Ms Yoshida World
The Cold War 1945-1991
Section 5 (previous WWII Chapter)
I. The Alliance Breaks Apart
o U.S. abandon the traditional policy of isolationism to combat communism
o Differences Grow Between the Allies
▪ Divisions deepened after reparations in Germany and the nature of the governments of Eastern Europe caused issues
▪ Mutual disinterest and conflicting ideologies
o The Cold War Begins
▪ Stalin wanted to spread communism and a group of buffer countries as defense from Germany
▪ During wartime conferences Stalin tried to persuade western nations to accept communism in these countries
▪ Soviets determined that G.B. and U.S. should not consult the peace terms for Eastern Europe, as G.B. and U.S. were not accepting Soviet consolation for Japan and Italy terms
• Eastern Europe gained much Soviet control.
• Stalin promised elections in the these nations but ignored pledge
o New Conflicts Develop
▪ 1948: Greece rebels supported by Soviet Union against G.B.
o The Truman Doctrine
▪ March 12, 1947: Truman outlined new policy
• U.S. responsibility to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
• Containment ideology
• U.S. to send military and economic aid to other countries to withstand communism
o The Marshall Plan
▪ Hunger and poverty made Western Europe breeding ground for communism
▪ Marshall Plan to combat communism
• U.S. funneled food, and economic assistance to Europe to rebuild
• Billions of dollars
• Truman also allocated money for Soviets and its satellite nations, Stalin declined
o Germany Stays Divided
▪ Soviets took reparations for its losses by dismantling and moving factories and other resources in its occupation zone
▪ U.S., G.B., and France took reparations as well
• Western nations wanted Germany to recover economically to restore politics
• Western allies united their zones
• Marshall Plan extended to Western Germany
• Eastern Germany was Soviet
o Berlin Airlift
▪ Crisis in Berlin
▪ Berlin in East Germany, but occupied by all allies
▪ 1948: Stalin tried to force out allies with blockade, allies responded with air supplies
• For more than a year, cargo planes supplied West Berliners with food and fuel
• Soviets ended their blockade
o Opposing Alliances
▪ NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• U.S., Canada, and ten other countries to help each other when in need
▪ 1955: Warsaw Pact
• Response to NATO
Section 1: The Cold War Unfolds
I. Two Sides Face Off in Europe
o Superpowers(nations stronger than other powerful nations: USSR and USA
o Armies confronted each other after WWII in Europe
▪ Each superpower formed a European military alliance made up of the nations that it occupied or protected
▪ NATO(US backed North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Western Europe
▪ Warsaw Pact(Soviet backed in Eastern Europe
▪ Iron Curtin(Tense line between democratic West and communist East.
o A Wall Divides Berlin
▪ Berlin(key focus of Cold War tensions
▪ Country was split into democratic West Berlin and communist East Berlin
▪ Exodus of East Berlins fled to West Berlin
• To stop this, East Germany built a wall in 1961
• Berlin Wall(massive concrete barrier topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards.
o Stopped workers from fleeing
o Eastern Europe Resists
▪ Resistance of Soviet domination in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
▪ 1953: One of the earliest revolts in East Berlin
• 50,000 workers confronted army in German capitol
• Uprising spread, but couldn’t stand up to Russian tanks
▪ 1956: Poland and Hungary challenged Soviets in the name of economic reform
• Hungary leader, Imre Nagy tried to end one-party rule and withdraw from the Warsaw Pact
o Nagy was executed later by Soviets
▪ 1968: Czechoslovakia
• Leader Alexander Dubcek introduced greater freedom of expression and limited democracy known as Prague Spring.
• Massive Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to end uprising
II. Nuclear Weapons Threaten the World
o Arms race right after World War II
o By 1949: The Soviet Union had developed nuclear weapons
o By 1953: U.S. and Soviet Union both had developed hydrogen bombs
▪ More destructive than Atomic Bombs
o Balance of Terror(Each side knew that the other side would itself be destroyed if it launched its weapons
▪ Discouraged nuclear war
o Limiting Nuclear Weapons
▪ Disarmaments talks
▪ Mutual distrust slowed the process
▪ 1969: U.S. began Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by each side
• 1972 and 1979, both sides singed agreements setting limits
▪ Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)(missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries.
