PC\|MAC



Name:_______________________Date:_______________Period:_________Ch. 1 The First CivilizationsCh.1:1 Early Humans – The earliest humans hunted animals and gathered plants for food. When farming developed,people settled in towns and cities.Early Humans – Paleolithic people adapted to their environment and invented many tools to help them survive.1. History is the ________________ of humans in the __________________.What does it tell? what they ____________ and what __________________________ to them2. Who are people who study and write about the human past called? _______________________________________3. When do historians believe history began? about ______________ years ago when ____________________ firstbegan to ______________When does the story of people really begin? in ________________________ - the time _______________ people developed ____________________4. How do we know about the earliest people? from the ___________________ they left behind5. What do archaeologists hunt for? ___________________________ buried in the ground where_____________________________ might once have been What do they study? __________________________ - such as weapons, ______________, and other thingsmade by __________________6. What else do archaeologists look for? _____________________ What are fossils? traces of ____________________ or ________________________ that have been preservedin _____________________7. What do anthropologists focus on? human __________________ What do they study? how _________________ developed and how they related to one __________________8. What do historians call the early period of human history? the ______________ Age Why do they call it this? the fact that ___________________ during this time used ________________ to make_______________ and ______________________What is the earliest part of the period called? ____________________ or Old _______________ Age9. What does paleolithic mean? _______________________________ in the _____________________ language When did Paleolithic times begin? roughly ______ million years ago and lasted until around _____________ B.C 10. What did early humans spend most of their time searching for? __________________ How? they hunted __________________, caught ______________, ate __________________, and gathered_______________, _________________, ________________, ____________________, and________________________11. Why were Paleolithic people always on the move? because they ________________ and ______________________So what were they called? ___________________ because they regularly moved from ___________________to _____________________ Why did they travel in bands of 30 or more? because it was ______________ and made the search for______________ easier12. What tasks did women perform in the group?they stayed close to the ____________________, which was typically near a __________________ or other water ___________________they looked after the ________________________ and searched nearby _______________ and meadows for ____________________, _____________, and ___________________13. What did the men hunt? ________________ Describe how they hunted: they had to learn the ______________ of animals and make _______________ for the killat first, used _____________ or drove the animals off _______________eventually they invented __________________, ________________, and bows and _________________14. What determined how the Paleolithic people lived? ________________ they livedThose in warm climates needed little _______________________ or ______________________. Those in cold climates sought protection from the weather in __________________. 15. What life-changing discovery did the Paleolithic people make? they learned to tame _____________List four (4) ways it changed their lives:fire gave _________________ to those gathered around itit lit the ___________________ and scared away wild ________________________________ cooked over the fire tasted _________________ and was easier to ________________smoked ______________ could be kept longer16. How do archaeologists believe early humans first started fires? by rubbing two __________________ of_____________ together17. Fire was a key to the survival of Paleolithic people during the ___________ Ages – long periods of extreme_________ - which began about ________________ B.C. until about _______________ B.C. What covered parts of Europe, Asia, and North America during that time? thick __________ sheets18. How did the Ice Age threaten human life? people risked death from the ___________ and also from _____________How did they adapt? (4 ways):by changing their ___________building sturdier __________________using animal ___________ to make warm_____________________the mastery of _____________ helped people live in this _______________________________19. What was another advance in Paleolithic times? the development of spoken _________________________What did it make easier? for people to ____________ together and to pass on _________________________Early people expressed themselves not only in words, but in _______________. How? they crushed yellow, black, and red ______________ to make powders for _______________then they ________________ the paints on cave _______________, creating scenes of ____________, __________, ____________________, and other ______________________20. What were the Paleolithic people the first to use? ______________________________ - tools and ______________________ to help humans perform ___________________21. What was flint? a hard ______________ to make __________________How did they make hand axes or hunting spears? they tied wooden ______________ to pieces