CONTENTS



(ISO 3297)

LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SPORT EDUCATION

3rd Baltic Sport Science Conference

Physical Activity and Sport in Changing Society: Research, Theory, Practice and Management

ABSTRACTS

April 29 - May 1, 2010

Riga, Latvia

Riga, 2010

Editor

Juris Grants

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

Brivibas street 333

Riga, LV-1006, Latvia

Scientific committee

Prof. U.Grāvītis

Latvian Academy of Sports Education

Prof. J.Lanka

Latvian Academy of Sports Education

Prof. J.Žīdens

Latvian Academy of Sports Education

Prof. T. Jürimäe

Tartu University, Estonia

Prof. J.Jürimäe

Tartu University, Estonia

Prof. M.Pääsuke

Tartu University, Estonia

Prof. K.Milašius

Vilnius Pedagogical University

Prof. A.Raslanas

Vilnius Pedagogical University

Prof. J.Skernevičius

Vilnius Pedagogical University

Prof. A.Vilkas

Vilnius Pedagogical University

Prof. A.Skurvydas

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

Prof. A.Stasiulis

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

Prof. A.Skarbalius

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

Prof. S.Stonkus

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

Organizing committee

Prof. J.Grants

Latvian Academy of Sport Education (Chairman)

Prof. A.Ābele

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

Prof. L.Čupriks

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

Prof. A.Rudzītis

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

Ph.D. A.Fernāte

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

M.Ed. I.Bula-Biteniece

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

M.Ed. A.Gulbe

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

M.Ed. I.Ļubinska

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

M.Ed. T.Ņikiforova

Latvian Academy of Sport Education

Tehnical editional and computer composition of text:

M.Ed. I.Rudzinska

M.Ed. A.Kļonova

ISBN 978-9984-9204-6-7

ISSN 1691-6220

© Latvian Academy of Sport Education, 2010

Website: lspa.lv

Dear Friends,

Our Baltic Sport Science Society (BSSS) has already established several very good traditions. One of them is an annual conference in sport science. Another, that every year the conference is held in a different Baltic country. The first Baltic Sport Science conference took place in Tartu, Estonia, but the second – in Vilnius, Lithuania. This year everybody – a young scientist or an experienced scientist - is welcome to participate in the BSSS Conference in Riga, Latvia.

We hope that the 3rd Baltic Sport Science Conference will help us to promote deeper development of sport science in Baltic countries with the purpose to integrate more in Europe and world sport science circle, to cooperate with national and international organizations in sport sciences.

The Abstract book includes the key notes of the lectures, oral and poster presentations. The editors welcome the opportunity to thank a lot all authors who gave their contribution to this Conference.

On behalf of the BSSS Conference

Scientific and Organization Committees

Vice President of the BSSS

Prof. Juris Grants

BALTIC SPORT SCIENCE SOCIETY

BALTIC SPORT SCIENCE SOCIETY (BSSS) is a non-profit organization founded in Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania) during the Second Baltic States Sport Science Conference (April 23-25, 2009):

a) to promote the study and development of sport sciences in the Baltic States (Republic of Estonia, Republic of Latvia, Republic of Lithuania);

b) to enhance the quality of doctoral studies (PhD) in the Baltic States;

c) to organize scientific meetings and courses in the field of sport sciences;

d) to cooperate with national and international organizations in sport sciences and related fields.

Leading organizations of the BSSS are:

• Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,

• Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia,

• Lithuania Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas, Lithuania,

• Faculty of Sports and Health Education, Vilnius Pedagogical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

The membership of BSSS includes individual members from the Baltic States (Republic of Estonia, Republic of Latvia, and Republic of Lithuania) who have a PhD degree in sport or related sciences. Doctoral (PhD) students are on the status of junior members. Membership is open for scholars and doctoral students from other countries as well.

The main events of BSSS are annual conferences. Each spring the leading organizations will arrange the Baltic States Sport Science Conference:

• The first Baltic Conference in Exercise and Sport Sciences – Tartu, May 7-10, 2008.

• The second Baltic Conference in Exercise and Sport Sciences – Vilnius, April 23-25, 2009.

• 2010 – Latvia

• 2011 – Estonia

• 2012 – Lithuania

• 2013 – Latvia, etc.

Aims of the conferences:

• to enhance the quality of sport sciences in the Baltic States;

• to organize a young scientist section during the conference in order to promote PhD studies;

• to invite leading scientists all over the world as key-note speakers.

CONTENTS

INVITED SPEAKERS...............................................................................................13

A.L.Claessens (Belgium). Body composition assessment in athletes: concepts and methodological considerations with emphasis on the densitometric two-compartment model............................................................................................................................14

J.Hanin (Finland). Psychological guidance in sport: emotion and action centred approaches....................................................................................................................14

J.Nilsson (Sweden). Cross-country skiing in science and practice. Can the double poling technique among elite cross-country skiers be improved?...............................16

THIRD BALTIC SPORT SCIENCE CONFERENCE OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS – Physical Activity and Sport in Changing Society: Research, Theory, Practice and Management (ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS)..17

H.Aibast, R.Ramadori, A.Cicchella, M.Pääsuke (Estonia, Italy). The 15-markers foot model testing in sprinters to analyze rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during running and walking the pilote study................................................................18

V.Aleknavičiūtė, N.Masiulis, R.Solianik, D.Parulytė, K.Muckus, A.Skurvydas (Lithuania). The effect of physiotheraphy on functional changes of ankle plantar and dorsal flexion muscles after achilles tendon rupture....................................................18

M.Aru, K.Reisberg, K.Alev, A.Pehme, T.Seene, R.Puhke, P.Kaasik (Estonia). Relations between hormonal myopathies and functional overload – changes in protein turnover and muscle cell morphology..........................................................................19

M.Bilinauskaitė, D.Satkunskienė (Lithuania). Analysis of the effect of swimmer’s legs position on underwater swimming performance using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)...........................................................................................................20

I.Boge (Latvia). Language offer at Latvia State higher education institutions.

