iron Horse

1. Railroad

1. First one built in 1828

2. Cheaper than canals

         B. Dangerous aspects

1. Feeble breaks

2. Flying sparks

3. “Dangerous public menace”

VI.    Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders

1. Anglo-American-Canadian cable venture

1. 1858

2. Cyrus Field

3. Failed at first

4. Heavier cable linked continents in 1866

               B.  Clipper Ships

1. Could outrun any steamer

2. Long, narrow, and majestic

3. 1840s and 50s

4. Golden age for American Shipping

                 C. Pony Express

1. Established 1860

2. Stations 10 miles apart

3. Riders rode through every weather condition anytime

4. Lost money and folded after eighteen months

VII.    The Transport Web Binds the Union

1. Before the Revolution

1. Small markets - divided regions and communities

2. Little trade -  no good way to transport goods

B. Advancements

1. Steamboat

1. Bound the west and south

2. Aided the reverse flow of finished goods

     2.    Big cities

1. New York became a gigantic port

2. Chicago was a teeming metropolis

C. Regions

1. South - grew cotton as an export

2. West - fed factory workers in the East and Europe through grain and livestock

3. East - gave the South and West textiles and machines

VIII.    The Market Revolution

1. What it was

1. Transformation from a small market economy to an industrial network

2. Shift away from the local markets to national economies

B. Transformations

1. Homes and farms were no longer self-sufficient

2. Foreign imports declined

3. Increase in wage labor

C. Economy

1. Widened the gap between rich and poor

2. Economic inequality

3. Economic boom overall

IX.    A Broader Picture

1. Contributing factors to industrialization in the U.S.

1. Converging technologies allowed regions to be extremely productive in their specialized industrial and agricultural fields.

2. Transportation technologies connected these regions, thus providing a gateway to other markets. A bustling business economy developed through the exchange of products and necessities.

3. Europe was a second market and a source of immigrants, many of whom would go on to labor in eastern factories and cultivate western lands in America.

2. The uniqueness of U.S. industrialization

1. America’s “culture of consumption” celebrated entrepreneurship and enticed its inhabitants with tales of rags to riches.

2. Self-sustaining investments and government support boosted industrial growth.

3. A relatively high standard of living combined with the diversifying character of the American people curbed class conflict and labor reform revolts to favor the development of capitalism over socialism.  

Group 3

Reviving Religion

• Three fourths of twenty-three million Americans still regularly attended church in 1850.

• The Age of Reason- It was a book written by Thomas Paine in 1794 surrounding the philosophy of Deism. It stated all churches were “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit”.

• Deism- It was a belief of acceptance of religious knowledge innate within someone or acquired by reason. Knowledge from a revelation or from a teaching of any church was rejected.  Deism denied the notion of sin and the divinity of Christ, but believed in a Supreme Being that created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

• The Second Great Awakening- The Second Great Awakening was a time of conversion, reorganization within the church, and pushing evangelism into new sectors of society(prison reform, the temperance cause, the women’s movement, the crusade to abolish slavery).

• New Denominations were rising up such as the Methodists and the Baptists who stressed personal conversion, a relatively democratic control of church affairs, and rousing emotionalism.

• Peter Cartwright- (1785-1872) A methodist “circuit rider”(traveling frontier preacher) who traveled from Tennessee to Illinois preaching repentance.

• Charles Grandison Finney- Finney was the greatest of the revival preachers. He abandoned life as a lawyer to become an evangelist.

• Feminization of Religion- Middle class women were the most supportive of the Second

Great Awakening and religious reforms as they made up the majority of new church members and were most likely to stay when evangelists left town.

Denominational Diversity

• Numerous religious sects appeared due to a revival of religiousness

• “Burned Over District”

o Millerites/ Adventists

o Descendants of New England Puritans

o Named after William Miller

o Believed Jesus would return on Oct.22, 1844 (he obviously didn’t)

• Similarly to the First Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening widened the lines between classes and religions

• In more educated and wealthy areas, Presbyterianism, Congregationalism,Unitarianism, and Episcopalism were the prominent religions.

• In lesser educated areas, primarily in the South and West, Methodism and Baptism were were the predominant religions to arise

• The divisions in religion reflected divisions in the people

A Desert Zion In Utah

• In 1830, Joseph Smith had been given golden rings by an angel (these are the basis of the Book of Mormon when translated..)

• Faced opposition due to  creating a religious oligarchy

• Also faced opposition for preparing their militia for defensive purposes (made their neighbors think “What exactly are you expecting from us??”)

• (Rightful) Allegations of polygamy against Smith and other mormons also aroused hostility

• Smith was murdered in Carthage, IL in 1844, which nearly destroyed the Mormon movement

• Brigham Young, who only had 11 days of schooling, took the torch for the mormons. He became a very eloquent leader despite his lack of formal education.

