Ms Yoshida World



The Cold War 1945-1991

Section 5 (previous WWII Chapter)

I. The Alliance Breaks Apart

o U.S. abandon the traditional policy of isolationism to combat communism

o Differences Grow Between the Allies

▪ Divisions deepened after reparations in Germany and the nature of the governments of Eastern Europe caused issues

▪ Mutual disinterest and conflicting ideologies

o The Cold War Begins

▪ Stalin wanted to spread communism and a group of buffer countries as defense from Germany

▪ During wartime conferences Stalin tried to persuade western nations to accept communism in these countries

▪ Soviets determined that G.B. and U.S. should not consult the peace terms for Eastern Europe, as G.B. and U.S. were not accepting Soviet consolation for Japan and Italy terms

• Eastern Europe gained much Soviet control.

• Stalin promised elections in the these nations but ignored pledge

o New Conflicts Develop

▪ 1948: Greece rebels supported by Soviet Union against G.B.

o The Truman Doctrine

▪ March 12, 1947: Truman outlined new policy

• U.S. responsibility to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures

• Containment ideology

• U.S. to send military and economic aid to other countries to withstand communism

o The Marshall Plan

▪ Hunger and poverty made Western Europe breeding ground for communism

▪ Marshall Plan to combat communism

• U.S. funneled food, and economic assistance to Europe to rebuild

• Billions of dollars

• Truman also allocated money for Soviets and its satellite nations, Stalin declined

o Germany Stays Divided

▪ Soviets took reparations for its losses by dismantling and moving factories and other resources in its occupation zone

▪ U.S., G.B., and France took reparations as well

• Western nations wanted Germany to recover economically to restore politics

• Western allies united their zones

• Marshall Plan extended to Western Germany

• Eastern Germany was Soviet

o Berlin Airlift

▪ Crisis in Berlin

▪ Berlin in East Germany, but occupied by all allies

▪ 1948: Stalin tried to force out allies with blockade, allies responded with air supplies

• For more than a year, cargo planes supplied West Berliners with food and fuel

• Soviets ended their blockade

o Opposing Alliances

▪ NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• U.S., Canada, and ten other countries to help each other when in need

▪ 1955: Warsaw Pact

• Response to NATO

Section 1: The Cold War Unfolds

I. Two Sides Face Off in Europe

o Superpowers(nations stronger than other powerful nations: USSR and USA

o Armies confronted each other after WWII in Europe

▪ Each superpower formed a European military alliance made up of the nations that it occupied or protected

▪ NATO(US backed North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Western Europe

▪ Warsaw Pact(Soviet backed in Eastern Europe

▪ Iron Curtin(Tense line between democratic West and communist East.

o A Wall Divides Berlin

▪ Berlin(key focus of Cold War tensions

▪ Country was split into democratic West Berlin and communist East Berlin

▪ Exodus of East Berlins fled to West Berlin

• To stop this, East Germany built a wall in 1961

• Berlin Wall(massive concrete barrier topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards.

o Stopped workers from fleeing

o Eastern Europe Resists

▪ Resistance of Soviet domination in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

▪ 1953: One of the earliest revolts in East Berlin

• 50,000 workers confronted army in German capitol

• Uprising spread, but couldn’t stand up to Russian tanks

▪ 1956: Poland and Hungary challenged Soviets in the name of economic reform

• Hungary leader, Imre Nagy tried to end one-party rule and withdraw from the Warsaw Pact

o Nagy was executed later by Soviets

▪ 1968: Czechoslovakia

• Leader Alexander Dubcek introduced greater freedom of expression and limited democracy known as Prague Spring.

• Massive Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to end uprising

II. Nuclear Weapons Threaten the World

o Arms race right after World War II

o By 1949: The Soviet Union had developed nuclear weapons

o By 1953: U.S. and Soviet Union both had developed hydrogen bombs

▪ More destructive than Atomic Bombs

o Balance of Terror(Each side knew that the other side would itself be destroyed if it launched its weapons

▪ Discouraged nuclear war

o Limiting Nuclear Weapons

▪ Disarmaments talks

▪ Mutual distrust slowed the process

▪ 1969: U.S. began Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by each side

• 1972 and 1979, both sides singed agreements setting limits

▪ Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)(missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries.