J. Boļševa, N.Jaružnijs (Latvia). The content, methods and means for activation of qualitative motorics and standardization of muscular hipertone for babies (3 – 6 months old)…………………………………………………………………………...20

I.Bula-Biteniece, J.Grants, R.Jansone, (Latvia). Holistic approaches in family sport…………………………………………………………………………………..21

V.J.Cesnaitiene, A. Skurvydas, G. Mamkus, E. Kavaliauskiene (Lithuania). How do age and visual feedback affect accuracy and variability of foot flexion and extension output?..........................................................................................................22

K.Ciekurs, V.Krauksts, D.Krauksta (Latvia). Influence of arm action on total moving speed in roller skiing (18 – 19 years old skiers)..............................................23

D.Grazulis, D.Radžiukynas (Lithuania). Physical status of young soccer players' (15 – 16 years old)........................................................................................................23

R.Gruodytė, J.Jürimäe, A.Cicchella, C.Stefanelli, C.Passariello, T.Jürimäe (Estonia, Lithuania, Italy). Bone mineral density and adipocytokines in adolescent female athletes with different physical activity patterns.

A.Gulbe, R.Jansone (Latvia). Innovative model of acquiring olympic education for the improvement of sport pedagogue Professional......................................................25

M.Jakovļeva, J.Žīdens (Latvia). Coach professional improvement in life-log learning context............................................................................................................25

K.Jansen, M.Luik, V.Viljasoo, J.Ereline, H.Gapeyeva H.M.Pääsuke (Estonia). Changes in neuromuscular function characteristics in construction workers before and after working day..........................................................................................................26

H.Jõesaar, V.Hein (Estonia). Influence of perceived autonomy support from coaches and peer motivational climate on intrinsic motivation among young athletes.............27

J.Jürgenson, E.Unt, P.Eelmäe, V.Ööpik (Estonia). Effect of walking training on blood pressure in female patients with hypertension...................................................27

A.Kaupužs, V.Lāriņš (Latvia). Assessing the multidimensional outcome expectations for exercise scale in community dwelling adults....................................28

D.Klimenko (Russia). Summer universiades and the olympic movement.................28

A.Kļonova, N.Jaružnijs J.Kļonovs (Latvia). Heart rate and energy consumption during Standard sport dancing………………………..………………………………29

D.Kudaba, A.Vilkas (Lithuania). The values of special abilities of young orienteers which they used in sport, attitude and motives for training.........................................30

K.Kuplis, I.Avotiņa (Latvia). The relationships between results of jumping and running control tests in sprint events............................................................................30

A.Lapchenkov, J.Povareshchenkova (Russia). Fit-ball gymnastics and its influence on psychomotor condition of slow developed children................................................31

E.Lätt, J.Jürimäe, J.Mäestu, P.Purge, R.Rämson, K.L.Keskinen, K.Haljaste, T.Jürimäe (Estonia, Finland). The measurement of oxygen consumption during swimming in young male swimmers............................................................................32

M.Lesčinskis, L.Čupriks, S.Rozenštoka (Latvia). Aerobic and anaerobic work capacity characteristics of kettlebell lifters..................................................................32

I.Liepiņa (Latvia). Development of balancing ability in sportsmen..........................33

S Luika (Latvia). Development Tendencies of Fitness Clubs in Latvia (2006 – 2009)

......................................................................................................................................33

T.Malinauskaitė, N.Masiulis, G.Dargevičiūtė, A.Skurvydas (Lithuania). Pilotstudy: effect of knee taping on muscular performance of healthy subjects..........34

K.Matulaitis, A.Skarbalius (Lithuania). Evaluation and assessment of selected indices of physical fitness in basketball male players aged 10 – 17 years...................35

A.Molotanovs, J.Žīdens (Latvia). The brain biocurrent influence on the competition effectiveness of the handball goalkeepers....................................................................35

G.Onusaitytė, A.Skarbalius (Lithuania). Selected physiological demands of high-peak performance players  in women handball............................................................36

B.Omarov (Russia). Some methods of teaching physical culture..............................36

Y. Papenov (Russia). Youth olympic games: the process of the formation...............38

A.L. Parm, M. Saar, K. Pärna, J. Jürimäe, V. Tillmann, I. Neissaar, T. Jürimäe (Estonia). Bone mineral density and bone mineral content in 7 – 9 year old rhythmic gymnasts.......................................................................................................................39

K.Pärna, A.L.Parm, M.Saar, J.Jürimäe, V.Tillmann, I.Neissaar, T.Jürimäe (Estonia). Relationships between jumping ability and bone parameters in 7 – 8 year old rhythmic gymnasts and controls.............................................................................39

D.Parulytė, N.Masiulis, A.Skurvydas, V.Aleknavičiūtė, R.Solianik (Lithuania). Evaliuation of balance before anterior cruciate ligament rupture operation and after rehabilitation.................................................................................................................40

D.Parulytė, N.Masiulis, A.Skurvydas, V.Aleknavičiūtė, R.Solianik (Lithuania). Children‘s posture, muscles endurance and spinal column mobility alternation applying aquatic exercises............................................................................................40

R.Rämson, J.Jürimäe, T.Jürimäe, J.Mäestu (Estonia). Changes in plasma neuropeptide y are sensitive to changes in performance after high volume strength endurance type of trainings..........................................................................................41

D.Rauktys, K. Pukėnas, D. Satkunskiene (Lithuania). The application of cluster analysis to study of variability of running pattern........................................................42

I.Rudzinska (Latvia) Evaluating quality of “communication in professional (sport) foreign language” study course....................................................................................43

S.Sabaliauskas, S.Poteliūnienė (Lithuania). Going in for sports motivation peculiarities in sportsmen at different levels of excellence..........................................43

J.Sagim, M.Kipri, M.Aru, R.Puhke, E.M.Riso, A.Pehme, K.Alev (Estonia). Contractile protein turnover and cellular damage: effect of eccentric exercise...........44

R.Sakalauskaitė, D.Satkunskienė (Lithuania). Different methods of foot arch estimation.....................................................................................................................45

R.Sakalauskaitė, D.Satkunskienė (Lithuania). Assessment of foot arch with different techniques......................................................................................................45

