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AbstractOther researchers examined stability satisfaction, certainty and uncertainty, coping, effects on dissolution, jealousy, and dissatisfaction in long-distance relationships. Being close to your partner or spouse is the clearest path to happiness, but a lot of people experience long-distance relationships. Video technologies gives couples that are separate by distance the opportunity to share their lives with each other. LD couples can now connect not only by phone, but also in video chat by using services such as Skype and Face-Time, which provide access to their partner’s eyes, face, and body language. This study examines how video technologies impact communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships. The quantitative method consisted in a recruitment of 102 participants from college, friends and other people, ages 18 and up. Participants fill out a questionnaire, seven having basic questions, and the other 11 using the likert-type scale. The results indicated that most people have satisfying communication through video technologies, and have impacted their communication satisfaction from having great conversations to considering him/her part of future life plans. Without a doubt, long-distance couples strongly agree to enjoy using video technologies when communicating and keeping their relationship strong. IntroductionIf the woman or man of your dreams is no further than a close distance car drive, consider yourself lucky. But if not, then you are among the multitude of people who are trying to make long-distance relationships work. Many people think is an impossible task, and would never commit to a person in a different city or even in a different country, but many love-seekers rely on the phone, and/or computer to make their romances work. Distance can work against you, but it can also work for you. In my case it has been working. I’ve been in a long distance relationship for about nine years now. It all depends on how much you care about each other and making it work. I can denied I miss regular date nights, activities together, and physical closeness, but thanks to new media technologies, such as Messenger, Skype, WhatsApp, Face Time, and Snapchat, has helped us carry our relationship this far. It was harder to communicate throughout these nine years of a long distance relationship with my partner. Having the Internet and other new media technologies as means of communication made us eliminate those long-distance telephone fees, and allowed us to have better conversations. Many people think being in a LDR that long is crazy. Some of my friends and even some of my family members said a LDR wont ever work. But with love, effort, trust, and commitment from both of us made it this far. He is here in the US and we got married. Video chatting was a tool to keep our relationship strong and stand where we are now. Cyberspace has become the new way to communicate among individuals, especially those who are in long-distance relationships. “Regardless of what the future holds, the present is very much an environment influenced by communication technology…the way we choose to connect with people has become largely mediated by communication technology” (Smith, 2012). Long-distance relationships in the technology age certainly have many advantages over the days of pen and ink letters; the advances in communication have been amazing. Recent statistics show the total percentage of college relationships in long-distance (32.5%), the total percentage of engaged couples that have been in a long-distance relationship is 75%, and the total amount of marriages that are long-distance relationships is 3.75 million people (“Long Distance,” 2015). Moreover, other researchers state that 41% of 18-29 years old in serious relationships have felt closer to their partner due to online or text message conversations, while 23% of 18-29 years olds in serious relationships report resolving an argument using technology that they were having trouble resolving in person (Andryc, Breed, Brighton, Deering, & Webber, 2014). Long distance relationships do not work out for many reasons, but in many cases couples tried to overcome any obstacle for keeping their relationship strong and durable. As time passes, new media technologies have helped couples continue their long-distance relationships. Andryc, Breed, Brighton, Deering, & Webber (2014) state, “current technology helps with the logistics and communication of a relationship, making it easier to strengthen the bond between two people (2014). This research project is about how video technologies will impact communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships. Research Question: How do video technologies impact communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships?Literature ReviewStability and Satisfaction in Long-Distance Dating RelationshipsLong-distance dating relationships (LDDR) are becoming very common not only in the United States, but also around the world. New media communication technologies such as cell phone plans or live chat make communication among individuals who are miles away easier than in the past. Many individuals believe that only face-to-face contact will lead to emotional attachment and a mutual communication satisfaction, but it will also lead to separation, divorce, and communication dissatisfaction due to emigration issues, different personal and professional goals, and other related factors. According to Jiang and Hancock (2013), “about 25-50% of college students are currently dating a long-distance partner, and up to 75% of them have engaged in LD relationship at some point in college.” The relationship stability satisfactions from long-distance relationships were equal or even better than close-dating relationships. Kelmer, Rhoades, Stanley, and Markman (2013) found that individuals who experienced long-distance relationships have higher levels of quality, dedication, feel less trapped, and have lower chances of breaking up in their relationships. Researchers started their study by calling 345 (40%) men and 525 (60%) women with different ethnicities between ages 18-35; participants were unmarried, but involved in a romantic relationship. The participants were paid $40 for completing the survey, but they had to live at least 50 miles from their partners to be classified as a long-distance relationship participant. The results were that individuals in long-distance relationships report better relationships compared to those in close-dating relationships, and also reported lower levels of problematic communication (2013). Researchers study also mentioned that the reason why couples expect their long distance relationship to be higher quality than those couples in close dating relationships “is that couples in long-distance relationships may have less difficulty sustaining a sense of positive connection together” (Kelmer, Rhoades, Stanley, & Markman 2013).According to researchers mentioned above, there is no doubt that couples who are involved in a long distance relationship can have fewer problems and more meaningful interactions than couples who see each other daily. Many researchers found that long-distance relationships tend to share more personal feelings and thoughts. Couples who have strategic relational maintenance behavior, and take advantage of social media can also help maintain a long-distance relationship. One of the strategies is to maintain constant communication through video chat, texting, face time, and many more (Tarkan, 2013).Certainty—Uncertainty in LDDR Even though new media