Chapter 5:



Chapter 5: Integumentary System

The Integument

The _________ that covers your _________.

Skin is also known as the ____________________________________.

Integumentary system consists of the _________and its derivatives—_________, hair, _________glands, and __________________glands.

Is the body’s __________________organ.

Its surface is covered by an __________________that protects underlying body _________.

The __________________tissues contain _________vessels that provide nutrients and provide __________________and resilience to the _________.

__________________muscle controls both blood vessel __________________and hair position.

__________________tissue supports and monitors sensory __________________in the skin

Functions of Skin

protection from __________________, chemicals and ___________________________

prevention of __________________loss (in spite of __________________)

___________________________regulation (heating and __________________)

production of vitamin ______(__________________absorption)

__________________defense (__________________blood cells)

__________________reception (_________cells)

Excretion of __________________in sweat

2 Distinct Layers

A layer of stratified __________________epithelium called the ___________________________.

A deeper layer of dense __________________connective tissue called the __________________.

- deep to the dermis is a layer of __________________and adipose connective tissue called the ____________________________________layer, or ________________________________

Epidermis

___________________________layer of skin

Composed of many layer of flat ___________________________cells

____________________________________= full of keratin protein

Composed of several _________ (layers)

Has no direct __________________supply; deepest layers receive nutrients from _________

Epidermal strata (layers)

Stratum Basale (or ___________________________)

- __________________layer composed of __________________cells

- Contains ___________________________, melanocytes, and Merkel (tactile) _________

Stratum __________________; spiny layer

Stratum __________________; clear layer

Stratum __________________; superficial, dead, flattened cells that contain large amount of ___________

- these cells are _________regularly and replaced from lower _________

Skin Color

Living skin (_________) contains _________vessels

- ___________________________is a red oxygen-binding protein present in __________________.

__________________is a pigment produced and stored in cells called ___________________________.

The amount of __________________stored in melanocytes depends on two factors;

* Exposure to _________light and __________________predisposition

__________________comes primarily from diet.

Friction Ridges

Found on the __________________, palms, soles, and _________.

Formed from large _________and valleys of both dermal and __________________tissue.

Help us __________________objects, and they

* Increase __________________so that items do not slip easily from our _________.

* Our feet do not _________on the floor when we _________.

Friction ridges can leave noticeable _________on touched surfaces.

Each individual has a unique __________________of friction ridges.

___________________________have become a valuable tool for _________enforcement in identifying individuals.

Skin Markings

Nevus (mole) ___________________________

Freckles ____________________________________

Hemangioma

- __________________hemangiomas (“__________________-colored birthmarks”)

- ___________________________hemangiomas (“________________________”)

Layers of the Dermis

Composed of _________of the connective tissue proper and primarily of __________________fibers, although both elastic and __________________fibers are also present.

Other components of the dermis are __________________vessels, _________glands, __________________glands, hair __________________, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and __________________tissue.

2 Major Regions of Dermis

Superficial __________________layer

- Contains dermal __________________; increase surface area contact with __________________

- Contains _________vessels which nourish __________________

Deeper reticular layer

- dense __________________connective tissue of __________________fibers

- give skin its __________________and ability to _________

Lines of Cleavage

__________________lines in the skin identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber _________.

Clinically and surgically __________________because cuts can result in slow healing and increased __________________.

Innervation and Blood Supply

The dermis has extensive ___________________________.

Monitor __________________receptors in the dermis and __________________, and control both blood flow and gland __________________rates.

- ___________________________; blood vessels expand and more blood flows through area (what effect on thermoregulation?) ____________________________________

- ___________________________; blood vessels constrict (effect?) _________________________

Tactile ___________________________and tactile (__________________) cells

- perceive __________________sensations,

- work with a variety of other sensory __________________endings in the skin.

Nails

_________like modifications of the ___________________________that form on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the __________________and toes.

Protect the ___________________________distal tips and prevent __________________or distortion during jumping, kicking, catching, or __________________.

Hard __________________formed from the stratum corneum layer of the _________________________.

Hair

Found almost everywhere on the _________except the _________of the hands, the sides and _________of the feet, the lips, the sides of the fingers and toes, and portions of the external __________________.

Most of the hairs on the human body are on the __________________body surface rather than the _______.

3 Kinds of Hair

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair:

- __________________; fine “peach-fuzz” hairs over majority of body surface (look closely)

- __________________; arm and leg hair

- __________________hair; hair on top of head and in pubic areas and __________________of men

Functions of Hair

Protection from __________________, dust in eyes, _________

_________retention; helps keep our heads _________

Facial expression; __________________

__________________reception; on skin

Visual ___________________________; personal characteristic

Chemical signal dispersal; ___________________________used in attraction of mates and clan _________

- secreted onto __________________hairs of pubic and axillary __________________

- Why does this system not work very well today? ____________________________________

Hair Color

Result of the synthesis of __________________in the matrix adjacent to the __________________.

Variations in hair color reflect genetically determined differences in the structure of the _______________.

Environmental and __________________factors

_________; Blonde hair, __________________Gray hair __________________

Hair Growth and Replacement

Sometimes hair loss may be __________________as a result of one or more of the following factors: exposure to _________, dietary factors, __________________, high fever, or _________.

Thinning of the hair, called __________________can occur in both sexes, usually as a result of _________.

Male pattern baldness is due to __________________and _________ _________ (see clinical view on pg. 135)

Exocrine Glands of the Skin

Sweat (__________________) glands produce a watery solution that performs several specific _________.