• ABMs were threat to balance of terror as one side had some protection, encouraging the protected side to attack

▪ 1980s: President Reagan launched “Star Wars” missile defense against nuclear attack

• Some say this program violated the ABM treaty

▪ 1991: Both sides signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

o Building Détente (Day-Tahnt)

▪ Détente(A relaxation of tensions, during the 1970s; ended in 1979

▪ U.S. strategy was to retrain the Soviet Union through diplomacy rather than military intervention

▪ Ended in 1979 when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

o Stopping the Spread of Nuclear Weapons

▪ By late 1960s: Britain, France, and China developed their own nuclear weapons

▪ 1968: Many nations signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

• Agreed to stop developing nuclear weapons or the spread

III. The Cold War Goes Global

o Soviets were assisting forces in Korea and China following WWII

o Building Alliances and Bases

▪ To contain Soviet power, U.S. reached out to the rest of the world diplomatically and militarily

▪ NATO alliance with Europe’s democracies was one of several alliances

▪ 1955: SEATO(Southeast-Asia Treaty Organization

• Included U.S., Britain, France, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand and the Philippines

• CENTO(Central Treaty Organization

o Included Britain, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan

▪ Soviets built alliances with Africa and Asian countries

• Soviet Block(Soviets and her allies

o Where the Cold War Got Hot

▪ Superpowers provided weapons to aligned nations and helped with local battles

o Cuba Goes Communist

▪ 1950s: Fidel Castro organized an armed rebellion against Batista

▪ 1959: Cuba under Fidel Castro power

• Cuban Revolution

▪ 1961: JFK supported the Bay of Pigs

• Trade embargo

▪ 1962: Soviet Union sent nuclear missiles to Cuba

• JFK imposed naval blockade

IV. The Soviet Union in the Cold War

o Stalin died in 1953

o Soviet Communism

▪ Communist ideology to spread across the world including command economy

o Stalin’s Successors Hold the Line

▪ 1953: Nikita Khrushchev became new Soviet leader after Stalin

▪ 1956: publically denounced Stalin’s abuse of power

▪ Khrushchev closed prison camps and eased censorship

• Wanted peaceful co-existance with the world

▪ mid-1960s-1982: Leonid Brezhnev held power

o Some Soviets Bravely Resist

▪ Some spoke out against Soviet control but were often silenced by government by exiled or prison camps or death

V. The United States in the Cold War

o Free Markets

▪ Capitalism

▪ Supply and demand

▪ U.S. (mixed economy

o Containing the Soviet Union

▪ Containment(strategy of containing communism, or keeping it within its existing boundaries and preventing further expansion.

• Supporting any country or government threatened by communism

o Living with Nuclear Dangers

▪ Fallout shelters

▪ Air-raid drills in the 1950s to 1970s

o Seeking Enemies Within

▪ “Red Scare”(Cold War fears in the United States

▪ Senator Joseph McCarthy’s witch hunt

Section 2: The Industrialized Democracies

I. America Prospers and Changes

o America became a model for other countries and the dollar was the world’s strongest currency

o America Plays a Central Role

▪ Headquarters of League of Nations was in neutral Switzerland

▪ The Headquarters of the new United Nations was in New York

▪ Huge economic superpower; Other nations needed U.S. goods and foreign trade to prosper

▪ Washington DC housed the IMF and World Bank

o The Postwar American Boom

▪ Recessions were mild and brief during 1950s and 1960s

▪ Suburbanization

o An Oil Shock Brings Recession

▪ Political crisis in the Middle East led to decreased oil exports

▪ Oil prices soared

II. Democracy Expands Opportunities

o Ethnic minorities and women still not equal during this time in America

o Segregation and Discrimination

▪ Prosperity boom did not benefit all equally

o Americans Demand Civil Rights

▪ 1956: MLK emerged

o Women Demand Equality

o Government’s Role Grows

▪ 1960s: Government further expanded social programs to help the poor and disadvantaged

▪ Congress fueled medicare and other housing programs for the poor

o Republicans Respond

▪ 1980s: Reagan and Republican Party called for cutbacks in taxes and government spending

▪ Congress ended some social programs

▪ Reduced government regulation

▪ Military increased spending

▪ National budget deficit grew (spending more, but receiving less in taxes)

• To make up for this more social cuts took place

III. Western Europe Rebuilds

o Germany Divided and Reunited

▪ Germany split into two separate countries by 1949.

• West Germany ( NATO(Democratic

o Saw an economic boom

• East Germany ( Warsaw (Communist

o Stagnated command economy

• 40 years was like this

• Berlin Wall split the two countries

▪ 1989: Germans demanded reunification

▪ 1990: German voters approved reunification

o West Germany’s “Economic Miracle”

▪ Through Marshall Plan and capitalism, West Germany’s economy boomed

o Britain’s Narrowed Horizons

▪ Economy was slow to recover from war

▪ Despite US financial assistance through Marshall Plan, Britain couldn’t afford large military overseas

• Abandoned it’s colonial empire overseas

▪ Britain’s economy recovered during 1950s and 1960s, without a large boom

o Other European Nations Prosper

▪ Most greatly weakened by war

▪ European colonial powers like Belgium and the Netherlands gave in to demands for independence from former colonies

• France abandoned empire after wars in Vietnam and Algeria

o Building the Welfare State

▪ Welfare State = country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.