technologies are useful for long-distance relationships, other college students experienced uncertainty in their long-distance relationships. Since long-distance relationship partners do not have face-to-face interactions, they want to experience certainty by making plans. Sahlstein (2006) began her research by examining “the partners’ process of making plans through the lens of Relational Dialects” and ended her research by analyzing how “making plans emerges as a praxis strategy for negotiating certainty-uncertainty contradictions in long-distance relating.” Long-distance couples were recruited to fill out questionnaires and interviews after signing a consent form, and were asked how their time together/apart positively/negatively impacted their time together/apart. The results were “LDDR partners’ reports displayed planning, used as a praxis strategy to manage certainty—uncertainty, was both an action that enabled their relationships and one that constrained their experiences. Planning constituted three different forms of praxis: denial, balance, and segmentation” (Sahlstein, 2006). Moreover, most college students “found seeking social support outside the relationship to be helpful, regardless of their certainty level” (Maguire, 2007). Seeking social support makes sense when dealing with a long-distance relationship, and it is also helpful to prevent loneliness and stay busy during periods of separation. Maguire (2007) explains:Individuals who want to reunite with their partner but find themselves in a never-ending, perpetual LDDR may use their network for emotional support, while individuals in a temporary LDDR may use their support network to pass the time until they are reunited with their partner in the same city. (p. 416). Maguire (2007) mentions that the motivation for seeking such support might differ according to uncertainty level. On the other hand, those who are secure in their relationship will most likely maintain the relationship and create intimacy and stability, but many individuals among college students experience uncertainty, distress, and depression in their long-distance dating relationships. There is a gender difference in who experiences those feelings the most. According to Cameron and Ross (2207) “compared with women, men place greater importance on face-to-face contact, are less likely to build intimacy through distant communication methods, and are less satisfied with and less able to adjust to long-distance relationships.” Therefore, this research suggests that men suffer more distress, than women in long-distance relationships; women tend to adjust in most conditions of LDDR better than men.Coping in Long-Distance RelationshipsMaguire and Kinney (2010) examined issues of stress, coping, and relationship maintenance within female college students’ long-distance dating relationships. Some college students think LDDR are stressful because of the energy, time, and even the cost of maintaining the relationship, but Maguire and Kinney (2010) pointed out that LDDR partners do not equally experience stress, nor do they perceive the same stressors. Maguire and Kinney (2010) recruited 318 females, who were in a LDDR for at least 16 months, were undergraduates, and an average age of 19. Their results “indicated that the perceived helpfulness of joint problem solving was a major predictor of satisfaction among participants in low distress LDDRs, whereas the perceived helpfulness of openness was a major predictor of satisfaction among the participants in high distress LDDRs.” As female college students experience a number of stressors, “one potentially valuable communication practice influencing couples’ satisfaction is humor. Positive humor serves a number of important functions in romantic relationships, and involves enacting humorous messages to communication appreciation, attractiveness, and/or a sense of closeness” (Vela, Booth-Butterfield, Wanzer, & Vallade, 2013). It is not easy to lead a long-distance relationship due to fear of distress, dissatisfaction, societal challenges, just to name a few, but new media technology will always play a big role to alleviate dissatisfaction in long-distance dating relationships.Relationship DissatisfactionWith the right mindset, plenty of emotional preparation and lots of work throughout, some long-distance relationships work out, but in some long distance romantic relationships, dissatisfaction is one of many reasons the cause of ruptures. In addition, “When individuals talk about certain topics with their romantic partners, it makes them dissatisfied. Yet, it is equally likely that when people are dissatisfied, they avoid with their partners” (Marrill & Afifi, 2012). The previous quote highlights how topic avoidance is associated with dissatisfaction over time, in a long distance relationship. Researchers examined the bidirectional nature of the association between one’s topic avoidance and relationship dissatisfaction. The results showed that women were highly dissatisfied by their topic avoidance over time (Merrill & Afifi, 2012). In addition, Wilmot, Carbaugh, and Baxter (1985) focus on long-distance relationships that break-up within a 15-month time frame. Researchers started their study by asking college students in long-distance relationships to answer some questions. A year later the same participants were recruited to estimate, on a five-point scale, the frequency of strategy use, from the 14 termination strategies extracted from Baxter’s work. Out of the 124 participants, 69 (56%) of the participants terminated with their romantic partner. Verbal directness, verbal indirectness, and nonverbal withdrawal were three factors that emerged for the termination strategies used by the participants. The three strategic factors mentioned previously will most likely end a long-distance relationship.On the other hand, balancing a long-distance relationship with other things will lead to communication satisfaction between long-distance romantic partners. Individuals will also get really good at planning, and will have a lot of “me” time. In long-distance relationships, individuals can have effective communication, but “long-distance partners’ interaction often involves a “restricted range of topics,” it could be detrimental to partners’ relational quality if their day-to-day introspective period conversations carry a heavy emphasis on goal-directed talk (Merolla, 2010). If both romantic partners want to have effective communication, both parties must be equally committed. Some individuals might think that if you survive the distance, their relationship can survive anything, but individuals who are less future oriented are not expected to have permanent long-distance relationships, therefore, they will prefer temporary relationships (Oner, 2000).Effects on Dissolution in LDDRWhile dating a long distance partner for years is not the worst experience, it is certainly not the best experience for other individuals either. Every decision you make is both extremely and completely irrelevant; “theoretically, it has been prove that the over-time development of a romantic relationship is negatively affected by geographical separation” (Wilmot & Carbaugh, 1986). Researchers state that losing your significant other can be dramatically traumatic and distressing for most people, also individuals who were close and dated their significant others for a long time, but believe they can not easily get a desirable alternative tend to experience more distress following dissolution (Simpson, 1987). After many other studies such as: closeness inventory, length in relationship, best alternative