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← World War II

← Section 2

← World Economy in the 1920s

← Europe depressed

← United States experiencing an economic boom

← World Leaders

← 1922 Benito Mussolini & Fascist party take power in Italy

← Vladimir Lenin & Bolsheviks establish communist government in Russia

› USSR established

› Joseph Stalin gains control when Lenin dies

← World Leaders

← 1931 Militarists in take control of Japan

› Target Manchuria, China (attack in 1937)

← 1932 President Hoover faces the bonus Army in Washington, D.C.

← 1933 Hitler seizes power in Germany

← 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) inaugurated

← World Leaders

← 1936 Hitler reoccupies Rhineland

› In the name of lebensraum (living space)

› Needed resources to bring Germany out of depression

← Spanish Civil War begins (1936)

› Rebellion led by Francisco Franco

› Backed by Falangists (Spanish Fascists)

← U.S. Isolationism

← Congress passed first Neutrality Act 1935

› Response to findings of the Nye Committee

› Made it illegal to sell arms to a country at war

← FDR favored internationalism

› Trade helps create prosperity and prevents war

← Congress passed second Neutrality Act 1937

› Continued ban & required cash for all sales

← FDR authorized sale of weapons to China

› On the basis that neither Japan nor China had declared war

› Appeasing a Dictator

← March 1938

› Hitler announces Anschluss of Germany & Austria

← September 1938

› Munich Conference

← Britain & France try to appease Hitler by allowing him to take control of Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)

← October 1938

› Hitler demands Poland

← Britain & France declare their allegiance to defending Poland

← Obviously the appeasement policy was innefective

← Fall of Eastern Europe

← May 1939

› Germany prepares to invade Poland

← This will give Hitler access to the Baltic Sea

← August 1939

› Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

← Germany + USSR – agreed to divide Poland

← September 1, 1939

› Germany invades Poland from west

← Soon after Soviets invade from the east

← Poland defeated

← September 3, 1939

› Britain & France declare war on Germany

← September 27, 1939

› Germany uses Blitzkrieg (lightning war) tactic and Warsaw soon falls to Germany control

← October 5, 1939

› Polish army officially defeated (defeated in about 6 weeks)

← World War II in 1940

← April 1940

› Germany attacks Norway & Denmark (defeated in about a month)

← Secure northern flank for supplies and resources

› Britain & France remain on the defense in a Sitzkrieg (sitting war) behind the Maginot Line

← The Maginot Line

← Built after WWI in order to defend France’s border from Germany

← Germany Seizes France

← May 1940

› Germany heads (around the Maginot Line) and defeats the Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg

› France defends the Maginot Line

› German tanks go through Ardennes Mountains, break through French forces using blitzkrieg.

← Trap British & English forces in Belgium

← Miracle at Dunkirk

← Hitler orders invasion to stop (?)

← In the span of 3 days, 338,000 British & English troops evacuated to safety by civilians and other military personnel from the French port of Dunkirk

← June 22, 1940

› France surrenders to Hitler

› Vichy Government established in France

› Hitler believed that Britain would negotiate peace once France surrendered

› Hitler did not realize the defiance of the British nor the leadership of Winston Churchill

← Sir Winston Churchill

← Britain’s Prime Minister during WWII

← Refused to consider defeat, surrender, or compromise defeat

← Speeches and radio broadcasts greatly inspired British citizens

← Winston Churchill Museum at Westminster College in Fulton, MO

← Destroyed in WWII during the Blitz

› Began with 76 consecutive nights of bombings on London on Sept 1940 ended in May 1941

← British Defiance

← June 4, 1940

› Winston Churchill rallies British & alerts the US

← June 1940

› Luftwaffe (German air force) begins attacks on British shipping in the English Channel

› Germany needed to gain control of air in order to land an invasion

← August 1940

› Battle of Britain

← Luftwaffe battles British Royal Air Force

← Lasted into the Fall 1940

← British Defiance

← August 23, 1940

› Germany accidentally bombs London (enrages British)

