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| |Topics – B3 Unit 1 |

| | |

|………………….’s |Osmosis |

|Revision cards |Sports drinks |

|Print out. Fold left to write and test yourself / get someone to test you!! |Active transport |

| |Exchange surfaces |

| |Gas exchange in the lungs |

| |Exchange in plants |

|NB: The topics in green are the ones you should revise for the end of year test. |Rates of transpiration |

| |The circulatory system |

| |The heart |

| |Arteries and veins |

| |Capillaries |

| |Blood |

| |Blood cells |

| |Transport in plants |

| | |

|Osmosis (Q) |Osmosis (A) |

| | |

|Name three ways substances can move in and out of cells |Osmosis, diffusion, active transport |

|Describe osmosis |The movement of water from a high to low concentration down a concentration gradient |

|What is a partially permeable membrane? |across a partially permeable membrane. |

|What happens to plant cells when they are put into a weak solution / water? |A membrane with small holes that allows some substances (like small water molecules) |

|What can happen to animal cells when put into a very dilute solution? |to pass through but will not allow larger molecules through. |

|Why do animal cells but not plant cells burst when they take up water? |The pressure in the cells will increase as water will enter via osmosis. |

| |Water will enter animal cell via osmosis but they can burst (called lysis) |

| |Plant cells have a cell wall which prevents the cell from bursting. Animal cells do |

| |not have a cell wall |

|Sports Drinks (Q) |Sports Drinks (A) |

| | |

|Why do humans need water? |To prevent dehydration. Cells do not function properly without water. To protect |

|What is the recommended intake of water for adults? |organs, substances are dissolved in water, temperature regulation, lubricate the |

|When would you need more water? |joints. |

|What substances do you lose when you sweat? |Two to three litres of water per day to remain hydrated |

|Why do we sweat more when we exercise? |During exercise, hot day (sweat more). |

|What do sports drinks contain? |Water and salt ions. |

| |When we exercise we use energy which is released from sugars during respiration. This|

|(Don’t worry about q.7) |generates heats, so to cool your body you sweat. |

| |Water – hydration, carbohydrates – for energy, mineral ions – healthy muscles, |

|What are the three types of sports drinks? |caffeine – stimulant |

| |Hypotonic – hydration, isotonic – fuel and hydration, hypertonic - fuel |

|Active transport (Q) |Active transport (A) |

| | |

|What are the three features of active transport that makes it different from other |Against a concentration gradient (from low to high), requires a carrier protein to |

|methods? |pass through the membrane, Requires ATP (energy) from respiration. |

|What is the energy used for in active transport? |To change the shape of the protein carrier |

|Give examples of where active transport may occur |Plant roots, the villi of the small intestine, the absorption of sugars from cells |

|Explain how active transport enables mineral ions to be taken up by the plant roots |Mineral ions are at low concentration in the soil, lower than in the plant cells. The|

| |minerals cannot move into the cell by diffusion. They use active transport. |

|Exchange surfaces (Q) |Exchange surfaces (A) |

| | |

|Why does the process of exchange become inefficient in larger organisms? |Their surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller so exchange in harder |

|Give examples of different exchange surfaces |Surface of the lungs (alveoli), the surfaces of gills, the digestive system (villi in|

|What are the three main features of exchange surfaces? |the small intestine), the leaf (gases), plant roots. |

| |Large surface area, thin surface (short distances), excellent blood supply maintains |

| |concentration gradient), |

|Gas exchange in the lungs (Q) |Gas exchange in the lungs (A) |

| | |

|Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur? |The alveoli |

|Which gases are exchanged in the lungs? |Oxygen and carbon dioxide |

|What causes the ribcage to move up and down during ventilation? |The intercostal muscles contract, this causes the ribs to move up and expands the |

|What is the role of the diaphragm when you breathe in? |thorax |

|What is the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air? |The diaphragm flattens expanding the space in the thorax decreasing the pressure so |

| |air rushes in |

| |Inhaled air – Oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 0.04%. Exhaled air – oxygen 17%, carbon |

| |dioxide 4% |

|Gas exchange in plants (Q) |Gas exchange in plants (A) |

| |Osmosis |

|By what process does water move into the plant roots? |Enters through the roots, leaves through the stomata in the leaves |

|Where does water enter and leave a plant? |Water is used for photosynthesis, when water leaves the plant it cools the plant, |