partner, intensity and duration of emotional distress, and more. Some results were that those individuals who experienced less distress, tended to have been closer to the former partner (Simpson, 1987). If individuals are emotionally and psychologically attached to their significant others, “the extent of emotional attachment in a relationship is believed to be reflected in the degree of emotional distress experienced upon its dissolution” (Simpson, 1987). Simpson’s research gave wide understanding of relationship dissolution process by providing evidence of emotional distress following a break up, effects on relationship stability, the breakdown produce emotional distress following dissolution, and factors that predict emotional distress—closeness, duration, and ease of finding an alternative (Simpson, 1987). Jealousy VS Trust in LDDRPositivity, openness, assurances, social networks, and tasks are factors that describe maintenance behaviors in long distance relationships, which include giving your romantic partner positive comments, showing interest, use of self-disclosure, supported the relationship, and reliance on friends who support the relationship just to name a few (Rabby, 2007). Dainton and Aylor (2001) examined the patterns of long distance relationships between uncertainty, jealousy maintenance, and trust with and without face-to-face contact. This research started by asking a total of 334 college students to fill out questionnaire, but 23 participants were dropped because they were married. Couples who are not married, experience more cognitive and emotional jealously and different level of trust than those who are married. The results indicated that 37 individuals in LDDR had no face-to-face interaction, and 73 people had face-to-face interaction; therefore, this research suggested that individuals who are in long distance relationships with no face-to-face interaction used less maintaining behaviors of sharing, and showed less trust than individuals in long distance relationship with some face-to-face interaction (Dainton and Aylor, 2001). Lastly, there are individuals who experienced limited face-to-face contact and rely on mediated communication to maintain their long distance relationship. The use of each communication channel is associated with relational maintenance. Telephone use was a relational maintenance strategy, and Internet use was associated with trust (Dainton and Aylor, 2002).Maintaining LDDR Through Media Technologies About 3 million Americans live far away from their partners and/or spouses because of many positive or negative reasons (Jiang & Hancock, 2013). Initiating a long distance relationship can be challenging for many people, especially when there were fewer media technologies. Many individuals initiate their relationship online through online websites and online personals ads, which generated US $470 million in consumer spending in 2004. Also, 74% of 10 million Americans Internet users who are single but seeking romantic partners have used the Internet as a means to meet potential dates (Stephure, Boon, MacKinnon, & Deveau, 2009). In addition, in the dark ages of media technologies, long distance partners had more difficulty seeing each other through video chats. Distance can cause ruptures and/or fights when one is in long distance relationship, but others try to make it work anyway, especially with the new video technologies that are offered. New media communication technologies are being accepted by the public because of the variety of advantages they offer; therefore, the Internet has made long-distance relationship couples face different challenges. Now, long distance partners spend their time on their phone texting, or video chatting to smoothing over hurt feelings or picking fights. Maintaining a long distance relationship is not easy, but staying connected through the little things, like watching the same movie on the same night, sending random photo messages to each other, small talking, or even sending an email will help maintain the long distance relationship. Nowadays, there are plenty of free call plans, free messaging apps and video technologies, but a few years back, 56% people reported sending or reading emails in the United States, 10% sending instant messages, and 9% reported using an online social network like MySpace or Facebook. Now, only 11% of college students communicate with their romantic partner via email and 53% will email their long distance partner once a week (Johnson, Haigh, Becker, Craig, & Wigley, 2008). Johnson, Haigh, Becker, Craig, & Wigley (2008) examined how college students maintain interpersonal relationships using email, “email has advantages as a maintenance tool…email has been portrayed as a “lean” medium, use for exchanging “mundane information” in interpersonal relationships” (Johnson, Haigh, Becker, Craig, & Wigley, 2008). The study started with 226 college participants, who were asked to provide copies of interpersonal email for one week; the results were that email is used to enact maintenance with their long distance partner since 21 individuals reported emailing their significant other (Johnson, Haigh, Becker, Craig, & Wigley, 2008).Moreover, anonymity, tighter control over the interaction, and the lack of physical presence are challenges that many long distance partners experience. A researcher examined the relational maintenance and commitment for online relationships. If both romantic partners are committed to the relationship, “the medium will have less of an impact on the behaviors employed to maintain the relationship” (Rabby, 2007). Last but not least, “new communication technologies and cellular phone plans make communication among individuals at a distance easier than in the past. Such technologies also create new communication opportunities” (Sahlstein, 2010). Sending and receiving emails was a big part of communication before other video technologies were invented to help maintain your long distance relationship.HypothesesThe following three hypotheses emerged from the previous studies from all researchers from the Literature Review. H1: People in long-distance relationships who use live chat have better relationship satisfaction than ones who do not.H2: Live chat helps long-distance relationships improve their communication satisfaction to last more than close-dating relationships. H3: Close dating relationships have less communication satisfaction than long-distance relationships, because of the access of new technologies.MethodologyObjective The objective is to seek and provide a better understanding on how new media technologies will impact communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships. This study will be held with undergraduate college students and other participants ages 18 and up. Quantitative MethodParticipantsA total of 102 participants, attending Queens University of Charlotte, friends, and people from social media, such as Facebook, twitter and Instagram, ages 18 and up were used as participants. Queens is located near uptown Charlotte. Unfortunately, gender wasn’t included in the questionnaire. Participants had to be in a current long-distance relationship for able to participate. Participants had to live from their romantic partner at least 100 miles away from each other for able to consider a long-distance couple. InstrumentsParticipants were asked to report how many miles they live from their partner; if is less than 100 miles they will not be considered as a long-distance couple. There were 18 questions total. Participants completed the questionnaire with seven basic questions, and 11 questions using