› British retaliates and bombs Berlin (enraged Hitler) who then orders the focus of air bombs to London

← Radar

› Development of radar helped the British defeat German air force

› Saved Britain from invasion

› “Never was so much owed by so many to so few”

← Winston Churchill

← October 12, 1940

› Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain

← World War II

← Section 3

← The Holocaust

← The Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other “undesirables” during the war

← The Holocaust was aimed at the Jews, Slavic people, the disabled, Gypsies, and homosexuals

← Nuremberg Laws

← Nuremberg Laws, 1935

› No citizenship for Jews

› Banned marriages between Jews and Germans

› Rights were taken away

› Jobs were taken away

← Why didn’t the Jews just leave Germany?

← Nearly 350,000 Jews escaped Germany by 1939, but millions were trapped in Germany because other countries did not approve visas for them to leave

← What was Kristallnacht?

← November 9, 1938, was known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass”

← 90 Jews died, hundreds were injured, thousands of Jewish business were destroyed, and 180 synagogues were wrecked

← Nazis ordered police to not interfere

← The Final Solution

← At Wannsee Conference the Nazis developed a plan to round up Jews and other “undesirables” and take them to concentration camps

← Healthy individuals worked as slave labor

← The elderly, sick, and young children were sent to extermination camps

← Within a few years Jewish culture had been eliminated from lands conquered by the Nazis

← How did the U.S. initially support England?

← The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the U.S. on a cash and carry basis

← FDR also sent 50 old naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build military bases in British controlled land

← What was the American First Committee?

← After Germany invaded France many Americans sided with the Allies

← The American First Committee opposed any American intervention in Europe

← Members included Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh

← The Election of 1940

← FDR ran for a third term as the Democratic candidate

← Wendell Willkie ran as the Republican candidate

← They both promised to keep the U.S. neutral, but assist the Allies

← The Lend-Lease Act

← The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.”

← Hitler breaks the Non-Aggression pact with Stalin

← In June 1941 Hitler invaded the USSR, breaking the non-aggression pact with the USSR

← Hitler felt that Germany was not prepared in 1939 to fight the Russian

← Hitler was anti-communist and felt that the German military was prepared to defeat Stalin

← Meanwhile…back on the ranch

← What was the U.S. doing while Europe fought?

← FDR developed the Hemispheric Defense Zone, which declared the western hemisphere neutral

← The Atlantic Charter

← Atlantic Charter

› Churchill and FDR agreed to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas

← World War II

← Section 4

← The Export Control Act

← The Export Control Act restricted the sale of strategic material-materials important for fighting war

← Because of this Japan became very aggressive in acquiring land in Southeast Asia

← This blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan

← FDR then froze all U.S. assets of the Axis Powers

← Japan chooses its targets

← Japan, frustrated by the actions of FDR, decided to attack British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Pearl Harbor

← Pearl Harbor

← Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December, 7th, 1941

← The Japanese knew that many of the military personnel would be asleep early on Sunday mornings

← Pearl Harbor

← The first wave of attacks began around 8 am

← The Japanese launched fighter planes from aircraft carriers to bomb the naval base

← The second wave came around 45 minutes later

← The Japanese damaged 19 ships and 292 aircraft, while killing 2,403 Americans

← The Navy was fortunate that a group of ships had been out to sea that morning

← Response to Pearl Harbor

← On December 8, the U.S. declared war on Japan and entered World War II

← The Japanese response to the U.S. declaring war, “I believe we have woke a sleeping giant.”

← Forewarned

← Did FDR know about the Japanese attack?

› FDR probably knew about the Japanese attack, but did not know where it would occur

← No one figured they could attack Pearl Harbor because it was so far away

← Most military personnel thought the Japanese would launch an attach on the Philippines first

← Mobilization

← The U.S. began preparing for war before actually entering the war

← FDR believed the best way to mobilize was to provide incentives for companies to work quickly

← The industries convert

← What role did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation have in preparing for war?