R.Sepp, L.Raudsepp (Estonia). Assessment of the leadership performance of volleyball coaches and cohesion of their teams...........................................................46

I.Smuka, D.Krauksta (Latvia). The formation of habit – to make regular physical activity in everyday life................................................................................................46

R.Solianik, V.Aleknavičiūtė, N.Masiulis, Z.Andrijauskaitė, D.Parulytė, A.Skurvydas (Lithuania). The effect of ankle angle on maximal voluntary and electricaly evoked calf flexors and extensors force......................................................47

M.Strolia, K.Milašius, J.Skernevičius (Lithuania). Characteristics of lithuanian ski sprinters training during yearly pre-olympic training cycle and their fitness..............48

S.Saulīte, L.Čupriks, V.Fedotova (Latvia). Biomechanical analysis of taekwon-do itf front-leg roundhouse kick........................................................................................48

L.Ventaskrasta, V.Lāriņš (Latvia). Psycho-social correction for primary school pupils having ads/adhs symptoms……………………………………………………49

R.Viir, T.Kums, H.Gapeyeva, J.Ereline, M.Pääsuke (Estonia, Finland). Lying back from seated position promptly diminishes upper trapezius muscle tone and stiffness.........................................................................................................................50

E.Volkova, J.Solovjova, I.Zuoziene, M.Brazaitis (Latvia, Lithuania). Correlations of special Endurance and peak force tests in the water and on the land of Qualified swimmers’....................................................................................................................50

K.Zaičenkovienė, A.Stasiulis (Lithuania). The effect of prior step exercise on emg of leg muscles during treadmill running.......................................................................51

M.Zienius, A.Skarbalius (Lithuania). Training effect to aerobic fitness in selected youth golfers under three different conditions.............................................................52

G.Zubitashvili (Georgia). Carefulness and sport results............................................52

A.Zuša, J.Lanka, A.Vagin (Latvia, Russia). Biomechanical comparison of open and square stance forehand technique in tennis..................................................................53

THIRD BALTIC SPORT SCIENCE CONFERENCE – Physical Activity and Sport in Changing Society: Research, Theory, Practice and Management (ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS)……………………………………………...…54

A.Ābele, E.Isidori, C.Maulini (Latvia, Italy). Body Values in Youth Education:

A comparative Research between Latvian and Italian Sport Sciences University Students........................................................................................................................55

E.Adaškevičienė, A.Budreikaitė (Lithuania). Research about values from active and inactive teenagers’ standpoint...............................................................................55

E.Adaškevičienė, A.Šarkauskienė (Lithuania). Development of physical capacity of junior adolescents through non-formal physical education at school......................56

K.Ahlbäck, T.Janson (Estonia). Finnish and Estonian children’s perceived health and physical activity on basic data’s of HBSC study...................................................57

L.Aptsiauri, G.Chiladze (Georgia). Social-cultural and juridical meaning of sport in the axiological space of modern education……………………………..……………58

E.Balčiunas, J.Skernevičius (Lithuania). Peculiarities of kayak sprinters preparation for 200 m event.............................................................................................................58

M.Bánhidi (Hungary). Dual career – the Sport school education system in Hungary

......................................................................................................................................59

J. Bergier (Poland). The offensive actions of the victorious and lost teams in the Women’s European Football Championships Finland 2009…………………………60

Z.Birontienė (Lithuania). Influence of physical training to 5 – 7 year old children’s physical development and morbidity...........................................................................60

M.Bytniewski (Poland). Changes in physical activity of the students of Biala Podlaska colleges in the last decade.............................................................................61

J.Cámara, R.Martínez-Santos (Spain). Comparison of the heel strike transient attenuation between unshod and shod walking............................................................62

R.Carlson (Sweden). Talent detection in Swedish biathlon.......................................62

S.Capulis (Latvia). The Effect the Karate on the Development of Teenagers’ level of anxiety..........................................................................................................................63

M.Charmas, W.Gromisz, R.Charmas, I.Cieśliński (Poland). Effect of 12 weeks swimming training on body composition in untrained young women.........................63

K.Chmiel (Poland). Hippotherapy – a prospective form of rehabilitation and recreation for disabled……………..…………………………………………………64

K.Chmiel (Poland). Pleasure riding – the most versatile form of outdoor recreation and tourism……………………….………………………………………………..…65

I.Čikotienė, B.Statkevičienė (Lithuania). Relationship between anthrapometrics and sport results for high class figure skaters (men)...........................................................65

V.Cingiene (Lithuania). Piloting outdoor sector in Lithuania...................................66

A.L.Claessens, M.W.Peeters, K.Pelgrim, G.Keustermans, M.Goris (Belgium). Percentage of body fatness in elite student athletes as measured by the underwater weighing and bod pod techniques.....................................................................66

G.Costa (Greece). Sport system in Greece………………………………...………..67

E.De la Cruz-Sánchez, R.Martínez-Santos, J.Pino-Ortega (Spain). Influence of an active lifestyle in alcohol use in the basque country (Spain).......................................67

O.P.Drachuk, G.I.Stepanyuk, S.A.Oliynyk (Ukraine).  Actoprotective activity of a new succinic acid derivative.........................................................................................68

A.Emeljanovas, R.Rutkauskaitė, V.Volbekienė (Lithuania). The dose-response relationships between to tal physical activity and health-related physical fitness in adolescent boys.............................................................................................................69

A.Emeljanovas, K.Poderienė, R.Rutkauskaitė, J.Poderys (Lithuania). Dynamics of recovery of cardiovascular system after dosed exercise test in boys at age of 11 –14 under influence of training in sports games or cyclic sports events.............................69

A.Emeljanovas, R.Rutkauskaitė, V.Volbekienė, E.Maciulevičienė, R.Sadzevičienė (Lithuania). Relationships between physical activity and physical fitness in lithuanian schoolboys...................................................................................70

A.Emeljanovas, R.Rutkauskaitė, V.Volbekienė (Lithuania). Relationships among body composition, muscular fitness, flexibility and physical activity in schoolchildren

.....................................................................................................................................70