the Likert-type scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The informed consent for the questionnaire research is found in Appendix A, the questionnaire is in Appendix B. and the summary of responses is on Appendix C. Gretchen Kelmer, Galena K. Rhoades, Scott Stanley, and Howard J. Markman measured and ranged their study similarly.ProcedureParticipants were asked to read and agree with the questionnaire consent form first. They were told that there would be no right or wrong answers, because their answers should be based on their personal experience. There was recruitment from college students, friends, family members, and friends of friends. Google Forms was used to create my questionnaire. After sending the questionnaire consent form, the questionnaire link was distributed in Facebook, Twitter, email, text message and other messages Apps. Participants had to be in long-distance relationships. All question were required to fill out. Since couples had to be in long-distance relationships, below question number one, was mentioned, “if not, do not continue.” The first seven questions that was asked were, if they met their romantic partner online, how many hours they spend using video technologies, their age, how far they live from each other, how often they use live chat, and how what is their favorite video technology that helps communicate with their partner. The following questions participants had to choose a level of agreement, and how they fell about the communication satisfaction in their long-distance relationship (1—strongly disagree and 7—strongly agree). After sending the links of the questionnaire through various mediums of communication, participants were thanked. ResultsSimpson’s (1987) study started by examining the satisfaction index by gathering 234 college students, 126 women and 108 men, to complete a questionnaire survey; participants had to be dating someone, they cannot engage nor married. Participants had to answer their responses, from number eight to eighteen, based on a seven-point scale (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree), also about how they feel about the communication satisfaction in their long-distance relationship. Questions vary from number one to seven. -228600234696000Participants in this survey had to be in a long-distance relationship for able to participate, 86 (85.1%) out of the 102 participants said they were in one, but 15 (14.9%) said they were not in a current long-distance relationship, even though the survey said “if not, do not continue” participants continued answering all questions. 45 (44.6%) participants were from ages 18-25, 32 (31.7%) from ages 26-30, 19 (18.8%) from ages 31-45, and only 5 (5%) were ages 46+. Figure 1 illustrates that only 35 (34.7%) participants met their romantic partner online, and 66 (65.3%) participants met their romantic partner some other way.Figure 1Also, 75 (74.3%) participants reported a total of 1 to 3 hours using video technology. 15 (14.9%) reported 4 to 6 hours using videos technologies, and 11 (10.9%) participants reported 6+ hours using video technologies. Figure 2 points out that 24 (23.8%) participants lived 100-500 miles away from their romantic partner, 34 (33.7%) lived in another city from their partner, and 43 (42.6%) lived in a different country from their loves. And Figure 3 illustrates how many people claim that they use live chat such as Skype, snapchat, or any video technology daily. Also, it shows 34 (33.7%) participants using live chat weekly, and only 10 (9.9%) monthly. 3314700-1524000-114300-1524000Figure 2 Figure 3Nowadays, it is easier to communicate with or significant other through media technology and some people have preferences on which video technology to use whenever they want to see their long=distance partner. 45 (45.5%) people prefer to use Skype to communicate with their partner. 30 (30.3%) people prefer to use FaceTime, 11 (11.1%) Snapchat, 6 (6.1%) Google Handout, and 7 (7.1%) participants chose other as their favorite video technology that help them communicate with their partner, as shown in Figure 4. -11430012001500Figure 4The following results will show the number of participants that represent how they feel about the communication satisfaction in their long-distance relationship. Based on a seven-point scale (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree) from my survey, not all participants strongly agree (7) with having a satisfying communication in their long-distance relationships, others agree (6), somewhat agree (5), neither agree or disagree (4), somewhat disagree (3), disagree (2), or strongly disagree (1). Only 3 (3%) participants strongly disagree on having a satisfying communication in their long-distance relationships. 10 (9.9%) disagree, 24 (23.8%) somewhat disagree, 18 (17.8%) neither agree or disagree, 24 (23.8%) somewhat agree, 11 (10.9%) agree, and 11 (10.8%) strongly agree. Even though most people have a phone or a way to communicate with your significant other, friends, family, and/or other people you might know, not all of us have great conversations on the phone or through the Internet with some kind of video technology. As illustrated in Figure 5, only 2 (2%) participants strongly disagree on having a great conversation using live chat, 9 (8.9%) disagree, 21 (20.8%) somewhat disagree, 17 (16.8%) participants neither agree or disagree, 22 (21.8%) somewhat agrees, 19 (18.8%) agree, and 11 (10.9%) strongly agree. -114300-1524000Figure 5In addition, some people like and enjoy using technologies, but others not so much as illustrated in the recently data: 6 (5.9%) strongly disagree, but 24 (23.8%), the highest number of participants, neither agree or disagree. Lastly, participants who somewhat agree or agree, in the seven point-scale, were a total of 26 participants (24.18%), and 19 (18.8%) strongly agree of enjoying using video technologies when communicating with him/her significant other. Next, Skype has been becoming a very famous tool when communicating with your love from miles and miles away. According to Figure 6, not everybody considers Skype as one of the greatest mediums for communication with their partner, since they prefer other video technologies to communicate than Skype, as mention previously. But, 19 (18.8%) participants strongly agree for considering Skype as one of the best ways to communicate with their partner. Although, in the seven-point scale, 21 (20.8%) participants neither agree or disagree about considering Skype one of the greatest mediums for communicating with their partners.-114300-29718000Figure 6-22860097218500On the other hand, some people would have trouble with their significant other if the Internet wouldn’t exist, the results from Figure 7 shows that 19 (18.8%) participants strongly agree, but 8 strongly disagree, and 27 (26.7%) participants neither agree or disagree. Figure 7Although, it is a fortune to some people, who are in long-distance relationships, that the Internet exists to establish a positive impact and carry the relationship in good terms. Figure 8 shows that 18 (17.8%) strongly agree that video technologies have impacted their long-distance relationship in good terms, and only 2 (2%) strongly disagree, but the highest rating was 26 (25.7%) participants that neither agree or disagree. Besides using video technologies to impact LDR in good terms, it will also help to keep LDR strong; the survey illustrated 23 (22.8%) participants who strongly agree, 16 (15.8%) agree, and 10 (9.9%) somewhat agree.