▪ 1945: European governments extended social programs to middle and poor classes to have health care, unemployment insurance and old-age pensions

▪ Welfare state = higher taxes and greater government regulation of private enterprise

o Limiting the Welfare State

▪ 1979: British voters turned to conservative party to denounce the welfare state as costly and inefficient

• Margaret Thatcher led this

• Under her, reduced social welfare programs and returned industries to the private sector

o Toward European Unity

▪ European Coal and Steel Community set up free trade in coal and steel among member states by eliminating tariffs and other barriers that limit trade

• Lead to economic growth in Western Europe

▪ European Community( Established free trade between member nations for all productions

IV. Japan is Transformed

o 10,000s of Japanese were homeless and hungry

o America Occupiers Bring Changes

▪ Under MacArthur, Japanese emperor lost all power

▪ New government became a parliamentary democracy

▪ Education was opened to all people

▪ Land-reform program brought out large landowners and gave to landless farmers

▪ US also provided funds to rebuild

▪ 1952: US ended occupation and signed peace treaty

• Still US had military bases in Japan

o Japan Develops a Democracy

o An Economic Miracle Relies on Exports

▪ Japan’s GDP soared year after year.

▪ Japan had goals for export

Section 3: Communism Spreads In East Asia

I. China’s Communist Revolution

o By end of WWII communist had gained control of much of North China.

o After Japan’s defeat, Communist fought nationalists in civil war

▪ Mao (communist forces) won

▪ People’s Republic of China formed

▪ Nationalists retreated to Taiwan

o How the Communists Won

▪ Mao had support of China’s huge peasant population

• Communists redistributed land to poor

▪ Nationalist policies had lead to widespread economic hardship

▪ Chinese people resented the corruption of Jaing’s government

▪ Communists hoped that Mao would build a new China and end foreign domination

▪ 1950: Communists conquered Tibet

• The Dalai Lama forced to flee country at this time

o Changing Chinese Society

▪ Mao built a Communist one-party totalitarian state in the People’s Republic of China

▪ Communist government encouraged practice of Buddhism, Confucianism and other traditional Chinese beliefs

▪ Government seized property of rural landlord and urban business owners

▪ Opponents were called counterrevolutionaries

• Bourgeoisie, or middle class, were accused of these ideas and were beaten, sent to labor camps or killed

▪ Chinese built dams, and factories with help of the Soviets

▪ At first, Mao distributed land to peasants, but then he called for collectivization

• Collectivization( the forced pooling of peasant land and labor in an attempt to increase productivity

o The Great Leap Forward Fails

▪ 1958-1960: Great Leap Forward

• Urged people to make efforts to increase farm and industrial output

• Communes to do this

o Up to 25,000 people brought together to do this

o Turned out bad as low quality and useless goods emerged

o Shortages for the workers

o Bad weather hurt as well

o Between 1959-1961: 55 million starved to death

o The Cultural Revolution Disrupts Life

▪ China slowly recovered from Great Leap Forward

• Reduced commune sizes and took more practical approach to economy

▪ Cultural Revolution

• Launched by Mao in 1966

• Goal to purge China of the bourgeois tendencies and encouraged youth to experience a revelation like he had

o Teens formed bands of Red Guards and attacked the bourgeois

▪ Beat and sometimes killed

▪ Skilled workers were forced to leave and work on a farm or forced labor camps

▪ Schools and factories closed

▪ Finally Mao had army restore order

II. China, the Cold War’s “Wild Card”

o Split with the Soviet Union

▪ 1950s: Soviets and China uneasy allies

▪ Stalin sent financial aid, but still there was distrust

▪ Soviets withdrew all aid after tensions and boarder clashes existed

o Washington Plays the China Card

▪ After nationalist went to Taiwan, the US recognized this country as the real China

▪ Washington refused to acknowledge China as China

▪ However, the US realized later on that they could use China as a threat against Soviet Union and replaced Taiwan with China on the UN.

• 1979: Formal diplomatic ties between US and China

o Taiwan and the Nationalists

▪ Martial law continued to rule Taiwan with the nationalists

▪ 1980s: Taiwan ended martial law and allowed opposition parties

▪ China saw Taiwan as breakaway province and threatened military action against independence

III. War Comes to Korea

o Split like Germany following WWII

o A Divided Nation

▪ After Japan’s defeat in WWII, Soviet and American forces agreed to divide Korea on the 38th parallel.