• ABMs were threat to balance of terror as one side had some protection, encouraging the protected side to attack
▪ 1980s: President Reagan launched “Star Wars” missile defense against nuclear attack
• Some say this program violated the ABM treaty
▪ 1991: Both sides signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
o Building Détente (Day-Tahnt)
▪ Détente(A relaxation of tensions, during the 1970s; ended in 1979
▪ U.S. strategy was to retrain the Soviet Union through diplomacy rather than military intervention
▪ Ended in 1979 when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
o Stopping the Spread of Nuclear Weapons
▪ By late 1960s: Britain, France, and China developed their own nuclear weapons
▪ 1968: Many nations signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
• Agreed to stop developing nuclear weapons or the spread
III. The Cold War Goes Global
o Soviets were assisting forces in Korea and China following WWII
o Building Alliances and Bases
▪ To contain Soviet power, U.S. reached out to the rest of the world diplomatically and militarily
▪ NATO alliance with Europe’s democracies was one of several alliances
▪ 1955: SEATO(Southeast-Asia Treaty Organization
• Included U.S., Britain, France, Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand and the Philippines
• CENTO(Central Treaty Organization
o Included Britain, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan
▪ Soviets built alliances with Africa and Asian countries
• Soviet Block(Soviets and her allies
o Where the Cold War Got Hot
▪ Superpowers provided weapons to aligned nations and helped with local battles
o Cuba Goes Communist
▪ 1950s: Fidel Castro organized an armed rebellion against Batista
▪ 1959: Cuba under Fidel Castro power
• Cuban Revolution
▪ 1961: JFK supported the Bay of Pigs
• Trade embargo
▪ 1962: Soviet Union sent nuclear missiles to Cuba
• JFK imposed naval blockade
IV. The Soviet Union in the Cold War
o Stalin died in 1953
o Soviet Communism
▪ Communist ideology to spread across the world including command economy
o Stalin’s Successors Hold the Line
▪ 1953: Nikita Khrushchev became new Soviet leader after Stalin
▪ 1956: publically denounced Stalin’s abuse of power
▪ Khrushchev closed prison camps and eased censorship
• Wanted peaceful co-existance with the world
▪ mid-1960s-1982: Leonid Brezhnev held power
o Some Soviets Bravely Resist
▪ Some spoke out against Soviet control but were often silenced by government by exiled or prison camps or death
V. The United States in the Cold War
o Free Markets
▪ Capitalism
▪ Supply and demand
▪ U.S. (mixed economy
o Containing the Soviet Union
▪ Containment(strategy of containing communism, or keeping it within its existing boundaries and preventing further expansion.
• Supporting any country or government threatened by communism
o Living with Nuclear Dangers
▪ Fallout shelters
▪ Air-raid drills in the 1950s to 1970s
o Seeking Enemies Within
▪ “Red Scare”(Cold War fears in the United States
▪ Senator Joseph McCarthy’s witch hunt
Section 2: The Industrialized Democracies
I. America Prospers and Changes
o America became a model for other countries and the dollar was the world’s strongest currency
o America Plays a Central Role
▪ Headquarters of League of Nations was in neutral Switzerland
▪ The Headquarters of the new United Nations was in New York
▪ Huge economic superpower; Other nations needed U.S. goods and foreign trade to prosper
▪ Washington DC housed the IMF and World Bank
o The Postwar American Boom
▪ Recessions were mild and brief during 1950s and 1960s
▪ Suburbanization
o An Oil Shock Brings Recession
▪ Political crisis in the Middle East led to decreased oil exports
▪ Oil prices soared
II. Democracy Expands Opportunities
o Ethnic minorities and women still not equal during this time in America
o Segregation and Discrimination
▪ Prosperity boom did not benefit all equally
o Americans Demand Civil Rights
▪ 1956: MLK emerged
o Women Demand Equality
o Government’s Role Grows
▪ 1960s: Government further expanded social programs to help the poor and disadvantaged
▪ Congress fueled medicare and other housing programs for the poor
o Republicans Respond
▪ 1980s: Reagan and Republican Party called for cutbacks in taxes and government spending
▪ Congress ended some social programs
▪ Reduced government regulation
▪ Military increased spending
▪ National budget deficit grew (spending more, but receiving less in taxes)
• To make up for this more social cuts took place
III. Western Europe Rebuilds
o Germany Divided and Reunited
▪ Germany split into two separate countries by 1949.
• West Germany ( NATO(Democratic
o Saw an economic boom
• East Germany ( Warsaw (Communist
o Stagnated command economy
• 40 years was like this
• Berlin Wall split the two countries
▪ 1989: Germans demanded reunification
▪ 1990: German voters approved reunification
o West Germany’s “Economic Miracle”
▪ Through Marshall Plan and capitalism, West Germany’s economy boomed
o Britain’s Narrowed Horizons
▪ Economy was slow to recover from war
▪ Despite US financial assistance through Marshall Plan, Britain couldn’t afford large military overseas
• Abandoned it’s colonial empire overseas
▪ Britain’s economy recovered during 1950s and 1960s, without a large boom
o Other European Nations Prosper
▪ Most greatly weakened by war
▪ European colonial powers like Belgium and the Netherlands gave in to demands for independence from former colonies
• France abandoned empire after wars in Vietnam and Algeria
o Building the Welfare State
▪ Welfare State = country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.