|State two uses of water by the plant |helps to support the plant, transports dissolved minerals |

|How can plants reduce water loss? |Most stomata are on the underside of the leaf (the coolest part), the guard cells |

|How do the guard cells control the water loss through the stomata? |will close the stoma. |

|What substances are exchanged through the stoma? |When there is plenty of light and water the guard cells swell and become firm by |

|What is transpiration? |osmosis this causes them to bend and opens the stoma. When there isn’t enough water |

| |the guard cells lose water via osmosis and cannot open. |

| |Water vapour leaves the plant, carbon dioxide enters the leaf if the stoma are open |

| |and used for photosynthesis, oxygen leaves through the stoma produced as a byproduct |

| |of photosynthesis |

| |Water flows up the stem and through the leaves before leaving the leaves by |

| |evaporation via stoma |

|Rates of transpiration (Q) |Rates of transpiration (A) |

| | |

|What factors affects the rate of transpiration |Light intensity, temperature, air movement, humidity. |

|What is used to measure the rates of transpiration? |A photometer |

|Why do gardeners need to water their plants more in summer? |The rates of transpiration will be greater because the stomata are open allowing more|

|Why will sand dune plants loose more water than woodland plants? |gas exchange for photosynthesis |

|Why do florist spray their plants will water? |Sand dunes are windier and will carry the evaporated water molecules away from the |

| |leaf increasing the concentration gradient. |

| |Increasing the humidity prevents plants loosing water by reducing the concentration |

| |gradient |

|The circulatory system (Q) |The circulatory system (A) |

| | |

|Name three substances that blood carries to your body cells |Oxygen , glucose, amino acids, nutrients, |

|Name two substances that blood carries away from your body cells |Urea, carbon dioxide, |

|What are blood expanders and when might they be used? |Sterile saline solutions that maintain normal blood pressure so blood can flow if |

|What are oxygen carriers? |patients have lost a lot of blood. Used in emergency situations |

|Why might the remaining haemoglobin in a trauma patients blood be enough to sustain a|If two thirds of your blood is lost you would need artificial blood that would |

|motionless patient but not a mobile one? |carrier oxygen. Can be chemicals that release oxygen or can be encapsulated |

|Give the advantages of artificial blood products |haemoglobin |

| |Motionless patients will not need as much energy and will respire less needing less |

| |oxygen |

| |Don’t have to be matched to patients, useful for treating war casualties, in |

| |countries where transfusions aren’t safe (not screened for disease), for trauma |

| |patients, can be stored for three years at room temp, immediately restore full oxygen|

| |carrying capacity (real blood takes 24hrs) |

|The heart (Q) |The heart (A) |

| | |

|What are the names of the four chambers of the heart |The right and left ventricle, the right and left atria |

|Which side pumps oxygenated blood to the body? |The left side |

|What is the artery called that carries oxygenated blood to the body? |The aorta |

|Which artery pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? |The pulmonary artery |

|Which blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood towards to the heart? |The vena cava |

|Why are artificial heart valves made of inert materials? |Prevents corrosion / reaction sin the body. Smooth to prevent blood clots |

|Why would the risk of rejection be a serious problem if artificial hearts had a |The white blood cells would patrol the heart and attack it if the artificial heart |

|capillary blood supply? |had a capillary blood supply |

|Arteries and Veins (Q) |Arteries and Veins (A) |

|Why is the lining of the arteries folded? |Allows them to stretch and recoil when blood enters and is pumped under high pressure|

|Why does measuring you pulse allow you to measure your heart rate? |Each pulse corresponds to each beat of your heart |

|Identify the features of veins |Usually carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Large lumen, have valves to |

|Identify the features of arteries |prevent backflow, smooth lining, thin walls, little muscle or elastic as the blood is|

|What is a stent? |under low pressure |

|Who might need a stent? |Usually carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Elastic fibres, muscle fibres, |

| |narrow lumen, folded inner lining that expands with each high pressure blood spurt. |

| |A narrow mesh tube that can be inserted into blocked / narrowed artery to widen the |

| |lumen and allow the blood to flow through. |

| |People at risk of a heart attack due to narrowed arteries blocked by saturated fat |

| |deposits. |

|Capillaries (Q) |Capillaries (A) |

| | |

|Describe the structure of the capillaries |Their wall is one cell thick for efficient exchange, blood is under low pressure so |