J.Ereline, H.Gapeyeva, M.Pääsuke (Estonia). Changes in contractile properties of knee extensor muscles during repeated maximal isokinetic contraction in male power-lifters and untrained subjects........................................................................................71

M.Ezerskis, K.Poderiene, B.Miseckaite, J.Poderys (Lithuania). Dynamics of cardiac reaction in cohort of elite greco-roman wrestlers while a one or two training blocks of concentrated heavy workloads applied........................................................71

A.Fernāte (Latvia). Relationship between the physical literacy and enhancement of sports proficiency.........................................................................................................72

A.Fernāte, I.Simonenkova, Z.Vazne, L.Lapina, A.Abele, D.Eikena, V.Dombrovskis (Latvia). Sport psychologists professional perspectives in Latvian sport: athlete's, coaches and employers' view………………………………………..72

H.Gapeyeva, H.Aibast, T.Kums, J.Ereline, A.Vain, K.Jansen, H.Lemberg, M.Pääsuke (Estonia). Myotonometric and postural sway characteristics in male soccer players and endurance trained athletes..............................................................73

H.Gapeyeva, A.Makarova, J.Ereline, M.Pääsuke (Estonia). Postural control and isometric strength of calf muscles in young male soccer and ice hockey players aged 10 – 11 years.................................................................................................................74

A.Gatatullin (Belarusia). Problems of sports training in powerlifting using ergonomic equipment...................................................................................................74

N.Geriņa, L.Silova (Latvia). Developing inquiry interest in the context of sustainable education in sport classes in basic scholl...................................................75

V.Ginevičienė, E.Pranckevičienė, K.Milašius, V.Kučinskas (Lithuania, Canada). The effect of four genetic variants on the physical performance of elite lithuanian athletes..........................................................................................................................75

J.Grants, I.Belousa (Latvia). Life story interview – reflecting on dual carrier of young athletes…………………...……………………………………………………76

A.Hannus, J.Matsi, J.Krasnova (Estonia). Is perceived leadership related to achievement goals?.......................................................................................................77

A.Hannus, J.Krasnova, J.Matsi (Estonia). Effects of self-esteem on sport commitment and achievement goals............................................................................77

V.Hein (Estonia). The impact of self-determined behaviour on vitality and life satisfaction among students..........................................................................................78

I.Immere, R.Jansone (Latvia). Promotion of physical qualities in basic school (Grade 3).......................................................................................................................78

V.B.Issurin (Israel). Alternative models of periodization in contemporary theory of training..........................................................................................................................79

N.Jaruznijs (Latvia). Influence of long-term and specialized training on special physical condition of volleyball players having different age and qualification…..…80

J.Jürimäe, R.Rämson, J.Mäestu, T.Jürimäe (Estonia). Interactions between adipose, bone, and muscle tissue markers during acute negative energy balance in male rowers..................................................................................................................81

T.Jürimäe, J.Jürimäe, T.Kums (Estonia). Average accelerometer daily steps counts and plasma adiponectin concentration in healthy elderly females...............................81

V.Juškelienė, S.Poteliūnienė (Lithuania). Self reported competences of Lithuanian physical education teachers related to schoolchildren’s health promotion..................82

A.Kalvėnas, D.Lekečinskaitė, K.Pukėnas (Lithuania). The analysis of correlation between the long and short ipaq questionnaires in different age groups......................82

H.Kārkliņa, D.Krūmiņa, I.Kokare, G.Knipše, U.Teibe (Latvia). Physical development and phisical activities level of latvian children aged 9 – 11...................83

J. Kaupe (Latvia). Analysis of Latvian women biathlon team’s olympic year results

......................................................................................................................................84

E.Kemerytė-Riaubienė (Lithuania). Nutrition peculiarities of students of physical education in Vilnius pedagogical university................................................................85

A.Kļavina (Latvia). Inclusive physical education in european context......................85

A.Kļavina (Latvia). Peer tutoring for students with disabilities in inclusive physical education......................................................................................................................86

D.Kobelashvili, L.Aptsiauri (Georgia). Visual and motor coordination of left-handed football players................................................................................................86

A.Koka, R.Viira (Estonia). The use of implementation intention and self-administered mental strategy in promoting exercise behaviour among estonian adolescents....................................................................................................................87

V.Kontautienė, A.Vilkas (Lithuania). Junior school age children self-control as social ability structure..................................................................................................87

D.Krauksta, I.Smuka, S.Pope (Latvia). Sports pedagogue: manager of children camps............................................................................................................................88

V.Krauksts, V.Larins, A.Nemcenko (Latvia). Influence of vibration on physiological function parameters of athletes..............................................................89

V.Krauksts, L.Cupriks, U.Ciematnieks, A.Nemcenko (Latvia). Effectiveness of local vibration training for increasing strength expressions in knee extension in isokinetic mode.............................................................................................................89

Z.Kubińska, B.Bergier (Poland). The active tourists` lifestyle in students` opinion

…………………………………………………………………………………..……90

L.Kurova, L.Saiva (Latvia). The activity of Coach Institution in the time span of 8 years..............................................................................................................................90

R.Kviklienė, D.Šuopytė (Lithuania). Changes of physical development and physical qualification of 11 – 13 year old girls volleyball players.............................................91

J.Lanka (Latvia). Biomechanical research of legwork in sport throwing events.......92

U.Lindberg (Sweden). Dual career education and training........................................92

A.Litwiniuk, E.Huk -Wieliczuk, R.Cieśliński, A.Daniluk (Poland). The lifestyle of the polish students of the University of physical education in Biala Podlaska……....93

J.Mäestu, J.Jürimäe, P.Purge, R.Rämson, T.Jürimäe (Estonia). Improvement in performance is associated with higher post exercise responses in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor a concentartions.........................................................................94

V.Maklakova, I.Kazakevica, S.Stalidzane (Latvia). The level of physical preparedness as a factor of growth of sportsmanship...................................................94

R.Malinauskas (Lithuania). Stress, social support and life satisfaction in injured athletes………………………………………………………………………………….95

E.V.Markin (Russia). Management of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics: world’s best practice and Russian know-how...................................................................................95