› The Reconstruction Finance Corporation helped convert factories for war production

› Production

← The U.S. produced twice as much as Germany and five times as much as Japan during World War II

← Role of Industry

← All major industries and 200,000 companies converted to war production

← Car factories began to produce trucks, jeeps, and tanks

← Other factories built artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots, and other essential military supplies

← Industrial Leaders – Leading the War Effort

← Henry Ford created an assembly line for B-24 bombers

← Henry Kaiser produced Liberty Ships by welding instead of riveting, making them cheaper and easier to make

← Role of the Production Board

← FDR created the War Production Board which set priorities and production goals, while controlling raw materials

← Building the Military

← The Selective Service and Training Act was the 1st peacetime draft in U.S. history

← GI’s (government issue) went through an 8-week boot camp or basic training

← Training was short, but it helped develop camaraderie

← Role of African Americans in WWII

← African Americans were segregated into their own military units, commanded by white officers

← The Double V Campaign called for African Americans to join the military to fight racism at home and abroad

← The Tuskegee Airmen

← The Tuskegee Airmen were the most famous African American unit

← Segregation in the military officially ended in 1948 under President Harry Truman

← Role of Women in WWII

← The Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps allowed women to play a support role in military efforts

← Rosie the Riveter

← Labor shortages forced factories to hire women

← “Rosie the Riveter”

← 2.5 million women entered the workforce during World War II

← FDR begins the Civil Rights Movement

← FDR, by the urging of A. Philip Randolph (head of a major African American union), issued Executive Order 8802, which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring workers in the defense industries

← Bracero Program

← The Bracero Program arranged for Mexican farm workers to help harvest fruits and vegetables and maintain railroads

← Over 200,000 Mexicans participated in this program

← Expansion of Industry and its effects on the country

← Many Americans moved to the South and West with the expansion of industry to the Sunbelt region

← African Americans continued their Great Migration to cities in the North and West

← The Zoot Suit Riots

← Mexican American teens, characterized by their “zoot suits,” were accused of attacking several sailors in Los Angeles

← 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed Mexican American neighborhoods in L.A. looking for revenge

← Japanese Internment Camps

← When the west coast of the U.S. was declared a military zone, all people of Japanese descent were sent to internment camps

← The Price Administration

← The Office of Price Administration regulated wages and prices of farm products

← The Labor Board

← The War Labor Board prevented strikes by encouraging unions to issue a “no strike pledge”

← Daily Life during WWII

← Americans were encourage to ration

← Each month a book of ration coupons was given to households for food, clothes, and fuel

← Victory Gardens were encouraged

← Scrap drives collected spare rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel

← Americans even exchange bacon grease for extra rations because the grease was vital to the production of explosives

← E-bonds, which could be redeemed in the future for the purchase price plus interest, were sold to Americans

← The war united Americans

← World War II

← Section 5

← Bombing Tokyo

← James Doolittle led an attack on Tokyo in early 1942

← Doolittle’s attack did little damage, but it raised the spirit of Americans and showed Japan the U.S.’s military capabilities

← WWII Timeline

← December 17, 1941-Admiral Chester Nimitz was named head of the Pacific Naval Fleet

← February 23, 1942-A Japanese sub attacks an oil refinery in California, one of the few attacks on continental U.S.