|What is the function of the capillaries? |as not to damage the blood vessels, lumen diameter is wide enough to let one red |

|What substances are carried to your cells by the capillaries? |blood cell through at a time. Blood flow is very slow, form vast networks at the |

|What waste substances do the capillaries remove from the tissues? |tissues of every organ – they have a large surface area. |

| |To deliver blood to your tissues allowing exchange of substances |

| |Oxygen for respiration, glucose for respiration, amino acids for growth and repair, |

| |other nutrients like fatty acids, water – hydration and hormones. |

| |Carbon dioxide, lactic acid (anaerobic respiration), urea, spent hormones, heat |

|Blood (Q) |Blood (A) |

| | |

|What makes blood a unique tissue? |It is the only tissue on your body that is a fluid |

|Where in your body is blood made? |The bone marrow |

|State three functions of the blood |transport, protection, regulation of body temperature and pH |

|Name four substances carried in your blood |oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, hormones, cholesterol, mineral ions, |

|Name four substances dissolved in plasma |antibodies, fatty acids |

|How does your blood protect you? |carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, hormones, cholesterol, mineral ions, |

|How does your body regulate heat? |antibodies, fatty acids |

|Why is it important to maintain a constant pH? |Blood clots forming scabs at wounds to prevent microbes entering and stops blood |

| |loss. White blood cells fight invading pathogens |

| |Distributes heat from respiring muscles to other organs and your skin |

| |Enzymes require a specific pH to function or they will change shape (denature) |

|Blood Cells (Q) |Blood Cells (A) |

| | |

|What is the function of red blood cells? |To carry oxygen to your tissues for respiration |

|How are red blood cells adapted to their function? |They are biconcave – large surface area, no nucleus – more space for oxygen, contain |

|What are the functions of white blood cells? |haemoglobin which forms oxyhaeomoglobin when combined with oxygen. |

|Why can’t red blood cells divide? |Defence against pathogens. Produce antitoxins and antibodies. Some ingest foreign |

|Where are old red blood cells broken down? |particles. |

|What do platelets do? |They have no nucleus |

| |The liver |

| |Small cell fragments no nucleus. Help the blood to clot. Made in the bone marrow. |

|Transport in plants (Q) |Transport in plants (A) |

|What are the two vascular bundles of plants? |Xylem and phloem |

|What do the vascular bundles do? |Transport substances from the roots through the stem to the leaves and they provide |

|What do the xylem do? |support. |

|What do the phloem do? |Dead cells stacked on top of each other forming long hollow tubes. They transport |

|What is transpiration stream? |water and dissolved substances from the roots to the leaves |

|What is translocation? |Living cells that form tubes and transport food substances in both directions |

| |The continual transport of water from the roots to the leaves by xylem |

| |The transport of sugars made by photosynthesis in the leaf to areas where the plant |

| |needs it – for storage / growing areas by the phloem |

|Topics – B3 Unit 2 | |

|Keeping internal conditions constant | |

|The kidney | |

|Renal dialysis | |

|Kidney transplants | |

|Decreasing body temperature | |

|Increasing body temperature | |

|Regulating glucose levels | |

|Type 1 diabetes | |

|Human populations | |

|Pollution | |

|Deforestation | |

|Global warming | |

|Biofuels | |

|Microbes and food production | |

|Food chains and food production | |

|Fishing | |

| | |

|Keeping internal conditions constant (Q) |Keeping internal conditions constant (A) |

|If your muscles respire anaerobically which waste product do they produce? |Lactic acid |

|How is the waste product of anaerobic respiration harmful if it isn’t removed? |Increases blood pH which can prevent enzymatic reactions |

|What is the process called where waste products are removed from the body |Excretion |

|Name five internal conditions that must be kept constant |pH, Water, ion content, temperature, blood sugar levels |

|What does ammonia react with to make urea? |carbon dioxide |

|How is urea harmful to the body? |makes the blood alkaline which affects the enzymes |

|Why must temperature be regulated? |Proteins and cell membranes would become damaged above or below 36 – 37.50C |

|Why must blood sugar be regulated? |Needed for respiration. Too little – tired and faint. Too much and water would leave |

| |the cells by osmosis |

|The kidney (Q) |The kidney (A) |

|How is urea made in the body? |Proteins digested into amino acids. Excess amino acids are carried by the blood to |