R.Martínez-Santos, J.Cámara, L.Sautu (Spain). Dual career in Spain: a preliminary report…………………………………………………………………….96

R.Martínez-Santos, E.De la Cruz-Sánchez, J.Pino-Ortega (Spain). Influence of an active lifestyle in tobacco use in the basque country (Spain).......................................97

T. Metsa, T. Kums (Estonia). Spine function in female volleyballers and untrained girls aged 14 – 15 years..............................................................................................97

K.Milašius, A.Šatas, R.Dadelienė (Lithuania). The correlation and comparative analysis of physical development, physical and functional powers indices of lithuanian deaf basketball team players......................................................................98

K. Milašius, M.Pečiukonienė, R.Dadelienė (Lithuania). The impact of food supplement Black Devil on athletes’ organism’s adaptation to physical loads..........99

M.Pääsuke, J.Ereline, H.Gapeyeva, T.Kums, H.Aibast (Estonia). Twitch contractile properties of plantarflexor muscles in young and middle – aged men.....100

A.Paeglītis, I.Ziriuse, V.Lāriņš, E.Eglītis (Lavtia). The spinal skeleto-muscular system`s functional disorders influence on the functional condition of the foot arch

……………………………………………………………………………………....100

R.Paulauskas, J.Skernevičius, R.Paulauskienė (Lithuania). The anaerobic muscule capacity of high level female basketball players and it evaluation scales…………..101

M.Piątkowska, J.Żyśko (Poland). System of youth elite sports training centres in Europe – a comparative analysis……………………………………………………101

K.Piech, D.Baraniecka, J.Piech (Poland). The child as a promoter of phisical activity in family……………………………………………………………………102

J.Pino, C.Padilla, J.A.Pérez, M.I. Moreno, E.De la Cruz (Spain). System analysis of real-time physical activity......................................................................................102

J. Poderys (Lithuania). New methodologies applied in sport science for management of training process of highly skilled athletes (Lithuanian model)..............................103

I.Pontaga, M.Dzintare (Latvia). Estimation of aerobic capacity and high intensity loads tolerance in endurance athletes and sport games players..................................105

P.Purge, U.Viicberg (Estonia) Physical fitness assessment of Estonian league football team……………………………………………………………………...…105

A.Raslanas, E.Petkus, M.Griškonis (Lithuania). Rowers’ aerobic training during a yearly cycle.................................................................................................................106

I.M.Rubana, I.Libaze (Latvia). Nutrition of young basketbolists in training camp

....................................................................................................................................107

A. Rudzītis, A. Spunde, K. Blušs, R. Paeglis, K. Blušs (Latvia). Eyes may not need to be still for better performance in basketball...........................................................108

R.Rutkauskaite (Lithuania). Health-related fitness changes in different physical activity categories among adolescents over one year period......................................109

R.Rutkauskaitė, D.Tumosaitė, A.Emeljanovas (Lithuania). Physical activity, skills in all activities and physical fitness of schoolchildren aged 14 – 15 year living in urban and rural areas..................................................................................................109

R.Rutkauskaitė, L.Trinkunienė, A.Emeljanovas (Lithuania). Extra-curricular physical activity influence on girls with poor physical fitness..................................110

R.Rutkauskaitė, E.Murauskaitė, A.Emeljanovas (Lithuania). Pupil’s physical activity and motivation of physical activity living in urban and rural areas..............111

M.Saar, A.L.Parm, K.Pärna, J.Jürimäe, V.Tillmann, K.Maasalu, I.Neissaar, T.Jürimäe (Estonia). Relationships between biological age, body composition and bone density in prepubertal girls (Jõgeva, Estonia)...................................................111

R.Martínez-Santos, J.Cámara, L.Saautu (Spain). Dual career in Spain: a preliminary report.......................................................................................................111

V.Shlyakhtov, D. Semenov, A. Rumyantsev (Russia). Organization of training process of gymnasts at the stage of initial sports specialization................................112

A.Skarbalius (Lithuania). Peculiarities of the metamodel of the annual macrocycle of elite handball players.............................................................................................112

A.Skarbalius (Lithuania). Peculiarities of preparation period of high-peak performance handball athletes....................................................................................113

T.Skolnikova (Norway). Outdoor life – a part of cultural identity in Norway…….113

A.Skurvydas, N.Masiulis, G.Dargevičiūtė, D.Parulytė, V.Aleknavičiūtė, R.Solianik (Lithuania). Does knee torque variability in an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient leg depend on muscle length and visual feedback?.....................................114

B.Statkevičienė (Lithuania). Influence of anthropometrics measurements   for athletes of luge sport...................................................................................................115

B.Statkevičienė (Lithuania). Investigation of anthropometrical measurements of female athletes in  luge sport......................................................................................116

M.Stelmach (Poland). Leisure-time physical activity of women and biomarkers of chronic non-comunicable diseses...............................................................................116

E.Szczepanowska, D.Umiastowska, K.Górnik (Poland). Somatic and metabolic effects of healthful training with elements of tourism and recreation in obese girls.

I.Tihomirova (Latvia). Disabled children in general education school...................117

S.Timpmann, I.Hannus, A.Burk, K.Karelson, V.Ööpik (Estonia). Hydration status of greco-roman wrestlers in preparation for competition...........................................118

L.Tubelis R.Dadelienė, A.Jakimavičius, K.Milašius, J.Skernevičius (Lithuania). Changes in muscle mass and muscle power of women track cyclists during the yearly cycle............................................................................................................................119

D.Umiastowska, E.Szczepanowska (Poland). Relation between the BMI value and parent’s silhouette in 8 – 9 years old children............................................................120

Z.Vazne (Latvia). Player’s psychical stability and team cohesion of 16 – 20 years old basketball players.......................................................................................................121

E.Venskaityte, R.Smidtaite, J.Poderys, A.Vainoras (Lithuania). The concatenation of the electrocardiographic signals based on its dynamics analysis in time and phase space...........................................................................................................................122

R.Viira, A.Koka (Estonia). The effect of teacher and peers need support in physical education on students’ self-esteem and healt-related quality of life..........................122

K.Visagurskienė (Lithuania). The peculiarities of health and physical activity of older people of different lifestyle...............................................................................123

M.Visnapuu, T.Jürimäe, K.Aasmäe (Estonia). Relationships of speed and power with  anthropometrical characteristics  in young and  experienced male handball players........................................................................................................................124

N.Zilinskiene (Lithuania). Value-based orientation of young track and field athletes.