← March 11, 1942-Douglas MacArthur withdraws from the Philippines vowing “I shall return”

← The Bataan Death March

← U.S. prisoners of war are forced to march 100 miles to a Japanese prison camp

← Thousands die from starvation and disease

← Casablanca Conference

← Churchill and FDR decided to increase the bombing of Germany in an effort to destroy its military, industrial, and economic systems

← Battle of Kasserine Pass

← George Patton led American ground forces

← Kasserine Pass was the first time the U.S. faced the Germans

← Germany surrendered North Africa shortly after the battle

← Battle of Midway

← The U.S. Naval victory at Midway Island stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific

← Battle of Guadalcanal

← Admiral William Halsey destroyed a Japanese fleet rendering them unable to re-supply their troops

← Guadalcanal was a definite turning point in the Pacific that allowed the U.S. to begin an offensive attack

← Invasion of Sicily

← Dwight Eisenhower was the commander

← George Patton and British General Montgomery seized the island and Italy surrendered

← Battle of Stalingrad

← The Russians finally stop the advance of German troops in the east

← The 3-month battle leaves 300,000 German casualties

← Germany begins to retreat

← D-Day

← Operation Overload

› 4,000 ships

› 6,000 war ships

› 10,000 planes

› 175,000 Allied troops

← Operation Overload was the name given to the Allied invasion of Europe

← The Normandy coast was the launching point, at the beaches with names like Juno, Sword, Omaha, and Utah

← WWII Timeline

← July 20, 1944-A failed attempt at assassinating Hitler leads to thousands of conspirators being killed

← August 10, 1944-The U.S. captures Guam, which would house the bomber the Enola Gay

← August 25, 1944-Paris is liberated from Nazi rule, women suspected of sleeping with German soldiers are led to the streets and had their heads shaved

← October 20, 1944-Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines and the Japanese begin kamikaze attacks

← The Manhattan Project

← The Manhattan Project was the development of an atomic bomb

← The project was headed by General Leslie R. Groves, with help of Robert Oppenheimer

← Albert Einstein warned FDR of the bombs potential

← Battle of the Bulge

← The last major German counter-offensive

← As the Allies were pushed back in the Ardennes Forest, a bulge on the Allied line is formed

← The 101st Airborne Division (Band of Brothers) holds the line

← The Yalta Conference

← FDR, Churchill, and Stalin discuss the final assault on Germany

← Create a peace organization called the United Nations

← Lay the groundwork for the division of postwar Europe

← Iwo Jima

← The Allies win the month long battle for the 8 square mile island that provides a staging ground for an attack on Japan

← Famous for the photo of the six marines raising the flag on Mt. Suribachi

← The Marines lost 6,800 men, while the Japanese lost more than 20,000 men

← Firebombing of Tokyo

← Curtis Lemay ordered the bombing of Tokyo with 2,000 tons of napalm, a gasoline gel

← Nearly 100,000 Tokyo residents died in one night

← The canals of Tokyo “boiled”

← WWII Timeline

← April 12, 1945-President Roosevelt dies from a brain hemorrhage in Warm Springs, GA, Truman becomes President

← April 30, 1945-Hitler marries Eva Braun and commits suicide

← May 1, 1945-V-E Day

← May 7, 1945-Germany officially surrenders

← July 16, 1945-First atomic bomb tested in New Mexico

← August 15, 1945-V-J Day

← The Atomic Bomb

← The Allies threatened Japan with “utter destruction”, but Japan did not respond

← August 6, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 80,000 immediately, while injuring 100,000

← Hiroshima & Nagasaki

← August 9, the U.S. dropped another bomb on Nagasaki

← The U.S. had no idea of the effect of radiation

← Was the use of these weapons necessary?

← Creation of the United Nations

← The United Nations was created to prevent war

← 39 nations formed the organization, with Britain, France, China, and the U.S. permanent members of the Security Council, giving them veto power

← The Nuremberg Trials

← The International Military Tribunal was created to punish German and Japanese leaders for war crimes

← Nazi leaders faced justice at the Nuremburg Trials

← Japanese military leaders faced trials as well, however, the Japanese Emperor was not indicted

← The Cost of World War II

← 50 million lives

› 7.5 million Russian troops

› 3.5 million Germans troops

› 2.2 million Chinese troops

› 1.2 million Japanese troops

› 22 million Russian civilians

› 6 million due to the Holocaust

› U.S. nearly 1 million casualties

← “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent” of Eastern Europe

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