• Young lead his people to Utah to escape persecution, and there they prospered

• Crops were threatened by crickets, until a flock of seagulls flew in and devoured them all, causing the mormons to make a statue in honor of gulls, which still stands today in Salt Lake City, Utah.

• The mormons angered the Washington government (particularly our favorite guy Brigham Young) because the Washington government could not quite control him.

• The federal army marched to his territory and the squabble ended quickly (in the Washington government’s favour) with very little bloodshed

Free Schools for a Free People

• Republicans opposed public school

• Triumphed between 1825-1850

• Schools were nowhere near what they are today

• Horace Mann (graduate of Brown University), secretary of the Massachusetts board of education saw the need to reform the public education system

• Education was still a luxury in most places in 1860

• Slaves forbidden to receive training in reading or writing

• Noah Webster aided education by helping to provide better textbooks

• William H Mcguffey was equally important in the advancement of schools.

• The percentage of people working in agriculture plummets as family farms are gobbled up by larger agricultural businesses and people are forced to look for work in towns and cities.

• By 1900, 31 states had compulsory school attendance for students from ages 8-14. By 1918, every state required students to complete elementary school.

Higher Goals for Higher Learning

• The Second Great Awakening led to the creation of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges that were chiefly built in the South and West

• They were built more to satisfy local pride than to advance the cause of learning

• State-supported universities started to appear in the South in 1795.

• During this time, women's higher education was frowned upon.

• A woman’s place was believed to be in the home.

• Training in needlecraft seemed more important the training in Algebra.

• Prejudice also suggested that too much learning injured the feminine brain, undermined health, and made them unfit for marriage.

• The teacher of Susan B. Anthony refused to instruct her in long division.

• Between 1800 and 1850, the United States experienced a “college building boom”

• In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the enrollment of women into colleges increased

An Age of Reform

• Modern idealists dreamed anew the old puritan vision of a perfected society: free from cruelty, war, intoxicating drink, discrimination, and-ultimately- slavery.

• reformers were often optimists who sought a perfect society

o some were naïve and ignored the problems of factories

o they fought for no imprisonment for debt (the poor were sometimes

locked in jail for less than $1 debt); this was gradually abolished

o reformers wanted criminal codes softened and reformatories created

o the mentally insane were treated badly. Dorothea Dix fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843

o there was agitation for peace (i.e. the American Peace Society) - William Ladd had some impact until Civil War and Crimean war

•

• Abolition of slavery

o An emancipation plan was created by the american colonization society

o If slaveholders freed their slaves, they would be reimbursed.

o The free blacks would colonize in liberia; but slaveholders were against it

Demon Rum-The “Older Deluder”

• The combination of  hard labor & dull lives lead many people to alcohol.

• Men, Clergymen, members of Congress, & even women were affected  by this.

• The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826.

o They urged Drinkers to sign the Temperance pledge & organized children’s clubs, which were known as the “Cold Water Army.”

o They also effectively used pamphlets, lurid lectures, & pictures.

• The most popular Anti-social Act of this time was T.S. Arthur’s melodramatic novel, Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There, which was written in 1854.

o This book was described in shocking detail about how a once-happy village was destroyed.

o T.S. Arthur’s book was second to Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin as a best seller in the 1850s.

• Dow-the “Father of Prohibition”- sponsored the so-called Maine Law of 1851.

o This new statute, known as “the law of Heaven Americanized,”.

▪ This statute prohibited the making and the sale of intoxicating liquor.

o This law  provoked Portland Rum Riot in 1855.

▪ Many citizens were angry because of the law.

▪ There was rumors that large amounts of alcohol were being kept in certain buildings.

• It was clearly impossible to halt the thirst for liquor out of existence. Yet on the edge of the civil war, prohibitionists had been registered many inspiring gains.

• There was a great amount less drinking from women than earlier in the century and a lot less per capita consumption of the hard liquor.

Women in Revolt

• In the nineteenth century women had few to little rights

o Equal to slaves

o U.S. constitution

o Women health issues

• Somewhat treated better than Europeans

o French visitor Alexis de Tocqueville

o America > Europe

• Woman starting to become independent

o But beginning to avoid marriage

o About 10% of women stayed unmarried

o Women began to speak out

• Gender roles

o Big boom in economy

o Women were expected to do a lot more

o Late 1860’s women joined the workforce

• Women inside of a home

o In a way women were expected to always stay home

o But some women looked at the house as a cage

• Woman beginning to fight for rights

o 1850’s women’s rights movements

o Groups of women began to gather to speak of equal rights

o Also fought for temperance and spoke out against slavery

o Women felt a movement that promised basic rights for women

o Nothing could stop the movement

• Who sparked the movement

o Regarded as the first wave of feminist

o Lucretia Mott

o Elizabeth cady Stanton

o Susan B. Anthony

o Dr.  Elizabeth Blackwell

o The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina

Group 4

Wilderness Utopias

• With the Utopian Spirit in mind they set up more than 40 communities

• Robert Owen founded New Harmony in 1825

• Brook Farm had 200 acres and 20 intellectual. Transcendentalism is key.