▪ North Korea (Kim Il Sung) became communist ally of the Soviet Union

▪ South Korea (dictatorial, but not communist) backed by the US

o North Korea Attack Brings a United Nations Response

▪ Both wanted to rule the entire country

▪ 1950: Kim Il Sung called for a ‘heroic struggle’ to reunite Korea

▪ North Korea attacked in 1950, and over ran the South

• UN said this is bad

• UN and US backed the South Korean army

▪ North Korea finally surrendered in the South

o China Reverses United Nations Gains

▪ Korean War alarmed China, in November Mao sent hundreds of thousands of troops to back North Korea.

▪ China helped to force troops back to the 38th parallel

▪ 1953: Stalemate, both sides signed an armistice

▪ DMZ: Demilitarized Zone, no military forces near the 38th parallel

▪ No peace treaty ever negotiated

IV. Two Koreas

o North Korea remains communist (economic stagnation

o South Korea capitalist ( Economic boom

▪ Governed by a series of dictators and military rulers during much of the Cold War

o South Korea Recovers

▪ Slowly rebuilt economy after war

▪ 1960s: economy leaped ahead

▪ Direct elections held in 1987

• Lead to successful transition to democracy

o North Korea Digs In

▪ Under Kim Il Sung, command economy produce a lot of output for some time

▪ 1960s: Economic growth slowed

▪ Isolated and poor nation

▪ Even after Soviets reformed, North Korea still kept hard communism

Section 4: War in Southeast Asia

I. Indochina After World War II

o In Southeast Asia after WWII, agonizing liberation struggle tore apart region once known as Indochina.

▪ 30 year conflict

▪ Two Phases: First against French (1946-1954) and second Cold War conflict that involved the US and raged for 1955 to 1975.

o Indochina Under Foreign Rule

▪ Indochina was conquered by French during 1800s

▪ Japanese overran during World War II

• Local Guerrillas in Vietnam resisted

• Guerrillas were influenced by communist opposition to European colonial powers

o Ho Chi Minh Fights the French

▪ After Japanese were defeated, French tried to regain control in 1946

▪ Guerrilla forces resisted and were led by Ho Chi Minh

• Ho Chi Minh—Nationalist and communist who had fought the Japanese and then the French in the First Indochina War.

• French left after Vietnamese victory in 1954

• Laos and Cambodia gained independence sepeartely

o Vietnam is Divided

▪ After 1954: Vietnam became part of the Cold War

▪ Western and communist powers split Vietnam: North Communism, South non communist government led by Ngo Dinh Diem

▪ Elections were to place to reunite Vietnam, but never happened

• US and Ngo Dinh Diem thought Communists might win

• Ngo Dinh Diem was backed by US but was still a dictator

▪ By 1960s, communist guerrilla fighters appeared in South Vietnam

• Saw fight as nationalistic struggle to liberate Vietnam from foreign domination

II. America Enters the Vietnam War

o Domino Theory—The view that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism

o The War Intensifies

▪ Ho Chi Minh was determined to reunite Vietnam under communist rule

▪ Ho Chi Minh aided the Viet Cong or the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnam’s government

▪ US only sent supplies to south Vietnam at first, but then thousands of troops turning local struggle into Cold War hot war.

o August 1, 1964: South Vietnamese held raids on North Vietnamese islands

▪ Next day, North Vietnamese attacked US Navy Destroyer the Maddox

▪ President Johnson reported attacks to Congress but didn’t mention the South Vietnamese raids

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug 7, 1964

o Authorized the President to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression

• 500,000 US men were committed to the war(Many drafted

• Soviet Union and China sent aid, not men, to North Vietnam

o Guerrilla War

▪ Rebels knew the country side well, and used it to their advantage over the US troops

o The Tet Offensive

▪ South Vietnam failed to beat North Vietnam

▪ Tet( The Vietnamese New Year

• Tet Offensive is when guerrilla forces came out of the jungles and attacked the Americans in 1968

• Marked the turning point in American opinion about the war

III. The Vietnamese War Ends

o After US deaths and South Vietnamese civilian deaths, American opinion changed

o Many POWs or MIA

o More Americans Oppose the War

▪ America divided about the war

▪ Many young people demonstrated against Vietnam war

o America Withdraws

▪ President Johnson did NOT run for a second term

▪ President Nixon was under pressure to terminate American involvement

• Negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in January 1973

o Established a cease-fire

o US removed troops

o North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South

o Left South Vietnam to determine its own future and set goal of peaceful reunification with North

o North Vietnam Wins the War

▪ North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam after two years

▪ South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976

IV. Southeast Asia After the War

o Dominos did fall after US left—Cambodia and Laos became part of communist Vietnam

o Tragedy in Cambodia

▪ During Vietnam war, fighting went to Cambodia

▪ 1970, US bombed North Vietnamese supply routes in Cambodia and then briefly invaded