of ____________that were the right ________________ for the _______________Did people become more skilled at making tools? __________What did they make smaller and sharper tools like fishhooks and needles from? animal ___________ Neolithic Times - In the Neolithic Age, people started farming, building communities, producing goods, and trading.22. After the Ice Age, how did people begin to change their way of life? they domesticated or tamed_________________ and ________________ for human ____________ What did animals provide? ______________, _______________, and ______________ and also carried_____________ and pulled ______________People also learned how to grow ________________ and for the first time, people could do what? stay in one ______________ to grow _______________ and ______________________Gradually what did farming replace? _____________________ and _______________________23. This change in the way people lived marked the new beginning of the _______________________ Age or New______________ Age which began about ______________ B.C. and lasted until about ____________ B.C.24. What did historians call the changes in the Neolithic Age? the farming _________________________What does the word revolution refer to? changes that greatly ________________ many areas of ___________What do some historians consider to be the most important event in human history? the ___________________revolution25. Did farming begin in one region and spread? ______ Who could settle in one place? _______________ who farmedWho remained nomadic? __________________26. Why did farmers have to stay close to their fields? (3 reasons)to water the _________________keep hungry ___________________ awayand harvest their _______________They began to live in __________________, where they built permanent ____________________.27. Where have the earliest known communities been found? ___________________________________________Where is one of the oldest been found? in ___________________________ Where is another well-known Neolithic community been found? _______________ Huyuk in present day_____________________ Describe how they lived: (in detail) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________28. What did the settled life bring the Neolithic people? greater ______________________ than they had ever knownWhat did steady supplies mean? healthy, growing ____________________________ Bigger populations could produce what? more _________________ to produce a bigger ____________What did villagers do with their surplus food? they began to _______________ their extra foodstuffs29. What is specialization? the __________________________ of different kinds of ____________Why did some people have time to develop other types of skills? because not ______________________ was needed for farmingHow did people get what they did not have? they ______________________ the things they made for ______________ they did not have30. How did Neolithic people continue to make advances? toolmakers created better farming ______________ such as the ________________ for cutting ______________people began to work with ________________ which they got when they heated _____________ to melt the copper inside and then poured it into _______________ for _______________ and ____________________31. How did craftspeople make bronze? they mixed _________________ and __________ to form bronzeHow was bronze better? it was __________________ and lasted longerWhen was the Bronze Age? _______________ B.C. - ______________ B.C.Read about Otzi, The Iceman on p. 12Ch. 1:2 Mesopotamian Civilization – In early Mesopotamian civilizations, religion and government were closely linked.Kings created strict laws to govern the people.Mesopotamia’s Civilization – Civilization in Mesopotamia began in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.1. What are civilizations? complex _____________________ that have ________________, organized________________________, ___________, ________________________, class ___________________, and a _____________________ system2. Why did the first civilizations arise in river valleys? because good ___________________ conditions made it easy tofeed large _______________________ of ___________________ and the _______________ made it easy toget from one _______________ to another and to ___________________3. _________________ provided a way for goods and ideas to move from _________________ to _________________.4. Why did people form governments? there was a need for _________________________ and someone had to makeplans and decisions about matters of common _________________________ What did leaders do? took charge of food ___________________ and building _____________________made ____________ to keep order and assembled _______________ to fend off ___________________5. People developed ________________________ and the _________________ and they invented ways of_____________to pass on information. What did they create to tell time? _______________________________6. They also had class structure – what is class structure? people held different _______________ in _______________depending on what ______________ they did and how much __________________ or __________________they had7. Where was the earliest known civilization? in southern ____________, on a flat plain bounded by the _____________River and the _____________________ RiverWhat was this area called? ________________________ which is Greek for “the ______________ between the _________________”8. What kind of climate did Mesopotamia have? a __________, _____________ climateWhat often happened to the rivers in the spring? they _________________ leaving behind rich ___________for _________________ Why did farmers worryabout their crops? the _____________________ was very unpredictable – it mightflood one year, but not the nextWhat did farmers come to believe they needed? their ___________ to bless their __________________9. So, over time, what five (5) things did farmers learn to build to control the seasonal floods? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is this way of watering crops called? __________________________________What did irrigation allow farmers to do? to grow plenty of _____________ and support a large__________________________10. By 3000 B.C., where had many cities formed in southern Mesopotamia? in a region known as __________________11. Sumerian cities were isolated from each other by ______________________________. What made travel and communication difficult? _______________________ and patches of scorching ___________________What did each Sumerian city and the land around it became? a separate _______________________ and had itsown ___________________________ and was not part of any larger _________________12. Why did Sumerian city-states often go to war against each other? to gain __________________ and to control more_________________________How did they protect themselves? they surrounded itself with a ______________What did Sumerians use as their main building material? river _________How were bricks made? they mixed the ____________ with crushed _____________, formed ______________,and left them in the ___________ to dryWhat were the waterproof bricks used for? ____________, as well as _______________, __________________,and other _____________________13. How many gods did Sumerians believe in? ____________ What were each believed to have power over? a natural ______________ or a human ___________________14. What did they build to try to please their gods? a grand temple called a _____________________________What does ziggurat mean? “________________________ of ___________” or “_____________ of_________________”15. Who were probably the first kings? war _______________ and their positions became ______________________which means that after a ___________ died, his ___________ took over16. Where did Sumerian kings live? large _______________________Where did ordinary people live? in small mud-brick ___________________17. What did most people in Sumer do? ______________________ while others were ___________________________What are artisans? skilled _____________________ who made metal ___________________, _____________,or ____________________Other people worked as ______________________ or traders who traveled to other _______________ and _______________ and traded _______________, _________________, and __________________ for _______________________, ________________, and _______________________ - things that Sumer did nothave18. How many social classes were people in Sumer divided into? ________________The upper class included _____________________________________________________________________The middle class included ____________________________________________________________________The lower class included _____________________________________________________________________Which was the largest group? ___________________________________________19. What were enslaved people forced to do? to ____________________ othersWhat did slaveholders consider slaves to be? as _________________________What three (3) groups of people could become slaves? prisoners of ___________________________________those who had to pay off their _______________20. In Sumer, who headed the households? __________Who were the only ones who could go to school? only ______________Did women have rights? _______ - they could buy and sell _______________________ andrun ____________________________.A Skilled People – Sumerians invented writing and made other important contributions to later peoples.21. Why was Mesopotamia called the “cradle of civilization”? because the Sumerians left a lasting ____________ onworld history – their ____________ and ______________________ were copied and improved upon byother ______________________22. What is the Sumerians greatest invention? ____________________Why is writing important? because it helps __________________ keep ____________________ and pass ontheir _____________ to othersWhy did Sumerians invent writing? to keep ______________ of business _______________ and other______________What was their writing called? ______________________________What did cuneiform consist of? hundreds of wedge-shaped _______________ cut into damp _____________tablets with a sharp-ended _______________23. Who were only the few people who learned to write? mostly ____________ from wealthy ___________________After years of training, what did they become? ___________________________ or record __________________Why would someone want to become a scribe? they held honored _______________________ in society, oftento become __________________ and political _____________________24. What else did Sumerians produce? works of __________________________What is the world’s oldest known story? ____________________________________________________What is an epic? a long _____________ that tells the ________________ of a ________________25. What did the Sumerians invent to help carry people and goods from place to place? the wagon _________________What other two things did the Sumerians invent? the __________________ which made farming easier and the ____________________ which replaced muscle power with _________________ power26. What did the Sumerians develop to measure fields and construct buildings? many mathematical ______________such as ______________________ to measure ______________ and put up ______________________27. They also created a number system based on what number? _____________ What three (3) things do we base this number on? ________ minute _____________, ________ second____________________, and ________ degree __________________28. Why did Sumerians watch the skies? to learn the best times to plant _______________ and hold religious_____________________How did they develop a 12-month calendar? by recording the positions of the _________________ and ___________ and basing it on the cycles of the _________________Sargon and Hammurabi – Sumerian city-states lost power when they were conquered by outsiders.29. Over time, what weakened Sumer’s city-states? __________________________Who conquered all of Mesopotamia in about 2340 B.C.? the king of the _______________________, named________________What was he the first to set up? the world’s first ________________ How long did it last? more than _________ years30. After the fall of Sargon’s empire, where did a new group of people become powerful? in________________________Who was the Babylonian king? _____________________________31. What is Hammurabi best known for? his law ____________ or collection of ____________What did the code cover? __________________________________ and _______________________ activities___________________ and the familyWhy were Hammurabi’s laws important? they were an important _______________ toward a fair system of_____________Identify:SargonHammurabiRead about Hammurabi on p. 22Ch. 1:3 The First Empires – New empires arose in Mesopotamia around 900 B.C. These civilizations included theAssyrians and the Chaldeans. They used powerful armies and iron weapons to conquer the region.The Assyrians – Assyria’s military power and well-organized government helped it build a vast empire in Mesopotamiaby 650 B.C.1. Who founded a new empire in Mesopotamia about 1,000 years after Hammurabi? a people called the____________________________ who lived in the _____________ near the __________________ RiverWhat attracted invaders to Assyria? ____________________________ How did the Assyrians defend their land? they built a large _____________ and around _________ B.C., theybegan taking over the rest of _____________________________2. Why were the Assyrians so strong? they were well ____________________They were the first to use iron ___________________________Who developed a way of making iron stronger? a people called the ____________________________ whoheated iron _________, ____________________ it, and rapidly __________________ it3. How did the Assyrians defeat enemies?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened to anyone who resisted Assyrian rule? they were __________________________4. By 650 B.C., where had the empire stretched? from the _____________________ Gulf in the east to Egypt’s ________River in the westWhere was the capital? at _________________ on the _________________ River5. How did the Assyrian kings divide the empire? into _______________________ or political ____________________Who governed each province? _____________________ chosen by Assyrian kingsWhat did these officials do? collected ____________ and enforced the king’s __________How did Assyrian kings join all parts of their empire? they built ______________Who were posted at stations to protect traders from bandits? government ________________________6. What was a big difference in how the Assyrians lived from other Mesopotamians? _____________________ oftenfaced more brutal and cruel ___________________________ in _____________________Assyria’s cruel treatment of _________________ led to many ______________________________.7. Why did Assyrians begin fighting each other in about 650 B.C.? over who would be their next _________________Which group of people seized the opportunity to rebel? the ________________________ and captured thecity of ____________________ in 612 B.C.What empire then crumbled? the ______________________ EmpireThe Chaldeans – The Chaldean Empire built important landmarks in Babylon and developed the first calendar with aseven-day week.8. What did the Chaldeans want to build? an_____________________ Who was the Chaldean’s king? _____________________________________________9. What city did the Chaldeans rebuild? the city of _____________________ as the glorious ___________________ of their __________________What did Babylon quickly become? the world’s ____________________ and ____________________ city10. Describe Babylon in detail.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11. What did artisans make? _________________, ______________, _____________________, and _______________Who did artisans sell their wares to? passing ______________________ or groups of traveling__________________Why did Babylon become rich from trade? because it was located on the major trade _________________ between the _____________________ Gulf and the ________________________________ Sea12. Babylon was also the center of _____________________________. Chaldeans believed the changes in the ________ revealed the plans of the __________________. Who are astronomers? people who _________________ the heavenly __________________13. The Chaldeans made one of the first _____________________ and were the first to have a _________-day week14. How did the Chaldeans lose their power? they found it hard to control the __________________ they hadconqueredWho captured Babylon in about 539 B.C.? the ___________________ from the mountains to the northeastIdentify:Nebuchadnezzar ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download