• Oneida Community was founded in New York 1848.

• Shakers- founded in England in 1747 and brought to America in 1774.

Dawn of Scientific  Achievement

• Early Americans were interested in practical gadgets

• Jefferson was a gifted amateur inventor

• Nathaniel Bowditch had noteworthy writings

• The most influential scientist was Professor Benjamin Silliman

• Medicine in America was still primitive by modern standards

• People everywhere complained of ill health

• Self -prescribed patent medicines were common

• Victims of surgical operations were tied down after a drink of whiskey. The surgeon then sawed or cut quickly ignoring the screams of the patient

• Doctors and dentists employed laughing gas and ether as anesthetics

The Oneida Community

• John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, believed in the possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth.

• His followers called themselves the Putney Association

• They believed in complex marriage and mutual criticism

• Neighbors of the community were horrified by the sexual practices going on, including selective breeding

• In 1880 the Oneidans abandoned communism and became a joint-stock company that manufactured silver tableware.

Artistic Achievements

• Americans had a hard time creating a national art that they could call their own

• Federal Style- was a style of architecture borrowed from the classical Greek and Roman examples. This style emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Public buildings incorporated lots of columns, domes, and pediments.

• Greek Revival (1820-1850)- Plain and porticoed Greek Revival houses were soon popular all over America, especially in New York’s Burned-Over District and the Old Northwest.

• The Hudson River School- Excelled in the new romantic art in the 1820s and 1830s that mostly consisted of landscapes instead of human portraits.

• American Minstrel Shows- Play from the new age of theater which featured white actors with blackened faces playing stock plantation characters.

The Blossoming of a National Literature

• Romanticism bore three gifted New York writers:

• Washington Irving was born to a poor family and lived in New York from (1783-1859) and created the works Knickerbocker’s History of New York, The Sketchbook, Rip Van Winkle, and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

• James Fenimore Cooper was expelled from Yale and chose to pursue making such works as The Spy, Leatherstocking Tales, and The Last of the Mohicans.

• William Cullen Bryant made the poem Thanatopsis and worked as an editor for the New York Evening Post

Trumpeters of Transcendentalism

• Transcendentalism was a reform against puritans and thought each person had a light in them that touches god

• Ralph Waldo Emerson gave the lecture “The American Scholar” and taught the importance of education and knowledge and to be explorative and unique

• Henry David Thoreau was highly against slavery and created the book “Walden: Or Life in the Woods”. He believed in minimal bodily wants and was a non violence activist

• Margaret Fuller was an intelligent woman who wanted to spread the daily lives of woman of the time

Glowing Literary Lights

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

o Had 2 wives both died

▪ The 2nd wife’s dress caught fire

• John Greenleaf Whittier

o Writings fought against slavery

• James Russell Lowell

o Critic, Editor, Diplomat

• Oliver Wendell Holmes

o “The Last Leaf”

▪ Boston Tea Party

• Louisa May Alcott

o Concord, Massachusetts

• Emily Dickinson

o Never published her writings while alive

• William Gilmore Simms

o Wrote of South in Revolutionary War

Literary Individualists and Dissenters

• Edgar Allan Poe

o Died drunk in a gutter in Baltimore

• Nathaniel Hawthorne

o Salem, Massachusetts

• Herman Melville

o Served 18 months as a whaler

o

Portrayers of the Past

• George Bancroft

o Secretary of Navy

▪ Founded Naval Academy

o Published history of U.S. to 1789 in six volumes

• William H Prescott

o Conquest of Mexico and Peru

• Francis Parkman

o Chronicled struggle of Britain and France in Colonial times

• Most American Historians were New Englanders

o Angered pro-southerners

Reform: Who? What? How? and Why?

• Early reformers praised as crusading idealists determined to improve American society

• Perception changed after World War 2

o Reformers seen as upper-class citizens seeking social control

• Reform in the 1960s prompted reevaluation

o Found much to admire about reformers

• Abolitionism- good measure of rise and fall of reformers and campaigns

o Perception of abolitionists changed throughout history

• Modern feminist movements caused scholars to revisit women’s reform

• Historians note spread of reform in waves across the globe

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