|Which organ removes urea? |your liver and are converted to ammonia. This reacts with carbon dioxide and it |

|How is urea transported from the liver to the kidneys? |becomes urea. |

|Why is the glucose that is filtered from the kidneys reabsorbed? |The kidneys |

|Apart from urea what else does the kidney regulate? |Via blood |

|How would a high protein diet affect the levels of urea? |Glucose is useful for respiration |

|How would the water content of your urine change if the weather was hot but you |Excess salt ions and water |

|didn’t drink any water |Increase the amount of urea |

|How would your urine change if you ate a very salty meal? |Urine would be very concentrated, little water |

| |The urine would become very salty. |

|Renal Dialysis (Q) |Renal Dialysis (A) |

|What is renal failure? |Condition where the kidneys don’t function properly |

|Explain the difference between acute and chronic renal failure |Acute – sudden, but treatable. Usually caused by an infection or drugs. Chronic – |

|Why does the renal dialysis fluid have to be sterile? |long lasting and patients will not recover. Could be genetic or due to diabetes. |

|Why is the dialysis fluid at body temperature? |Symptoms include sickness, paralysis, back pain, anaemia, swollen limbs |

|Why is heparin added to the patients blood before the blood enters the dialysis |To prevent infections |

|machine? |To prevent the patient loosing or gaining heat |

|Why does the dialysis fluid contain glucose at the same concentration as a healthy |It is an anticoagulant which prevents the blood from clotting |

|human? |So that the concentration of glucose will not change – it won't diffuse through the |

|Why does the renal dialysis fluid have to be changed after a dialysis session? |membrane |

|Why do you think people with renal dialysis get swollen ankles, feet, face and legs? |The dialysis fluid will contain the patients excess salt and water |

| |Renal failure disrupts the ion concentration in the cells and so cells may take up |

| |extra water to balance the concentration inside the cells which contain excess ions |

|Kidney transplants (Q) |Kidney transplants (A) |

|What are the advantages of having a kidney transplant compared with renal dialysis? |improved quality of life (no more dialysis 4 times per week, can go on holiday) / |

|What precautions do medical teams take to reduce the risk of rejection when |Cheaper for NHS to transplant |

|transplanting a kidney? |Tissue type the patient and the donor, match blood types closely |

|Why are transplant patients more at risk of infection? |They have to take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent the immune system attacking the |

|Explain why a recipient may reject a transplanted kidney? |transplanted organ |

| |The recipients immune system can recognize that the antigens on the transplanted |

| |kidney are not their own. The white blood cells would then attack and destroy the |

| |organ |

|Decreasing your body temperature (Q) |Decreasing your body temperature (A) |

|Why can exercise cause us to overheat? |Increases respiration which produces heat as a byproduct |

|Why can dehydration increase the chance of overheating? |Water needed to distribute the heat in our blood between our organs and to the skin |

|How does sweating cool you? |where the heat can radiate out. Water is needed for sweat |

|Why does your skin look and feel red and hot when you are overheating? |Sweating cools the body because the water evaporates and takes the heat away with it.|

|Why should we drink more during hot weather? |The blood vessels open wide to let the heat radiate from the surface |

|Describe vasodilation |We sweat more so we need to replace the water |

|Where is the thermoregulatory centre? |Nerves stimulate the blood vessels that supply the capillaries in the skin. They |

|How do dogs cool themselves? |dilate and this allows more blood to flow to the surface. The excess heat radiates |

|Elephants and rabbit have large ears, how does this help them to cool? |away from the body |

| |The brain |

| |They pant instead of sweating |

| |Large surface area allows the heat to radiate away from their bodies. |

|Increasing your body temperature (Q) |Increasing your body temperature (A) |

|Why is it dangerous if your core body temperature drops below 350C |Enzymes will not work properly and chemical reactions will slow down. You will become|

|Why does reduced sweating prevent you from overcooling |hypothermic |

|State two reasons why you may overcool? |Reduced heat loss by evaporation |

|How does shivering warm you up? |Outside in cold weather too long, immersed in cold water, elderly, a baby (large |

|What is vasoconstriction? |surface area to volume ratio |

| |Stimulates the skeletal muscles to contract and relax quickly which requires energy |

| |from respiration. Respiration produces heat. |

| |The arterioles that supply the capillaries near the skin contrast preventing blood |

