GENDER EQUALITY - Times Higher Education

GENDER EQUALITY HOW GLOBAL UNIVERSITIES ARE PERFORMING PART 2

A partnership between

Contents

1

Executive summary

3

2

Literature review

n Setting the scene n Government interventions to promote female leadership

5

3

n Gender equality practices

Analysis

n Introduction n First-generation students n Subject-level gender gaps

18

4

n Improving access v measuring outcomes

Recommendations

30

This report is a joint collaboration between the UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) and Times Higher Education.

Data sources American Council on Education (US data

on educational attainment) Higher Education Statistics Agency (UK

data on graduate earnings) Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and Development (data on childcare costs and educational attainment for selected countries)

THE Impact Rankings 2022 THE World University Rankings 2022 UNESCO (data on educational attainment

for selected countries) World Bank (data on educational

attainment for selected countries)

Editor Ellie Bothwell, rankings editor, THE Authors Ellie Bothwell, rankings editor, THE Emma Deraze, senior data scientist, THE Jaime F?lix Roser Chinchilla, junior policy analyst, UNESCO-IESALC Victoria Gal?n-Muros, chief of research and analysis, UNESCO-IESALC Genesis Gallegos, junior policy analyst, UNESCO-IESALC Takudzwa Mutize, junior policy analyst, UNESCO-IESALC

Sub-editor Ingrid Curl, associate editor, THE Art editor Dan Sinclair, art editor, THE

Published in 2022 by Times Higher Education and the UNESCO International Institute of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC). This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) licence (). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organisation.

THE Report: Gender Equality: How Global Universities are Performing, May 2022 2

1 Executive summary

In March 2022, we published our first report on gender equality in global higher education. The results found that there is much to celebrate, as well as areas for improvement.

Female students now outnumber male students globally; although there are still fewer women in STEM subjects worldwide, several Asian countries have a higher share of women enrolled in STEM degrees than in arts, humanities or social sciences; and the majority of universities say they have various policies and services that contribute to the goal of gender equality, such as a policy of non-discrimination against women and the provision of appropriate women's access schemes, such as mentoring or scholarships.

But there are important lessons too. Most universities are unable to provide relevant evidence of their policies and services that support women's advancement, suggesting that while certain codes may ostensibly be in place, they are not necessarily being implemented across institutions. Universities are also more focused on measuring women's access to higher education than tracking their outcomes and success rates, while women remain underrepresented in senior positions and among published academic authors.

In this second report, we provide a literature review to put these findings into context, deeper analysis on some of the trends based on updated data, and recommendations for universities.

The report finds that: There are a wide range of initiatives that universities can undertake to

increase gender equality in their institutions, and they can be carried out within the education, research, engagement and management areas The consideration of national policies on gender is critical to understanding the playing field in which universities operate Increasing numbers of universities globally are reporting data on their performance on gender equality indicators, with particular growth in Asia The shares of students that are first-generation among the whole student population and among female students are generally very similar Not all STEM subjects suffer from female underrepresentation at the

THE Report: Gender Equality: How Global Universities are Performing, May 2022 3

student level; there are more female than male students in life sciences, for example. However, the share of female students is increasing in all subjects, meaning that some disciplines are becoming more and more female-biased The underrepresentation of male students in certain subjects, such as psychology and education, is concerning In all regions, universities are more likely to focus on providing access and support to women than on measuring their progress and success Universities' gender equality measures are inextricably linked to national policies; for example, in countries where childcare is not readily available or is expensive, universities tend to be more likely to provide their own facilities Despite making up more than half of higher education students, women are underrepresented as lecturers, researchers and particularly leaders More governments are developing policies to increase the number of women in leadership positions, in general and within higher education institutions A growing number of universities are training faculty on gender equality and implementing a gender perspective in existing academic programmes or developing new ones on gender equality Among other research initiatives, universities are increasing their efforts to facilitate the impact of female researchers, create research centres on gender studies or integrate a gender perspective in their existing research areas Through their third mission, universities support women's health (inside and outside the university) and female entrepreneurs. They also advocate for gender equality beyond the university walls and potentially in partnership with other actors The design and application of equitable admission procedures, the collection of gender-disaggregated data, the existence of human resources frameworks and policies favourable for women, and the increasing representation of women in university bodies are some of the management initiatives to promote gender equality.

THE Report: Gender Equality: How Global Universities are Performing, May 2022 4

2.1 Literature review

SETTING THE SCENE: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION

As a fundamental human right, gender equality is a mission that is present across all 17 of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but it is explicitly addressed in SDG 5 ? "achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls". Achieving this goal will require work and commitment across many policy areas and sectors, but one critical element will be empowering women in, and through, education, including higher education.

Before presenting analysis of data from higher education institutions themselves, this section of the report provides an overview of the main country-level, internationally comparable indicators relating to gender equity in higher education, and global trends.

After a long history of exclusion and then underrepresentation, the number of women enrolled in tertiary education (International Standard Classification of Education levels 5-8) worldwide has exceeded the number of male students since 2005, according to UNESCO's Institute for Statistics. At the country level, women now outnumber men in tertiary education enrolment in about three-quarters of the countries with available data. This is a significant achievement that is worth recognising and celebrating. At a regional level, female tertiary education students outnumber male students in most of the world's regions. The two exceptions are South and West Asia, where women approach parity but still lag behind, and sub-Saharan Africa, the only region showing a clear female underrepresentation, with 76 female students enrolled for every 100 males in 2019.

THE Report: Gender Equality: How Global Universities are Performing, May 2022 5

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