-114300-34290000Figure 8457200344551000Out of the 102 participants for this survey, 22 (21.8%) participants strongly agree to love and enjoy their partner when they see each other through Skype, Snapchat, FaceTime, Google Handout or any other video technology. For some participants seeing their significant other on video is not enough even though they love them. Just a few disagree, 8 (7.9%) disagree, 15 (14.9%) somewhat disagree, 14 (13.9%) somewhat agree, 13 (12.9%) agree, but the remaining (23) neither agree or disagree. When asked to rate, “Seeing my partner every once or twice a year stresses me out,” the average was between “strongly agree” and “neither agree or disagree” (14.9% = strongly agree; 22.8% = neither agree or disagree; total percentage between 1 and 4 was 51.28%); Figure 9 illustrates the remaining from somewhat agree to strongly agree, which definitely shows that participants tend to stress out more by seeing their romantic partner once or twice a year. Figure 9Lastly, with this new era of technology and the many ways to communicate with your long-distance romantic partner, there are still some people that don’t think their relationship with their partner is clearly part of their future life plans. According to Figure 10, 10 (9.9%) participants strongly disagree as well as other 10 disagree that their relationship with their partner is not clearly part of their future life plans. 15 (14.9%) participants somewhat disagree, but from neither agree to disagree the number get higher: 23 (22.8%) neither agree or disagree, 14 (113.9%) somewhat agree, 8 (7.9%) agree, and a total of 21 (20.8%) participants strongly agree about seeing their relationship with their long-distance romantic partner as part of their future life plans. -1143004572000Figure 10AnalysisIndividuals who only seek close dating relationships should consider being in a long distance relationship. After the examination of the results that participants did through Google forms, it revealed useful insights about the impact of communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships through video technologies. The survey was design for only long-distance relationship couples; thus, the aim is that the results are objective about the study that it was conducted. Forty-five participants ages 18-25, who most likely attend college during this age, are in a LDR; therefore, the percentages from 2013 to 2015 increase by 35.1%, since Jiang and Hancock’s (2013) percentage was 50% back in 2013. As the years pass, technology keeps advancing to new ways of digital communications, thereby, people who are in long-distance relationships or end up as a LDR because of different careers or other external problems, can communicate with their romantic partner and can have the opportunity to meet their romantic partner online, as specified in recent date where the results show that some participants met their romantic partner online and others through other mediums. There is no doubt that with this new digital era people spend hours using video technologies with their long-distance partner. It is interesting to see that most participants neither agree or disagree on enjoying video technologies when they communicate, but there were more people who strongly agree than strongly disagree. Three participants strongly disagree in enjoying using video technologies when communicating with their partner from ages 18 to 25 and other three from ages 26 to 30; therefore, age does not matter when it comes to seeking for your love online and/or when you use video technologies to seek for your long-distance partner, as Stephure, Boon, MacKinnon, & Deveau, (2009) mentioned in their study that there was an increase of ages from 18 to 50 involved in a LDR. Participants who strongly agree about enjoying video technologies also spend 4 to 6 hours or 24.9% using video technologies. Based on recent study, most people prefer to spend 1 to 3 hours using video technologies, because they might not have other duties, like college and/or work at the same time, either way there are people who can spend more than six hours using the Internet or video technologies to seek for their love and/or see each other. Living some miles away, in another city, or in a different country can be beneficial or destructive for a long-distance relationship. Distance can mean ruptures, fights, uncertainty, but it can also mean make it work, certainty, and challenges. For some couples living 100 to 500 miles away from each other plus using video technologies will help to keep their relationship strong and in good terms, but in other LDR’s it means keeping their LDR in bad terms and without having a satisfied communication with their partner. The study reports that some participants who live in another city have more satisfying communication than others. Although, for some couples having a relationship means face-to-face interactions, however, participants who are involved in a LDR in different countries face-to-face interactions are not necessary for able to carry a healthy relationship, and could mean that one can maintain their LDR in good terms by taking advantage of social media for a better communication and for maintaining their relationship strong, as Tarkan (2013) mentions in his study. In addition, some LDRs live just miles away from each other and others in different countries, some couples use live chats such as Skype, Snapchat, FaceTime, Google handout, and other video technologies. Recent study reports that most people prefer to use Skype as a way to communicate with their distance love. In contrast, in previous studies from Johnson, Haigh, Becker, Craig, & Wigley (2008) report that college students will maintain interpersonal relationships using email; therefore, the percentage of previous studies is higher. Also, recently study reports that there are participants who only use live chat monthly, perhaps because they are focused on other tasks like college, work, or other things rather than spending every day or at least once a week on video technologies to see each other. Participants who do not really have a satisfying communication could possibly be because they are not communicating with their romantic partner daily, they are not having face-to-face interactions at least once a year, and/or they could possibly not have access to the Internet or any video technology. Also, in accordance with the findings of Afifi (2012), if you talk something your partner doesn’t like will lead to communication dissatisfaction, thus will not have a satisfying communication. Communication satisfaction between couples, especially long-distance couples is one of the main keys for a success relationship. If couples are lacking of having a satisfying communication with their loved ones, they should changed they way they are communication to improve their partner’s satisfaction. On the other hand, those participants who have satisfying communication with their long distance couples will have higher levels of quality, dedication, less trapped, and lower changes of breaking up in their relationships, as was mention in previous studies from Kelmer, Rhoades, Stanley, and Markman (2013). Even though, not all participants strongly agree on having great conversations using live chat, most have great conversations. Talking to your partner at least once a week, or using Skype to see each other will lead to certainty. In accordance with Sahlstein (2006), if there are no face-to-face interactions with your long-distance partner, couples want to experience certainty by making plans. Couples make plans by having great conversations about future trips together, what they ate, and what they did throughout the day. Also, having a prepared list of topics