▪ 1945: European governments extended social programs to middle and poor classes to have health care, unemployment insurance and old-age pensions
▪ Welfare state = higher taxes and greater government regulation of private enterprise
o Limiting the Welfare State
▪ 1979: British voters turned to conservative party to denounce the welfare state as costly and inefficient
• Margaret Thatcher led this
• Under her, reduced social welfare programs and returned industries to the private sector
o Toward European Unity
▪ European Coal and Steel Community set up free trade in coal and steel among member states by eliminating tariffs and other barriers that limit trade
• Lead to economic growth in Western Europe
▪ European Community( Established free trade between member nations for all productions
IV. Japan is Transformed
o 10,000s of Japanese were homeless and hungry
o America Occupiers Bring Changes
▪ Under MacArthur, Japanese emperor lost all power
▪ New government became a parliamentary democracy
▪ Education was opened to all people
▪ Land-reform program brought out large landowners and gave to landless farmers
▪ US also provided funds to rebuild
▪ 1952: US ended occupation and signed peace treaty
• Still US had military bases in Japan
o Japan Develops a Democracy
o An Economic Miracle Relies on Exports
▪ Japan’s GDP soared year after year.
▪ Japan had goals for export
Section 3: Communism Spreads In East Asia
I. China’s Communist Revolution
o By end of WWII communist had gained control of much of North China.
o After Japan’s defeat, Communist fought nationalists in civil war
▪ Mao (communist forces) won
▪ People’s Republic of China formed
▪ Nationalists retreated to Taiwan
o How the Communists Won
▪ Mao had support of China’s huge peasant population
• Communists redistributed land to poor
▪ Nationalist policies had lead to widespread economic hardship
▪ Chinese people resented the corruption of Jaing’s government
▪ Communists hoped that Mao would build a new China and end foreign domination
▪ 1950: Communists conquered Tibet
• The Dalai Lama forced to flee country at this time
o Changing Chinese Society
▪ Mao built a Communist one-party totalitarian state in the People’s Republic of China
▪ Communist government encouraged practice of Buddhism, Confucianism and other traditional Chinese beliefs
▪ Government seized property of rural landlord and urban business owners
▪ Opponents were called counterrevolutionaries
• Bourgeoisie, or middle class, were accused of these ideas and were beaten, sent to labor camps or killed
▪ Chinese built dams, and factories with help of the Soviets
▪ At first, Mao distributed land to peasants, but then he called for collectivization
• Collectivization( the forced pooling of peasant land and labor in an attempt to increase productivity
o The Great Leap Forward Fails
▪ 1958-1960: Great Leap Forward
• Urged people to make efforts to increase farm and industrial output
• Communes to do this
o Up to 25,000 people brought together to do this
o Turned out bad as low quality and useless goods emerged
o Shortages for the workers
o Bad weather hurt as well
o Between 1959-1961: 55 million starved to death
o The Cultural Revolution Disrupts Life
▪ China slowly recovered from Great Leap Forward
• Reduced commune sizes and took more practical approach to economy
▪ Cultural Revolution
• Launched by Mao in 1966
• Goal to purge China of the bourgeois tendencies and encouraged youth to experience a revelation like he had
o Teens formed bands of Red Guards and attacked the bourgeois
▪ Beat and sometimes killed
▪ Skilled workers were forced to leave and work on a farm or forced labor camps
▪ Schools and factories closed
▪ Finally Mao had army restore order
II. China, the Cold War’s “Wild Card”
o Split with the Soviet Union
▪ 1950s: Soviets and China uneasy allies
▪ Stalin sent financial aid, but still there was distrust
▪ Soviets withdrew all aid after tensions and boarder clashes existed
o Washington Plays the China Card
▪ After nationalist went to Taiwan, the US recognized this country as the real China
▪ Washington refused to acknowledge China as China
▪ However, the US realized later on that they could use China as a threat against Soviet Union and replaced Taiwan with China on the UN.
• 1979: Formal diplomatic ties between US and China
o Taiwan and the Nationalists
▪ Martial law continued to rule Taiwan with the nationalists
▪ 1980s: Taiwan ended martial law and allowed opposition parties
▪ China saw Taiwan as breakaway province and threatened military action against independence
III. War Comes to Korea
o Split like Germany following WWII
o A Divided Nation
▪ After Japan’s defeat in WWII, Soviet and American forces agreed to divide Korea on the 38th parallel.