....................................................................................................................................125

R.Zilinskienė, R.Stukas, J.Armonienė, R.Naužemys, J.Saplinskas, M.Baranauskas (Lithuania). What are the peculiarities of the nutrition of physically active female students?...............................................................................................126

INVITED SPEAKERS

BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT IN ATHLETES: CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE DENSITOMETRIC TWO-COMPARTMENT MODEL

A.L.Claessens

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Besides other physical characteristics, body composition is a factor that can explain and/or influence athletic performance. As such it is of considerable interest to coaches and athletes. The study of body composition attempts to devide and quantify body mass into its basic components, and can be studied at several levels from basic chemical elements and specific tissues to the entire body, as demonstrated by the “Five-level-model”, introduced by Wang and co-workers in 1992. A lot of methods to assess body composition in vivo are available and often quite complex. Methods are different in methodological and technical aspects, so that one may inquire whether they provide reasonably similar estimates of the different body composition compartments, such as fat mass and fat-free mass, or the different components of the fat-free mass, such as water, protein and mineral. Besides a brief overview of the different methods often used, special focus will be given to the densitometric method, such as the underwater weighing technique and the Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP) procedure, which is a rather new developed method introduced by Dempster and Aitkens in 1995. For transforming density to percentage of body fat, special attention will be given to the two-compartment model, represented by the SIRI-equation. Also, attention will be given to multi-compartment models, such as the 3-water, 3-mineral and 4-compartment models, to assess percentage of body fat.

References

1. Dempster P, Aitkens S. A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 1995, 27: 1692-1697.

2. Wang ZM, Pierson RN, Heymsfield SB. The five-level-model: a new approach to organizing body composition research. Am. J. Clin. Nutrin., 1992, 56: 19-28.

PSYCHOLOGICAL GUIDANCE IN SPORT: EMOTION AND ACTION CENTRED APPROACHES

J.Hanin

Research Institute for Olympic sport, Jyväskylä, Finland

Psychological guidance (PG) is a process of providing a systematic expert assistance (support, direction) to athletes and coaches to cope with performance-related and change-induced difficulties and substandard performance  usually accompanied by emotional experiences.. Therefore the main focus in the PG is on athletes’ and coaches’ performance-related state-like, trait-like and meta-experiences (positive and negative) and successful and disrupted actions (performance). The Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model as applied to pre-competition anxiety and performance-related emotions (Hanin, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2010) is used as a conceptual framework and assessment tool in the PG process. Initial emphasis on emotions, however, was recently extended to a task execution or performance process involving the athlete’s actions (movement sequence or “chain”). The Identification-Control-Correction (ICC) program as an action-focused extension of the IZOF model (Hanin, 2010; Hanin & Hanina, 2009a,b) provides guidelines and step-wise procedures to optimize the process of task execution. The ICC program deals directly with performance difficulties in top-level athletes and includes identification of individually optimal performance, control and monitoring of performance in practices and competitions, and correction of habitual performance errors. Briefly described, the PG involves a guided self-analysis of the current situation which is then contrasted with the athlete’s individually optimal and dysfunctional emotions and actions related to previously successful and poor performances. Interpretation of the current situation is followed by the guided exploration and a review of the existing practices and the selection of the most appropriate emotion-centered and action-centered coping strategies. These two approaches to psychological guidance illustrate how these strategies are used in providing assistance to elite athletes and coaches. It is suggested that the PG as suggested here represents a special form of interaction and cooperation between the expert performers (athlete, coach and performance facilitator). From this perspective, the PG is similar to mentoring & personal executive coaching but different from the traditional or simple assessments and interpretation. The main emphasis in this psycho-pedagogical approach is to provide practice-oriented guidelines not only on what to cope with but on mainly on how to cope with it.

References

1. Hanin Y. (2007). Emotions in Sport: Current issues and perspectives. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.). Handbook of Sport Psychology 3rd ed. (pp. 31-58). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

2. Hanin, J, & Hanina, M., (2009a). Optimization of performance in top-level athletes: An Action-Focused Coping. International Journal of Sport Sciences & Coaching, 4 (1), pp. 47-58. 

3. Hanin, J, & Hanina, M., (2009b). Optimization of performance in top-level athletes: An Action-Focused Coping. Authors’ Response to the commentaries. International Journal of Sport Sciences & Coaching, 4 (1), pp.83-91.

4. Hanin, Y.L. (2010). Coping with Anxiety in Sport.  In: Adam Nicholls (Ed.) Coping in Sport: Theory, Methods, and Related Constructs Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (159-175).

CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING IN SCIENCE AND PRACTICE - CAN THE DOUBLE POLING TECHNIQUE AMONG ELITE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS BE IMPROVED?

 

J.Nilsson

The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden

The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

 

In classical style cross-country skiing four main techniques are used; the diagonal technique, kick double poling, double poling and the herringbone technique. Double poling has proven very effective in certain situations i.e. a low oxygen cost at a given speed. New developments in track and snow preparation, and in skis and ski wax etc. have sharpened the focus on double poling and hence on upper-body strength and endurance training. The development of good double-poling performance is a key factor in modern classical style cross-country skiing. Still it seems that the development of the double-poling technique is hampered by traditional beliefs. In this key-note lecture the conventional view on the double-poling technique will be criticized from at least the following perspectives:

-          Co-ordination of relevant effector muscles

-          The importance of external lever arms

-          Pole length

-          Size of the horizontal force component

-          Movement amplitude

-          Work and power versus speed in the double-poling direction

The lecture will present a new alternative double poling technique which resolves shortcomings of the conventional technique. This new technique is called the “atack double-poling technique” (ADP) and has the following features:

- Muscle activa tion in three steps: “the three-step-rocket” muscle activation model

- Kinematic changes with the poles closer to the body at pole plant

- Longer poles

- Larger horizontal and vertical reaction forces

- Smaller vertical movement of the body centre of mass

The net horizontal impulse in the attack double poling (ADP) technique with its longer poles is larger than that in the conventional technique. In addition, the oxygen consumption for a given speed is smaller in ADP than in the conventional technique.