to talk about, talking about relating subjects, resuming the last idea discussed, asking about his/her plans for the rest of the day, making silence seem on purpose, giving her/him compliments, making observations, showing her/him something you did or something from your house, asking your partner to wait a second if you do not have something to say in mind right away, using dying conversations to your advantage, and expanding topics could be reasons why participants in recent study have great conversations using live chat. Without a doubt, most people agree on enjoying using video technologies when they communicate with their significant others. Leaving miles away can be a little bit easier, since you may plan more face-to-face interactions, but according to the recent study, when it comes to leaving in different countries technology plays a larger role when couples communicate. Couples who do not enjoy using video technologies when they communicate with their loved ones might be because their relationships are in danger to terminate soon, or because they are not having satisfying communication and great conversations at the same time. However, other participants who enjoy using video technologies could be because they consider the benefits of time apart, spend quality time seeing each other, remain physical and romantic attraction, understand each other, and maintain open lines of communication. Furthermore, embracing technological advancements helps create and innovate real-time communication methods. According to Rabby’s (2007) findings, cellular phone plans make communication among individuals at a distance easier, but recent study reports that one of the greatest medium to communicate with your partner is via Skype. Skype is easier and cheaper, and even when people make international or long-distance calls, couples can remain in constant contact, regardless of their location. There is no doubt that long-distance relationships are not easy to manage and can be challenging for many people, especially if the Internet wouldn’t exist. Recent study report that more than half of people would have trouble if the Internet wouldn’t exist, since using video technologies are essential tools for maintaining long-distance relationships. If the Internet wouldn’t exist, phone bills would be higher, couples might not have a satisfying communication, since they would like to see their romantic love through live chats at least once a month, and their relationship might be less strong. Although, recent studies also report that most people neither agree or disagree implying that they might find other ways to communicate with their significant other if the Internet wouldn’t exist. In contrast, previous studies from Stephure, Boon, MacKinnon, & Deveau (2009) reported that 74% of 10 million Americans have used the Internet to seek and/or meet romantic partners; therefore, people would have trouble if the Internet wouldn’t exist. Social media often gets blamed for bad things that happened in long-distance relationships. Nowadays, people are able to find their love through romantic websites and live chats. Advancing technologies can be used to keep relationships going, but not always video technologies have a positive impact in LDR. According to recent findings, most people believed that video technologies have impacted their LDR in good terms, while other do not believe so. One of the reasons people who experienced a negative impact in their LDR could be because of topic avoidance. Previous findings from Merrill & Afifi (2012), reported that some people were dissatisfied by their topic avoidance when using video technologies over time, therefore, if they are not having clear and interesting conversations through video technologies it will lead to a negative impact in their LDR. In addition, long-distance couples are very fortunate these days; video technologies have been a great way to keep with on their significant other’s day-to-day activities. Video technologies not only help long-distance couples maintain closeness, but to keep their relationship strong as well. According to recent studies, most people strongly agree of using video technologies to keep their relationship strong. Since video technologies play an important role in maintaining a long-distance relationship, as previously mentioned, there is no doubt that people will have trouble keeping their long-distance relationship strong, as also mentioned in the recent study. One of the reasons long-distance relationships would have trouble if video technologies wouldn’t exist would probably be mistrust and jealousy. Previous findings from Dainton and Aylor (2001), reported that some people with no face-to-face interaction showed less trust than those with some face-to-face interaction; perhaps individuals with no face-to-face interaction do not use video technologies as much, therefore, their relationship is not as strong as individuals who use it to keep their relationship strong. But in accordance with Dainton and Aylor (2002), if LD couples do not use video technologies often, they might use telephones or other websites to communicate with their significant other to keep a strong and reliable relationship. In addition, besides calling your significant other or video chatting to keep your relationship strong, some couples tend to watch movies or TV shows together with Skype (who has an option to share screen so your partner can see what you are doing or watching), and play online games together to not get bored of the same routine and enjoy seeing him/her on video even more. Moreover, surprising your boyfriend/girlfriend with flowers, give each other LDR bracelets, send e-cards, sharing a journal, among other things could be one of the things you would still love your long-distance partner. According to recent results most people strongly agree to still love their partner and still enjoy seeing him/her on video. There is no doubt that video chatting is becoming more popular than before, since nearly everyone has a smartphone capable of handling video chats. Similarly, Sahlstein (2010) reported that such technologies in this new era create new communication opportunities for those in long-distance relationships who can’t experience face-to-face contact everyday. On the other hand, the few participants who strongly disagree about still loving their partner were the same people who disagree that the use of video technologies will help them keep their relationship strong with their partner. Next, living just a few miles or in in a different country from each other is not and easy experience for some people. Some romantic relationships start from saying, “Just stay for a couple more hours” to “Push your flight back a couple of days,” and that is when couples start to experience panic, tears, anxiety of separation, and/or stress. According to the current study, most participants chose neither agree or disagree to see their partner once or twice a year stresses them out. Although, the different between strongly disagree and strongly agree were by only one person, meaning that long-distance couples who strongly disagree on stressing their significant other once or twice a year might be because they are use to leaving their partner for a long time and only seeing each other twice a year. Also, according to recent study, some participants who strongly disagree about stressing out, because they only see their significant other once or twice a year, were the same participants who meet their romantic partner online; therefore, that could be the reason why they do not stress out about it, since that was