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|Study |Description (focus aims and findings) |Conclusion and implications |Evaluation |
|Watson and Rayner (1920) |Attempt to show that an 11 mth old can be conditioned |Support for classical conditioning theory |Unethical, findings have not been replicated; reliability |
|Little Albert |to have a fear of a rat; boy quickly conditioned; fear | |questionable. |
| |generalised to similar stimuli | |May only explain behaviour in babies - may be more |
| | | |reactive. |
|Barlow and Durand (1995) |50% of those driving phobia reported recall of a |Some support for CC as explanation for acquisition but |Maybe the other 50% could be accounted for information |
| |traumatic experience whilst driving |what about the 50% who had no recall? |transmission or social learning theory |
|Munjack (1984) |Supports Barlow and Durand - 50% with driving phobia |Some support for CC but how do you explain why people with|Maybe some develop phobias and some don’t based on |
| |recall a traumatic driving experience but also 50% of a|same experiences have different behavioural outcomes; CC |differential reinforcement histories; also maybe need to |
| |non-phobic control group had also had traumatic car |is not a full explanation on its own |combine with ANS reactivity (biological theory) which |
| |accidents and no driving phobia | |suggests some people may be more predisposed to learn in |
| | | |traumatic situations |
|Menzies and Clark (1993) |Only 2% with water phobia had had a traumatic |Some phobias seem hard to explain using CC theory |Maybe some natural environment type phobias such as the |
| |experience with water | |dark, heights and water are better described by prepotency|
| | | |argument of evolutionary theory |
| | | |Maybe they just couldn’t remember the trauma as it has |
| | | |been repressed (Psychodynamic explanation) |
|Di Nardo et al (1998) |Supports Munjack (1984) 50% of dog phobics had |CC cannot explain 50% without phobias or the many who did |Repression? |
| |experienced a frightening event with a dog but many |not develop phobia | |
| |normal controls had also had frightening events but not| | |
| |developed dog phobia. | | |
|Implication of Behaviourist theory |Evidence for |Evidence against |
|Phobias should be traceable to an original learning experience |Barlow and Durand: driving phobics who could recall traumatic |People who did not develop dog (Di Nardo) and driving phobias |
| |experiences, further supported by Munjack (1984) same findings |(Munjack) despite frightening experiences, 98% who had no trauma |
| | |involving water but had a water phobia (Menzies and Clarke) |
| | | |
|People who have had same learning experience are likely to have same | |Many have had trauma involving dogs and driving and not gone onto |
|outcome (phobia) | |develop phobias (Di Nardo and Munjack) |
| | | |
|If phobias are learnt through association of frightening experiences |Good as explains some of the really bizarre specific phobias such as |Does not explain why some phobias are so much more common than |
|with objects which were present at the time, this means you could |buttons, baked beans and colours |others, especially for things that we would rarely experience in this|
|have a phobia of virtually anything | |country such as snakes. |
|Should be possible to condition and decondition phobias artificially |Behavioural treatments such as systematic desensitization and |Social and agoraphobias are more resistant to change. |
| |flooding have an excellent success rate for removing phobic responses| |
| |to specific phobias | |
| | | |
| |This goes against CC principle that learning that takes place after | |
| |one trial only should be extremely resistant to attempts to | |
| |decondition. | |
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Learning theory explanation of phobias: Evaluation
Alternative Social Learning Theory account:
Modelling a fear response and Information transmission
Mineka et al (1984)
AO2 Commentary
How useful is this theory for explaining all phobias in humans?
Merckelbach et al (1996)
Needles:
Small animals:
Agoraphobia:
Claustrophobia:
Supported by Ost (1985)
Information transmission
Evolutionary explanation of Phobias:
Preparedness (Seligman)
Cook and Mineka (1989)
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