| |flowing at the skins surface. Your skin will look pale and feel cold. This conserves |

| |heat and protects internal organs from heat loss and damage. Prolonged exposure would|

| |result in frost bite |

|Regulating blood glucose levels (Q) |Regulating blood glucose levels (A) |

|Explain why blood glucose level rises after you have eaten a meal? |the digested carbohdrates (glucose) enters your blood via the walls of the small |

|Why does your blood glucose level drop when you have not eaten for several hours? |intestine |

|Explain why your blood glucose level drops after you have been swimming? |The glucose is used up during respiration |

|Which organ monitors your blood glucose levels? |Exercise usues energy which is made during respiration. Glucose is needed for |

|Which hormone is released into your blood when your blood glucose level rises above |respiration |

|normal levels? |The pancreas |

|Which hormone is released into your blood when your blood glucose levels are lower |Insulin |

|than normal? |Glucagon |

|What does insulin do? |Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into cells. Takes excess glucose to the liver |

|Which of the are carbohydrates and which are proteins? |to be stored as insoluble glycogen |

|Glucagon, glucose, glycogen, insulin |Carbs: Glucose, glycogen. Proteins: Glucagon, Insulin |

| | |

|Type 1 diabetes (Q) |Type 1 diabetes (A) |

|What is type 1 diabetes? |Where patients do not make enough insulin and so blood glucose level is not |

|How is type 1 diabetes treated? |controlled. |

|What would happen if people with type 1 diabetes did not get treatment? |Injections of insulin into blood after meals, eat regular high fiber meals, monitor |

|What causes type 1 diabetes? |blood glucose levels, avoid alcohol, take regular exercise |

|Why do people with diabetes urinate very frequently? |Blindness due to retina damage, poor wound healing, ulcers, increased risk of stroke,|

| |increased risk of heart attack |

| |Cells of the patients immune system destroy the special cells in the pancreas which |

| |produces insulin. Could be caused by viral infection, cows milk in early life, |

| |certain antibiotics and trauma injury or pancreatic tumours. |

| |When the kidneys filter the blood too much glucose is filtered out and the kidneys do|

| |not reabsorb the glucose. Glucose passes out of the urine and a lot of water goes |

| |with it. This is also why diabetics feel very thirsty |

|Human Populations (Q) |Human Populations (A) |

|Families had large numbers of children before 1900. Suggest why? |Many children died young, lack of contraception |

|After 1900 there was a dramatic rise in the population. Suggest reasons why |Diet improved, hygiene improved, healthcare improve, infant mortality fell |

|Population increase has negative effects on the environment. Suggest these negative |Shortage of food in some countries, more land being used for farming and building, |

|effects. |more pollution being produced, the world’s resources are being used faster than they |

|Describe the meaning of the term sustainable? |can be replaced |

|How can humans manage their use of resources? |Sustainable means using resources for human needs without harming the environment |

| |Recycle, replace resources where possible (plant new trees), avoid over use of |

| |resources if they cannot be replaced quickly eg fishing quotas. Use alternative fuels|

|Pollution (Q) |Pollution (A) |

|List three ways in which farming can damage the environment |Cows produce methane – greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming, the use of|

|How does sulphur dioxide produce acid rain? |fertilisers can run off the soil polluting the rivers which can cause eutrophication |

|What is the affect of carbon dioxide released from cars factories, burning wood? |and the use of pesticides / herbicides which can wash into waterways and build up in |

|Why are people in towns only allowed to burn smokeless fuel? |the food chain to toxic levels |

|What are the problems with CFCs? |The sulphur dissolves in rain to form acid rain |

| |This greenhouse gas contributes to global warming |

| |Smoke causes smog and the smoke particles can cause bronchitis or prevent |

| |photosynthesis |

| |CFCs damage the ozone layer allowing more UV rays in |

|Deforestation (Q) |Deforestation (A) |

|State two major reasons for deforestation |To provide timber for furniture, building and fuel and for creating land for farming |

|What are the effects of deforestation? |/ building |

|What is peat? |Increases CO2 (global warming), loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, loss of future |

|What are the negative consequences of destroying and removing peat from peat bogs? |resources |

|How do trees prevent erosion? |Produced over thousands of years from moss in wet acidic boggy areas. It is very rich|