▪ North Korea (Kim Il Sung) became communist ally of the Soviet Union
▪ South Korea (dictatorial, but not communist) backed by the US
o North Korea Attack Brings a United Nations Response
▪ Both wanted to rule the entire country
▪ 1950: Kim Il Sung called for a ‘heroic struggle’ to reunite Korea
▪ North Korea attacked in 1950, and over ran the South
• UN said this is bad
• UN and US backed the South Korean army
▪ North Korea finally surrendered in the South
o China Reverses United Nations Gains
▪ Korean War alarmed China, in November Mao sent hundreds of thousands of troops to back North Korea.
▪ China helped to force troops back to the 38th parallel
▪ 1953: Stalemate, both sides signed an armistice
▪ DMZ: Demilitarized Zone, no military forces near the 38th parallel
▪ No peace treaty ever negotiated
IV. Two Koreas
o North Korea remains communist (economic stagnation
o South Korea capitalist ( Economic boom
▪ Governed by a series of dictators and military rulers during much of the Cold War
o South Korea Recovers
▪ Slowly rebuilt economy after war
▪ 1960s: economy leaped ahead
▪ Direct elections held in 1987
• Lead to successful transition to democracy
o North Korea Digs In
▪ Under Kim Il Sung, command economy produce a lot of output for some time
▪ 1960s: Economic growth slowed
▪ Isolated and poor nation
▪ Even after Soviets reformed, North Korea still kept hard communism
Section 4: War in Southeast Asia
I. Indochina After World War II
o In Southeast Asia after WWII, agonizing liberation struggle tore apart region once known as Indochina.
▪ 30 year conflict
▪ Two Phases: First against French (1946-1954) and second Cold War conflict that involved the US and raged for 1955 to 1975.
o Indochina Under Foreign Rule
▪ Indochina was conquered by French during 1800s
▪ Japanese overran during World War II
• Local Guerrillas in Vietnam resisted
• Guerrillas were influenced by communist opposition to European colonial powers
o Ho Chi Minh Fights the French
▪ After Japanese were defeated, French tried to regain control in 1946
▪ Guerrilla forces resisted and were led by Ho Chi Minh
• Ho Chi Minh—Nationalist and communist who had fought the Japanese and then the French in the First Indochina War.
• French left after Vietnamese victory in 1954
• Laos and Cambodia gained independence sepeartely
o Vietnam is Divided
▪ After 1954: Vietnam became part of the Cold War
▪ Western and communist powers split Vietnam: North Communism, South non communist government led by Ngo Dinh Diem
▪ Elections were to place to reunite Vietnam, but never happened
• US and Ngo Dinh Diem thought Communists might win
• Ngo Dinh Diem was backed by US but was still a dictator
▪ By 1960s, communist guerrilla fighters appeared in South Vietnam
• Saw fight as nationalistic struggle to liberate Vietnam from foreign domination
II. America Enters the Vietnam War
o Domino Theory—The view that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism
o The War Intensifies
▪ Ho Chi Minh was determined to reunite Vietnam under communist rule
▪ Ho Chi Minh aided the Viet Cong or the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnam’s government
▪ US only sent supplies to south Vietnam at first, but then thousands of troops turning local struggle into Cold War hot war.