▪ 1975: Cambodian communist guerrillas overthrew government

o Vietnam Under the Communists

▪ Harsh rules on the south

▪ Hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country

• Most in small boats

• Many drowned

• Survivors landed in refugee camps in neighboring countries

• Some settled in the United States

▪ In Vietnam recovery was slow

• American-led embargo

• For years the country was in poverty

Section 5: The End of the Cold War

I. The Soviet Union Declines

o A Hollow Victory

▪ Few rewards to victory in WWII for USSR

o Reforms Give Way to Repression

▪ Khrushchev-More freedom than Stalin

▪ Khrushchev still committed to command economy

▪ 1956:Khrushchev sent tanks to Hungary to enforce obedience

▪ 1968: Leonid Brezhnev did the same with Prague Spring

o The Command Economy Stagnates

▪ Equipment from Germany was used to build economy after WWII

▪ Sputnik I—First artificial satilite

▪ Collectivized agriculture was unproductive

▪ Command economy could not match capitalism

▪ Soviet supplies were not as good quality

• Therefore, luxury was rare

o Cracking Under the Burden of Military Commitments

▪ Both sides built nuclear weapons

▪ The arms race put strain on Soviet command economy

o Soviets Have their own “Vietnam” in Afghanistan

▪ 1979: Long war in Afghanistan for Soviets

▪ Soviet-supported government tried to modernize the country

• Social reforms, land redistribution

• In order to reduce power of local land owners

• Afghan landlords—commanded armed men as warlords

• Challenged by both Muslims and Afghan landlords

o Why? Challenged Islamic tradition

• Mujahedin—Muslim religious warriors

o Soviets had trouble fighting these people

▪ 1980s: US began to smuggle modern weaponry to the mujahedin

o Gorbachev Tries Reform

▪ 1985: Gorbachev in power in Soviet Union

▪ Wanted to avoid Cold War confrontations

• Signed arms control treaties with US and pulled Soviets out of Afghanistan

▪ Glasnost, openness

▪ Perestroika, restructuring of the government and economy

▪ Reduced size of bureaucracy and backed limited private entereprise

o An Empire Crumbles

▪ Economic turmoil

• Shortages grew and prices soared

• Factories needed government help

• High unemployment

▪ Gorbachev’s policies fed unrest

• Poland to Bulgaria broke out of soviet bloc in 1989

• Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania regained independence

▪ Gorbachev tried to restore power, but coup failed and he resigned as president

▪ 1991: Remaining republics separated to form 12 independent nations

▪ After 69 years, Soviet Union collapsed

II. Changes Transform Eastern Europe

o Demands for Freedom Increase

▪ 1960: change

o Hungary Quietly Reforms

▪ Hungary made reforms including somewhat market economy

▪ New parties were formed, communism eased up

o Poland Embraces Solidarity

▪ 1980: Economic hardships

• strikes by shipyard workers

• Organized Solidarity, an independent labor union

▪ Under Soviet pressure, Polish government outlawed union and arrested leaders

▪ Pope John Paul went to Poland and met with union members and criticized communism

o East Germans Demand Change

▪ East Germany resisted Gorbachev’s call for change

▪ 1988: Banned Soviet publications

• Glasnost subversive

▪ Communists blocked change in East Germany

▪ East Germans now watch television from West Germany

• Berlin Wall Divided

• Demanded change

o Communist Governments Fall

▪ People took to streets demanding reform

▪ First time since 1939, eastern European nations were free

▪ 1991: Warsaw pact was crumbled

o Czechoslovakia Splits

▪ Czechoslovakia was reunited under communist control

▪ 1992: Czechoslovakia divided peacefully into Slovakia and the Czech Republic

III. Communism Declines Around the World

o China Builds on Deng’s Reforms

▪ Economic reforms generated economic boom

o Vietnam and North Korea Differ

▪ Vietnam changed economically

• Encouraged tourism

• Exported coffee

▪ North Korea

• Isolation

• Rejected all reforms

• 100,000s of deaths to famine

o Cuba Declines

▪ Without Soviet support crippled

IV. The United States as Sole Superpower

o US unsure of new role in the world

o Mixed reactions to unrivaled power

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download