|Why is the drugs industry concerned with deforestation? |in nutrients and has been dug up and sold for compost |

|How could humans use wood more sustainably? |loss of a diverse habitat, when the moss is aerated it begins to decay which releases|

|Explain three ways in which deforestation results in carbon dioxide release |carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming |

| |No tree roots to hold the soil in place. No trees to take up the water. |

| |Some undiscovered species will become extinct before their properties have been |

| |researched for medicinal properties, to treat diseases. |

| |Recycle wood / paper products. Plant new trees for every tree cut down. |

| |Slash and burn – removing the trees which take in carbon dioxide when they |

| |photosynthesize. Burning the trees which release carbon dioxide when they burn. The |

| |release of carbon dioxide from the microbes that decompose the decaying material |

|Global warming (Q) |Global warming (A) |

|Which two gases are the main greenhouses gases? |Methane and carbon dioxide |

|What are the major sources of these gases? |Methane from cattle farming and rice paddy fields. Carbon dioxide from increased |

|Why has there been an increase in the two major greenhouse gases? |combustion (burning) of fossil fuels to supply us with energy. |

|Why is global warming affecting the polar bear distribution? |Increased combustion demand for energy. Increased demand for meat – more farming |

|How can carbon dioxide be removed from the atmosphere |Global warming is increasing sea temperatures which melts the ice caps. Polar bears |

| |have less ice to live on |

| |Trees and plants take up carbon dioxide by photosynthesis |

|Biofuels (Q) |Biofuels (A) |

|What is the energy source for making biofuels? |The sunlight used in photosynthesis |

|Name the three types of biofuels |Wood, Biogas, Bioethanol, |

|State the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels |Advantages: Reduces fossil fuel usage by providing an alternative fuel, no overall |

|Why is biogas from landfill sites particularly dangerous? |increase in the level of carbon dioxide, doesn’t produce particulates. Disadvantages:|

|Why is gasohol used in Brazil? |habitat loss, extinction of species. |

|Why do we describe biogas as carbon neutral? |It could explode |

| |Lots of sugar cane – can be made into bioethanol |

| |The carbon dioxide taken in during the growing of the biofuels in photosynthesis is |

| |released again when the fuel is burnt |

|Microbes and food production (Q) |Microbes and food production (Q) |

|Name a fungi that can be eaten directly |Mushrooms |

|Name two food products produced by yeasts |Alcohol and bread |

|What is mycoprotein? |A high protein low fat meat substitute that can be flavoured made from a fungus |

|What conditions must be kept constant in the production of mycoprotein? |The pH and the temperature |

|How nutritional is mycoprotein? |High protein, high fibre, low fat. |

|Food chains and food production (Q) |Food chains and food production (A) |

|How is energy lost from a food chain? |movement, keeping warm, excretion, reproduction |

|Why is it more efficient for humans to eat herbivores and producers rather than |Shorter food chain means less energy is lost. Carnivores will not contain as much |

|carnivores |energy |

|How do farmers maximize energy transfers? |Reduce animal movement / control the temperature of their animals |

|How would controlling the temperature of animals reduce energy loss? |Warm: Reduce heat loss, less energy wasted in keeping warm. |

|How would reducing movement reduce energy loss? |Reduced respiration |

|List the advantages of energy efficiency farming |Less energy transferred out of the food chain, more available for human consumption, |

|List the disadvantages of energy efficient farming |less labour intensive, less risk of attack from predators like foxes, cheaper to |

| |produce |

| |Greater risk of disease spreading between animals, inhumane / cruel, poor quality |

| |product |

|Fishing (Q) |Fishing (A) |

|What technological advances led to overfishing? |Sonar to locate the fish, sophisticated nets designed to prevent fish escaping, well |

|Which fish species are caught in UK waters? |designed boats that can travel long distances and can store fish in big freezers |

|Which fish species is most likely to disappear from the North Atlantic? |Herring, haddock, cod and mackerel |

|What actions have governments taken to prevent overfishing? |Cod |

|How effective have these strategies been? |Net size – larger holes to allow younger fish to escape and breed – replenish the |

|What is the disadvantage of these strategies? |population and fishing quotas – prevent endangered species from being overfished |

| |Fishing in the North sea is now sustainable. Fishing has been reduced to a level |

| |where the fish populations are able to recover. |

| |Fishermen are suffering unemployment |

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