THIRD BALTIC SPORT SCIENCE CONFERENCE

OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT IN CHANGING SOCIETY:

RESEARCH, THEORY, PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENT

(ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS)

THE 15-MARKERS FOOT MODEL TESTING IN SPRINTERS TO ANALYZE REAR-FOOT, MID-FOOT AND FORE-FOOT MOTION DURING RUNNING AND WALKING

THE PILOTE STUDY

 

H.Aibast1, R.Ramadori2, A.Cicchella2, M.Pääsuke1

1 University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

2 University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

 

Aim. This is a pilot study to track a large number of foot segments during the stance phase of gait and running in sprinters right leg with the smallest possible number of markers, with particular focus on coronal plane alignment of the rear-foot, transverse and sagittal plane alignment of the metatarsal bones, and changes at the medial longitudinal arch. Subjects. Ten sprinters, 100-400 m runners, 5 females and 5 males were tested. The subjects trained 10±5.24 years on national level. Methods. The shank, calcaneus, mid-foot and metatarsus were assumed to be 3D rigid bodies. Skin markers were mounted on bony prominences or joint lines, avoiding the courses of main tendons. Trajectories of the 15 markers were collected by a nine-camera motion capture system at 200 Hz BTS (Bioengineering Technology and Systems). The subjects had to stand on the force plate (Kistler Instrument AG, Switzerland). Then they walked and ran three trials through the calibrated area, landing with the right foot on the force plate.Results and Conclusions. The 15-markers model is suitable to measure the rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot kinematics in running.

THE EFFECT OF PHYSIOTHERAPHY ON FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF ANKLE PLANTAR AND DORSAL FLEXION MUSCLES AFTER ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE

V.Aleknavičiūtė, N.Masiulis, R.Solianik, D.Parulytė, K.Muckus, A.Skurvydas

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas, Lithuania

Background: the purpose of our study was to estimate 8 week physiotherapy effect on the ankle plantar (PF) and dorsal flexion (DF) isokinetic maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and balance after Achilles tendon rupture surgery. Methods: each of the 10 male (age 29.4 ± SD 6.4) took a part in control (non injured leg) and experimental (Achilles tendon rupture) group. Ankle muscles force was measured in seated position with hip flexed 70° and knee flexed 20-30°. Dynamic muscle force was measured at 30°/s and 120°/s velocities. MVC was maintained for 5 seconds in ankle flexion at -1 5°, 0°, 15°. Balance was measured for 60 seconds in 4 static standing positions: on both legs with open and closed eyes, on non-injured and injured leg. Rehabilitation consisted of balance, strength training and stretching exercises. One session lasted one hour, three sessions per week. Measurements were made: 6.5 weeks after Achilles tendon surgery and after 8 weeks of rehabilitation. RESULTS: PF and DF muscles force at 30°/s and 120°/s velocity increased (p < 0.05) between groups after rehabilitation. In affected and non-affected leg MVC increased (p < 0.05) at -15°, 0°, 15° PF, 0°, 15° DF, and at -15° in non-injured ankle after rehabilitation. Body swing decreased (p < 0.05) in transversal plane standing with open eyes and on injured ankle. The same results for sagittal plane standing on non-injured and injured legs. Conclusions: rehabilitation improved ankle PF and DF muscles isokinetic force at 30°/s, 120°/s velocities and MVC force at 0°, 15°, -15° except at -15° DF in injured leg. Balance training improved postural control in transversal and sagittal planes.

RELATIONS BETWEEN HORMONAL MYOPATHIES AND FUNCTIONAL OVERLOAD – CHANGES IN PROTEIN TURNOVER AND MUSCLE CELL MORPHOLOGY

 

M.Aru, K.Reisberg, K.Alev, A.Pehme, T.Seene, R.Puhke, P.Kaasik

University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

 

Is known that glucocorticoids lead to reduction in muscle mass, wasting of muscle and loss of strength. Glucocorticoid treatment alters muscle protein metabolism and besides decreased total muscle protein turnover, it has been shown that glucocorticoids may depress the turnover of myosin heavy chains (MyHC). On the other hand functional overload has been shown as stimulator of muscle growth.  Many studies clearly demonstrate a rapid increase in muscle mass and protein synthesis caused by synergist elimination. Data show affected muscles responding with rapid increase in cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle cells with accompanied change in composition of MyHC isoforms.The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the recovering role of functional overload on the myopathic skeletal muscle. 16-18 weeks old male Wistar rats were used. Glucocorticoid myopathy was caused by glucocorticoid administration; functional overload was induced by tenotomy of m. gastrocnemius. Muscle samples were analysed for changes in protein content and for morphological changes of muscle cells. Our data showed remarkable signs of myopathy (disorders of tissue, atrophied cells, necrotic fibers, fiber splitting) after glucocorticoid administration. Functional overload applied on myopathic muscle tissue did not have significant recovering effect on the morphological characteristics of muscle, but altered significantly the pattern of MyHC causing increased synthesis of fast MyHC isoforms in myopathic muscles. In conclusion: functional overload may have an effect on the profile of MyHC isoforms and therefore give the ground to speculate about qualitative remodelling of muscle tissue in conditions of recovery of myopathic skeletal muscle.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF SWIMMER’S LEGS POSITION ON UNDERWATER SWIMMING PERFORMANCE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

M.Bilinauskaitė, D.Satkunskienė

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas, Lithuania

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the position of the swimmer’s legs on the hydrodynamic performance in underwater swimming. Anthropometrics parameters of swimmer were measured. The 3D swimmer’s body model was created in SolidWorks® program as a series of 15 segments using truncated elliptic cones.  The reference gliding position of a breaststroke swimmer was given from underwater filming after the start dive, during stroking and following a turn. Three positions of the legs were analyzed. The numerical simulation was carried out by the use of the CFD FloWorks® numerical code. The measurement of special simulation domain was set and the turbulence model was used (turbulence intensity 0.1%). The geometrical characteristics of the computational domain of the flow reproduce a part of a 3 m deep swimming pool over a 12 m length. The swimmer is positioned 1.5 m below the free surface. The flow domain of the study extends from 3 m upstream of the swimmer up to 6.5 m downstream. The initial velocity of fluid flow was defined 2.2 m/s (temperature of water 20ºC). Drag force influence on gliding velocity was obtained by calculating the decrease of flow velocity during 0.05 s period. The results showed that different legs positions in underwater gliding noticeably increased hydrodynamic force and strongly decreased velocity of the gliding. The analysis of this result made it possible to propose that an optimal gliding time depends on legs position.

