COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - College of the Canyons

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCH

126

Acknowledgements

College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created:

California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook

Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office

In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable:

Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed.

Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke

for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics.

The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Table of Contents

Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology ....................................................................................................... 7 Historical Roots: History of Cognition ................................................................................................... 7 Mnemonic Devices................................................................................................................................ 9 Early Psychology--Structuralism and Functionalism .......................................................................... 15 Contributions to Cognitive Psychology "Birth" ................................................................................... 28

Chapter 2 ? The Brain ............................................................................................................................. 33 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems..................................................................................... 33 How Much of Your Brain Do You Use?................................................................................................ 37 Lower-Level Structures of the Brain ................................................................................................... 38 Limbic System and Other Brain Areas................................................................................................. 45 Somatosensory and Motor Cortex...................................................................................................... 51 Hemispheres ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Split-Brain Measures-severing the corpus callosum........................................................................... 56 Trauma ................................................................................................................................................ 59

Chapter 3 ? Methods of Research .......................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 4 - Memory................................................................................................................................ 65

Memory and the Brain ........................................................................................................................ 65 Memory Processes.............................................................................................................................. 68 Encoding.............................................................................................................................................. 72 Storage ................................................................................................................................................ 76 Retrieval .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Modal Model of Memory.................................................................................................................... 81 Ebbinghaus.......................................................................................................................................... 87 William James: isolating Short-term and Long-term memory............................................................ 89 Serial Position Curve ........................................................................................................................... 90 Recency Effects and Primary Effects ................................................................................................... 91 Short Term memory............................................................................................................................ 92 Chapter 5 ? Working Memory ................................................................................................................ 93

The difference between Working Memory and Short-Term Memory ............................................... 93 Components of Memory: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad ................ 93 Long ?Term Memory........................................................................................................................... 95 Decay vs. Interference ......................................................................................................................100 Forgetting .......................................................................................................................................... 102 Encoding Specificity Principle ...........................................................................................................115 Reconstruction of Memories ............................................................................................................118 Autobiographical Memories .............................................................................................................127 Amnesia............................................................................................................................................. 129 Eyewitness Memory..........................................................................................................................133 Attention Blindness...........................................................................................................................142 Weapon Focus...................................................................................................................................149 Cross ?Race effect.............................................................................................................................150 Source Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 151 Memory Techniques .........................................................................................................................152 Chapter 6 ? Problem Solving.................................................................................................................159 Types of Problems.............................................................................................................................159 Problem Solving Strategies ...............................................................................................................160 Means ?Ends Analysis .......................................................................................................................163 Reasoning by Analogy .......................................................................................................................165 Transformation Problems ................................................................................................................. 167 Incubation ......................................................................................................................................... 168 Problem Solving Experts ...................................................................................................................169 Blocks to Problem Solving.................................................................................................................170 Chapter 7 ? Creativity ...........................................................................................................................175 Creativity: What Is It?........................................................................................................................175 Insight................................................................................................................................................ 179 Chapter 8- Reasoning............................................................................................................................181 Formal Reasoning..............................................................................................................................181 Deductive Reasoning + Inductive Reasoning .................................................................................... 204 Propositional Reasoning: ..................................................................................................................205 Venn Diagrams ..................................................................................................................................205

Syllogisms .......................................................................................................................................... 208 Chapter 9 - Decision Making .................................................................................................................210

Representativeness ........................................................................................................................... 210 Availability ......................................................................................................................................... 210 Anchoring ..........................................................................................................................................213 Framing .............................................................................................................................................217 Sunk Cost Effect ................................................................................................................................218 Hindsight Bias....................................................................................................................................218 Illusory Correlations ..........................................................................................................................219 Confirmation Bias..............................................................................................................................220 Belief Perseverance Bias ................................................................................................................... 220 Overconfidence ................................................................................................................................. 221 Chapter 10 ? Perception ....................................................................................................................... 225 Sensation vs. Perception ...................................................................................................................225 Classic View of Perception ................................................................................................................ 227 Visual Illusions...................................................................................................................................227 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up (Conceptually-driven vs. Data-driven processing) .................................. 235 Multisensory Perception...................................................................................................................236 Subliminal Perception .......................................................................................................................239 Synesthesia .......................................................................................................................................239 McGurk Effect-Bimodal Speech Perception:.....................................................................................240 Chapter 11 ? Attention .........................................................................................................................241 WHAT IS ATTENTION? .......................................................................................................................241 History of Attention ..........................................................................................................................243 Selective Attention and Models of Attention ................................................................................... 251 Divided Attention..............................................................................................................................255 Subitizing ........................................................................................................................................... 258 Auditory Attention ............................................................................................................................259 Chapter 12 - Classification and Categorization / Pattern Recognition..................................................261 Approaches to Pattern Recognition..................................................................................................261 Face Recognition Systems.................................................................................................................262 Concepts and Categories ..................................................................................................................263

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