how they started their romantic relationship. Lastly, as it was already mentioned, long-distance relationships are very challenging. If you really love each other and are 100% committed to making it work, regardless of the cost, then you have hope, if not, your life or your relationship would be frustrating and painful. According to currently study, most people strongly agree that their relationship with their partner is clearly part of their future life plans. Most people who strongly agree with what was mentioned previously, also strongly agree that they have satisfying communication, that they have great conversations using live chat, enjoy using technologies when they communicate, among other things. This shows that video technologies are an extremely positive influence on long-distance couples. On the other hand, people who strongly disagree on seeing their relationship as part of their future life plans were the ones that didn’t have a satisfying communication with their romantic partner, and didn’t enjoy using video technologies when they communicate, perhaps, those couples will most likely break up with their long-distance partner. Previous research from Simpson (1987), reported that couples that lose their significant other tend to experienced more distress following dissolution. Last but not least, according to recent study, video technologies have help sustain long-distance relationships more than without the use of video technologies.ConclusionIn conclusion, being in a long-distance relationship is challenging, but definitely worthwhile if partners are committed to developing a true and honest relationship. LD couples will experience negative and positive emotions; and if whether people have been in a long-distance relationship for a while, or recently started a long-distance relationship, it’s important for both couples to be on the same page. The evolution of LDR explores the ways in which technology has developed throughout history to make long-distance relationship easier. It has been easier to make a relationship work across state lines, or even across oceans. Through technology couples can share photos, send emails, text, and video chat. Using video technologies will help maintain your LDR strong. There were cons and pros in being in long-distance relationships. Previous research found that video technologies are very helpful for LDR couples. It mentions how new communication technologies make communication among individuals at a distance easier. In addition, based on the results from current research, video technologies impacted the communication satisfaction in many ways to most couple in long-distance relationships. It doesn’t matter where partners met, how many hours they spend using video technologies, or how far they live from each other, because for most participants video technologies impacted the communication satisfaction by having great conversations, still loving your partner, keeping the relationship strong, having satisfying communication, enjoying themselves when communicating, impacting their long-distance relationship in a good way, and considering him/her part of future life plans.ReferencesAndryc, C., Breed, E., Brighton, P., Deering, A., & Webber, M. (2014). Dating in the Digital World. Digital America. Cameron, J. J., & Ross, M. (2007). In times of uncertainty: Predicting the survival of long-distance relationships. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 147(6), 581-606. doi:10.3200/SOCP.147.6.581-606Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2001). A Relational Uncertainty Analysis of Jealousy, Trust, and Maintenance in Long-Distance versus Geographically Close Relationships. Communication Quarterly, 49(2), 172-188.Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2002). Patterns of Communication Channel Use in the Maintenance of Long-Distance Relationships. Communication Research Reports, 19(2), 118-129.Jiang, L. C., & Hancock J. T. (2013). Absence Makes the Communication Grow Fonder: Geographic Separation, Interpersonal Media, and Intimacy in Dating Relationships. Journal Of Communication. 63(3), 556-577.Johnson, A. J., Haigh, M. M., Becker, J. H., Craig, E. A., & Wigley, S. (2008). College Students’ Use of Relational Management Strategies in Email in Long-Distance and Geographically Close Relationships. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(2), 381-404. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00401.xKelmer, G., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S., & Markman, H. J. (2013). Relationship Quality, Commitment, and Stability in Long-Distance Relationships. Family Process, 52(2), 257-270. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2012.01418.xMaguire, K. C. (2007). "Will It Ever End?": A (Re)examination of Uncertainty in College Student Long-Distance Dating Relationships. Communication Quarterly, 55(4), 415-432. doi:10.1080/01463370701658002Maguire, K. C., & Kinney, T. A. (2010). When Distance is Problematic: Communication, Coping, and Relational Satisfaction in Female College Students' Long-Distance Dating Relationships. Journal Of Applied Communication Research, 38(1), 27-46. doi:10.1080/00909880903483573Merrill, A. F., & Afifi, T. D. (2012). Examining the Bidirectional Nature of Topic Avoidance and Relationship Dissatisfaction: The Moderating Role of Communication Skills. Communication Monographs, 79(4), 499-521.Merolla, A. J. (2010). Relational maintenance and noncopresence reconsidered: Conceptualizing geographic separation in close relationships. Communication Theory, 20(2), 169-193. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01359.xOner, B. (2000). Relationship Satisfaction and Dating Experience: Factors Affecting Future Time Orientation in Relationships With the Opposite Sex. Journal Of Psychology, 134(5), 527.Rabby, M. K. (2007). Relational Maintenance and the Influence of Commitment in Online and Offline Relationships. Communication Studies, 58(3), 315-337. doi:10.1080/10510970701518405Sahlstein, E. (2010). Communication and Distance: The Present and Future Interpreted through the Past. Journal Of Applied Communication Research, 38(1), 106-114. doi:10.1080/00909880903483615Sahlstein, E. M. (2006). Making plans: Praxis strategies for negotiating uncertainty-certainty in long-distance relationships. Western Journal Of Communication, 70(2), 147-165. doi:10.1080/10570310600710042Simpson, J. A. (1987). The Dissolution of Romantic Relationships: Factors Involved in Relationship Stability and Emotional Distress. Texas A&M University, 683-92.Smith, C. (2012). The Role of Communication Technology in Today’s Society. Stephure, R. J., Boon, S. D., MacKinnon, S. L., & Deveau, V. L. (2009). Internet Initiated Relationships: Associations Between Age and Involvement in Online Dating. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 658-681. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01457.xTarkan, L. (2013). Study: Long-distance Relationships Better tan Face-to-Face. Fox News. Vagias, M. (2006). Likert-type scale response anchors. Clemson International Institute for Tourism & Research Development, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management. Clemson University.Vela, L. E., Booth-Butterfield, M., Wanzer, M. B., & Vallade, J. I. (2013). Relationships Among Humor, Coping, Relationship Stress, and Satisfaction in Dating Relationships: Replication and Extension. Communication Research Reports, 30(1), 68-75. doi:10.1080/08824096.2012.746224Wilmot, W. W., & Carbaugh, D. A. (1986). Long-Distance Lovers: Predicting The Dissolution Of Their Relationships. Journal Of The Northwest Communication Association, 1443-59.Wilmot, W. W., Carbaugh, D. A., & Baxter, L. A. (1985). Communicative strategies used to terminate romantic relationships. Western Journal Of Speech Communication, 49(3), 204-216.Yin, L. (2009). Communication Channels, Social Support and Satisfaction in Long Distance Romantic Relationships. Thesis, Georgia State University.Appendix AInformed Consent for Questionnaire ResearchYou are being asked to participate in a study about how new media technologies impact communication satisfaction in long-distance relationships being conducted by Diana Ortiz, a senior undergraduate student under the supervision of Daina Nathaniel, in the Knight School. Please know that all responses are anonymous and will be kept confidential. Please do not write your name or any other identifying information anywhere on the questionnaire. You may skip any items you do not wish to answer and may stop at any time without penalty. By completing this questionnaire you are giving your consent to be a part of this research. Thank-you for your time.Appendix BQuestionnaireLong-Distance Relationship SurveyPlease answer the following questions below* RequiredPrincipio del formulario1. Are you currently in a long distance relationship? *If not, do not continue PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.329676089\" VALUE=\"Yes\" TYPE=\"checkbox\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Yes PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.329676089\" VALUE=\"No\" TYPE=\"checkbox\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect No 2. Did you meet you romantic partner online? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1351909268\" VALUE=\"Yes\" TYPE=\"checkbox\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Yes PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1351909268\" VALUE=\"No\" TYPE=\"checkbox\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect No 5. How many hours do you spend using video technologies? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.279218225\" VALUE=\"1 to 3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 1 to 3 PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.279218225\" VALUE=\"4 to 6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 4 to 6 PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.279218225\" VALUE=\"6+\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 6+ 3. How old are you? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.132273514\" VALUE=\"18-25\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 18-25 PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.132273514\" VALUE=\"26-30\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 26-30 PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.132273514\" VALUE=\"31-45\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 31-45 PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.132273514\" VALUE=\"46+\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 46+ 6. How far do you live from your romantic partner? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.351967085\" VALUE=\"100-500 mi\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect 100-500 mi PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.351967085\" VALUE=\"In another city\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect In another city PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.351967085\" VALUE=\"In a different country\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect In a different country 4. How often do you use live chat such as Skype, Snapchat, or any video technology? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1502426357\" VALUE=\"Daily\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Daily PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1502426357\" VALUE=\"Weekly\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Weekly PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1502426357\" VALUE=\"Monthly\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Monthly 7. What is your favorite video technology that helps you communicate with your partner? * PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927\" VALUE=\"Skype\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Skype PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927\" VALUE=\"FaceTime\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect FaceTime PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927\" VALUE=\"Snapchat\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Snapchat PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927\" VALUE=\"Google Handout\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Google Handout PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927\" VALUE=\"__other_option__\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Other: PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.595356927.other_option_response\" VALUE=\"\" DIR=\"auto\" TYPE=\"text\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Please choose the number that represents how you feel about the communication satisfaction in your long-distance relationship. 8. I have satisfying communication. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.263207252\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree9. I regularly have great conversations using live chat. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1843867549\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree10. I enjoy using video technologies when we communicate. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1993484053\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree11. I consider Skype one of the greatest mediums for communicating with my partner. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1038021648\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree12. My relationship with my partner is clearly part of my future life plans. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.441816494\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree13. I would have trouble with my partner if the Internet wouldn’t exist. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1298366637\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree14. Video technologies have impacted our long-distance relationship in good terms. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.207223010\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree15. Using video technologies have kept my relationship strong. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.2092575002\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree16. I still love my partner and enjoy seeing him/her on video *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.1412126907\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree17. Seeing my partner every once or twice a year stresses me out. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.401783456\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree18. I met my romantic partner though a new media technology. *1234567Strongly Disagree PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"1\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"2\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"3\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"4\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"5\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"6\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect PRIVATE "<INPUT NAME=\"entry.469330402\" VALUE=\"7\" TYPE=\"radio\">" MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Strongly Agree ................
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