LANGUAGE OFFER AT LATVIA STATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

I.Boge

Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia

Foreign language teaching and learning at university level is a very important issue raising the necessity for language policies and a wider language offer. Young people irrespective of the field they are studying should be equipped with foreign language competence necessary for future professional activity. The aim of the research was to investigate the present foreign language subject offer included in professional and academic Bachelor programmes at state higher education institutions (HEIs) in Latvia. The method of qualitative and quantitative document analysis was used to achieve the aim. 203 self-assessments of study programmes of HEIs have been studied. The research shows that every state HEI in Latvia includes a foreign language study course in its curriculum, although there are a few study programmes which do not offer it. The most popular foreign languages are English and German, however, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian and Russian are also studied. The amount of the course in credit points is various in different HEIs. It can be concluded that students of HEIs in Latvia have a possibility to acquire foreign languages, but the offer of foreign languages is sufficient if there are also other opportunities to study them, as student mobility, studying subjects using a foreign language as the language of instruction, a.o.    

THE CONTENT, METHODS AND MEANS FOR ACTIVATION OF QUALITATIVE MOTORICS AND STANDARDIZATION OF MUSCULAR HIPERTONE FOR BABIES (3. - 6. MONTHS OLD)

J.Boļševa, N.Jaružnijs

Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia

The aim of the study is to develop the content, methods and means for activation of qualitative motorics and standardization of muscle hipertone for babies (3 - 6 months old). The subject of the research is: exercises on perception of a body, exercises on the improvement of coordination and balance, the prescription for improving poses and movements, exercises for the formation of body symmetry, exercises for the standardization of muscular tone. Methods of research: literature analysis, anamnesis, pedagogical observation, questioning, motoscopy, expert evaluation method, pedagogical experiment, mathematics statistics. Recently, testing the child, doctors pay attention to the minimum desires that could specify on muscular hypertone or hipotone. Quality and activity of movements will be touched upon if they will not be revealed with time. For stimulation of the development of qualitative movements for babies is used Bobath method. It is also used, if changes of muscular tone are observed. This is the Concept, which is based on human neurophysiological development, on human genetically determined ability to make the progress from horizontal till vertical position. There are two principles in the Concept: pathology elimination and correction, facilitation and cultivation of necessary poses and movements for positive body function. We consider that if the complex approach will be applied in the work with three till six months old babies, will be used the exercises on body perception, on coordination and balance improvement, as well as the prescriptions for improving poses and movements for support, bringing closer, stroking, holding, exercises for the formation of body symmetry and for the standardization of muscular tone, and parents will be attracted to participate in this process, will follow the activation of qualitative motorics and standardization of muscular hipertone.

HOLISTIC APPROACHES IN FAMILY SPORT

I.Bula – Biteniece, J.Grants, R.Jansone,

Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia

Physical activities are necessary for children in order to secure their development in the desirable direction, for adults – to strengthen and improve physical and mental working capacities. The children need pursue physical activities together with their parents in order to get mental, emotional and physical support while developing their personality, and the parents need the same in order to have possibility to understand their children for a longer period of time and to form long-term positive mutual relations. Summarizing the data of parental, pre-school pedagogues and students’ opinion about family sporting habits and their influence on child’s development, about the fact why in Latvia are not organized or are rarely organized family sporting events, do not form traditions in family sport, and there is no succession. 73% of parents, 94.2% of pre-school pedagogues and 81% of students as on of the main impediment factors mention: there are no organizers. 77% of students as the 2nd impediment factor mention the lack of knowledge and skills, as well as the fact that they have no experience in the organization of events. Similar lack of knowledge in event organization and conducting mention 50.8% of pre-school pedagogues, but 88.6% of parents mention that they lack information and knowledge about the importance of physical activities and practical examples, what physical activities to organize for their 0-7 year old children. The third impediment factor, mentioned by all groups of respondents is the lack of mutual cooperation among parents, pre-school pedagogues and the organizers of the events (for future sports pedagogues – students). Such impediment factor is mentioned by 94.8% of parents, 46% of pre-school pedagogues and 96.8% of students. It can be concluded: in order for the society to develop successfully, the main point is not power and money, but life and health. The child’s development does not happen in vacuum, but in historically formed culture context, where lives the family, therefore the child’s development is essentially influenced by the traditions of the surroundings. Further investigations have been performed and the analyzed parental, pre-school pedagogues and students’ opinions have served as basis for the formation of family sport model.

HOW DO AGE AND VISUAL FEEDBACK AFFECT ACCURACY AND VARIABILITY OF FOOT FLEXION AND EXTENSION OUTPUT?

V.J.Cesnaitiene , A.Skurvydas, G.Mamkus, E.Kavaliauskiene

Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas, Lithuania

 

The aim of this research was to establish the influence of visual feedback and age on the accuracy and variability of foot flexion and extension output. Subjects and methods: The studied subjects were healthy women free from neurological diseases: Group 1 — 11 women (mean age – 70.0±5 years) and Group 2 – 11 women (mean age – 25.0±5 years). The subjects were tested applying the equipment for testing and rehabilitation of human bones and muscles (Biodex MS3). For the establishment of accuracy of isometric contractions (IC) we calculated the absolute errors (AE) (Magill, 2007). The variability of IC was established calcul ating the coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Maximum voluntary force of foot flexion was statistically significantly higher (p ................
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