- __________________ (eccrine) sweat glands; __________________and excretory function

- __________________sweat glands; produce odors in pubic and axillary regions may have had a __________________function in our ancestors____________________________________

___________________________glands produce an _________material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface preventing __________________.

Other Integumentary Glands

___________________________glands; produce ear _________

__________________glands

* modified __________________sweat glands

* Produce _________for babies

Burns

Major cause of __________________death, primarily as a result of their effects on the _________.

Usually caused by _________, radiation, harmful chemicals, sunlight, or electrical _________.

The immediate threat to life results primarily from __________________loss, infection, and the effects of __________________, dead tissue.

Burns are classified according to the _________of tissue involvement.

Classification of Burns (see model)

_________- and __________________-degree burns are called __________________-thickness burns.

_________-degree burns are called _________-thickness burns.

- first-degree burns involve only the __________________and are characterized by __________________, pain, and slight _________

an example is __________________

Second-degree burns

Second-degree burns involve the __________________and part of the _________.

The skin appears _________, tan, or white, and is ___________________________and painful.

An example is a __________________.

Third-degree burns

Third-degree burns involve the __________________, dermis, and ___________________________layer, which are often __________________.

___________________________may occur from the edge only, due to the absence of _________.

Skin __________________is required to prevent abnormal connective tissue fibrosis and ______________.

___________________________is a major concern because the entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be __________________.

Must be ___________________________treated for dehydration.

Aging of the Integument

Skin repair processes take __________________due to reduced number and activity of _________cells.

Skin forms __________________and becomes less __________________.

Skin’s immune responsiveness is ___________________________.

Skin becomes _________due to decreased ___________________________gland activity.

Altered skin and hair ___________________________.

Aging of the Integument

__________________production diminishes.

Blood supply to the dermis is __________________leading to impaired ___________________________.

Hair __________________and loss.

Integumentary production of vitamin D3 __________________.

Development of _________cancers.

Skin Cancer

The most __________________type of cancer.

The greatest risk factor is exposure to _________rays of the _________.

The highest __________________is in people who have had severe sunburns, especially as _________.

Ch. 5 review questions

1. The skin that covers your body is also known as;

2. Integumentary system consists of;

3. What is the body’s largest organ?

4. The connective tissues of skin contain blood vessels that do what?

5. What tissue in skin controls both blood vessel diameter and hair position?

6. What tissue supports and monitors sensory receptors in the skin?

7. What are the functions of Skin?

8. What are the 2 Distinct Layers of skin?

9. What layer of the skin is the outermost layer of skin?

10. Epidermis is composed of many strata of;

11. The skin has a direct blood supply; True (A) or False (B)

12. What epidermal stratum is the deepest layer composed of living cells

13. What epidermal stratum is the spiny layer

14. What epidermal stratum is the clear layer

15. What epidermal stratum is composed of superficial, dead, flattened cells that contain large amount of keratin

16. Skin Color is due to what two main factors?

17. Melanin is a pigment produced and stored in what cells?

18. The amount of melanin stored in melanocytes depends on what two factors;

19. Carotene in the skin comes primarily from;

20. Friction Ridges on the hands are more commonly known as;

21. Where are friction ridges found?

22. How do friction ridges help us?

23. How do friction ridges assist law enforcement?

24. What major skin layer is composed of cells of the connective tissue proper and primarily of collagen fibers?

25. Other components of the dermis are;

26. What are the 2 Major Regions of Dermis

27. The dermis has extensive innervation; True (A) or False (B)

28. What term means that blood vessels expand and more blood flows through area?

29. What effect does the above have on thermoregulation?

30. What term means that blood vessels constrict? (effect?)

31. What do tactile corpuscles and tactile (Merkel) cells do for you?

32. What are scalelike modifications of the epidermis that form on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes?

33. What do fingernails do for you (what is their function?)

34. Where is hair found?

35. Most of the hairs on the human body are found where?

36. What are the 3 Kinds of Hair

37. During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair:

38. What are the main functions of Hair ?

39. How does hair help with chemical signal dispersal?

40. Why is the above less important today?

41. Hair Color is the result of the synthesis of;

42. Variations in hair color reflect genetically determined differences in the structure of the;

43. Sometimes hair loss may be temporary as a result of one or more of which factors:

44. Thinning of the hair is called __________ can occur in both sexes, usually as a result of;

45. Male pattern baldness is due to what two factors?

46. What is the scientific name for sweat glands?

47. Sweat glands produce a watery solution that performs what specific functions.

48. Sebaceous glands produce what oily material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface preventing drying?

49. What Integumentary Glands produce ear wax?

50. Mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands; True (A) or False (B)

51. Burns are a major cause of accidental death, primarily as a result of;

52. Burns are usually caused by what environmental factors?

53. The immediate threat to life due to a severe burn results primarily from;

54. Burns are classified according to the;

55. What two types of burns are called partial-thickness burns?

56. What burns are called full-thickness burns.

57. What burns involve only the epidermis and are characterized by redness, pain, and slight edema

58. An example of a third degree burn is a mild sunburn ; True (A) or False (B)

59. Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the;

60. An example of a second degree burn is a scald; True (A) or False (B)

61. Why is the regeneration of a third degree burn so difficult?

62. What process is required for the victim of a third degree burn to prevent abnormal connective tissue fibrosis and disfigurement?

63. What is a major concern for burn victims and why?

64. Why does skin repair processes take longer as we age?

65. What happens to the skin’s immune responsiveness as we age?

66. Why does skin becomes drier as we age?

67. Why do older people often complain of being too cold or too hot?

68. What is the most common type of cancer?

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