o August 1, 1964: South Vietnamese held raids on North Vietnamese islands
▪ Next day, North Vietnamese attacked US Navy Destroyer the Maddox
▪ President Johnson reported attacks to Congress but didn’t mention the South Vietnamese raids
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug 7, 1964
o Authorized the President to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression
• 500,000 US men were committed to the war(Many drafted
• Soviet Union and China sent aid, not men, to North Vietnam
o Guerrilla War
▪ Rebels knew the country side well, and used it to their advantage over the US troops
o The Tet Offensive
▪ South Vietnam failed to beat North Vietnam
▪ Tet( The Vietnamese New Year
• Tet Offensive is when guerrilla forces came out of the jungles and attacked the Americans in 1968
• Marked the turning point in American opinion about the war
III. The Vietnamese War Ends
o After US deaths and South Vietnamese civilian deaths, American opinion changed
o Many POWs or MIA
o More Americans Oppose the War
▪ America divided about the war
▪ Many young people demonstrated against Vietnam war
o America Withdraws
▪ President Johnson did NOT run for a second term
▪ President Nixon was under pressure to terminate American involvement
• Negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in January 1973
o Established a cease-fire
o US removed troops
o North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South
o Left South Vietnam to determine its own future and set goal of peaceful reunification with North
o North Vietnam Wins the War
▪ North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam after two years
▪ South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976
IV. Southeast Asia After the War
o Dominos did fall after US left—Cambodia and Laos became part of communist Vietnam
o Tragedy in Cambodia
▪ During Vietnam war, fighting went to Cambodia
▪ 1970, US bombed North Vietnamese supply routes in Cambodia and then briefly invaded
▪ 1975: Cambodian communist guerrillas overthrew government
o Vietnam Under the Communists
▪ Harsh rules on the south
▪ Hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country
• Most in small boats
• Many drowned
• Survivors landed in refugee camps in neighboring countries
• Some settled in the United States
▪ In Vietnam recovery was slow
• American-led embargo
• For years the country was in poverty
Section 5: The End of the Cold War
I. The Soviet Union Declines
o A Hollow Victory
▪ Few rewards to victory in WWII for USSR
o Reforms Give Way to Repression
▪ Khrushchev-More freedom than Stalin
▪ Khrushchev still committed to command economy
▪ 1956:Khrushchev sent tanks to Hungary to enforce obedience
▪ 1968: Leonid Brezhnev did the same with Prague Spring
o The Command Economy Stagnates
▪ Equipment from Germany was used to build economy after WWII
▪ Sputnik I—First artificial satilite
▪ Collectivized agriculture was unproductive
▪ Command economy could not match capitalism
▪ Soviet supplies were not as good quality
• Therefore, luxury was rare
o Cracking Under the Burden of Military Commitments
▪ Both sides built nuclear weapons
▪ The arms race put strain on Soviet command economy
o Soviets Have their own “Vietnam” in Afghanistan
▪ 1979: Long war in Afghanistan for Soviets
▪ Soviet-supported government tried to modernize the country
• Social reforms, land redistribution
• In order to reduce power of local land owners
• Afghan landlords—commanded armed men as warlords
• Challenged by both Muslims and Afghan landlords
o Why? Challenged Islamic tradition
• Mujahedin—Muslim religious warriors
o Soviets had trouble fighting these people
▪ 1980s: US began to smuggle modern weaponry to the mujahedin
o Gorbachev Tries Reform
▪ 1985: Gorbachev in power in Soviet Union
▪ Wanted to avoid Cold War confrontations
• Signed arms control treaties with US and pulled Soviets out of Afghanistan
▪ Glasnost, openness
▪ Perestroika, restructuring of the government and economy
▪ Reduced size of bureaucracy and backed limited private entereprise
o An Empire Crumbles
▪ Economic turmoil
• Shortages grew and prices soared
• Factories needed government help
• High unemployment
▪ Gorbachev’s policies fed unrest
• Poland to Bulgaria broke out of soviet bloc in 1989
• Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania regained independence
▪ Gorbachev tried to restore power, but coup failed and he resigned as president
▪ 1991: Remaining republics separated to form 12 independent nations
▪ After 69 years, Soviet Union collapsed
II. Changes Transform Eastern Europe
o Demands for Freedom Increase
▪ 1960: change
o Hungary Quietly Reforms
▪ Hungary made reforms including somewhat market economy
▪ New parties were formed, communism eased up
o Poland Embraces Solidarity
▪ 1980: Economic hardships
• strikes by shipyard workers
• Organized Solidarity, an independent labor union
▪ Under Soviet pressure, Polish government outlawed union and arrested leaders
▪ Pope John Paul went to Poland and met with union members and criticized communism
o East Germans Demand Change
▪ East Germany resisted Gorbachev’s call for change
▪ 1988: Banned Soviet publications
• Glasnost subversive
▪ Communists blocked change in East Germany
▪ East Germans now watch television from West Germany
• Berlin Wall Divided
• Demanded change
o Communist Governments Fall
▪ People took to streets demanding reform
▪ First time since 1939, eastern European nations were free
▪ 1991: Warsaw pact was crumbled
o Czechoslovakia Splits
▪ Czechoslovakia was reunited under communist control
▪ 1992: Czechoslovakia divided peacefully into Slovakia and the Czech Republic
III. Communism Declines Around the World
o China Builds on Deng’s Reforms
▪ Economic reforms generated economic boom
o Vietnam and North Korea Differ
▪ Vietnam changed economically
• Encouraged tourism
• Exported coffee
▪ North Korea
• Isolation
• Rejected all reforms
• 100,000s of deaths to famine
o Cuba Declines
▪ Without Soviet support crippled
IV. The United States as Sole Superpower
o US unsure of new role in the world
o Mixed reactions to unrivaled power
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