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The Violation of Human Rights in Modern Cuba: Judicial Injustice and Depravity of Basic Human Needs In the Cuban Prison SystemSean ClarkHMR 161Prof. Schlotterbeck28 July 2015EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Cuban government is one of the last four remaining socialist nations of the Cold War, and it is peculiarly stable despite rampant support for reform within the country and dissatisfaction with the majority Communist party that supports Raúl Castro. The Cuban government maintains nationwide authority by controlling the national media coverage, by banning all forms of public dissidence, and (should all else fail) via aggressive imprisonment strategies to eliminate all persons who represent a threat to the communist state.Cuba has utilized a systematic program of arbitrary detention and indefinite trials to maintain the second largest prison program in the modern world. The prisons are overcrowded and not meant to support the number of prisoners that they contain. Many of these prisons do not contain the amenities needed for basic human living, and these conditions are used as a form of punishment on the prisoners. Prisoners report being beaten by prison guards, deprived of light and heat, and starved during their prison sentence. Many of these prisoners are being held without a definite release date, and some prisoners do not have a set trial date to receive a proper sentencing.Human Rights Watch has an extensive record of human rights violations committed?by?the Cuban prison system, namely violations of articles 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, and 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights set forth in 1948 by the United Nations. The prison system is a stabilizing force in Cuba that mitigates any insurrection within the communist state, and remedy of the human rights violations involved necessitate reform of the prison system and judicial system of Cuba. The Cuban government tends to deny the severity of these accusations, and in the past, it has opened the prisons to foreign journalists with mixed results. At times, the prisons seemed adequate enough to house prisoners on a long term basis, and on other occasions, the prisons appeared to be grossly inadequate or hiding behind a staged facade of adequacy.Former and current prisoners of Cuba such as the Americans, Douglas Moore and Alan Gross, and Cuban citizens, Armando Valladares and Yamil Domínguez, provide evidence that corroborates the claims made by HWR against the Cuban government. Videos have emerged from within Cuba’s prisons that document the conditions that the prisoners are living in and also corroborate these accusations of human rights violations.President Barack Obama and president Raúl Castro have welcomed the first political discussion between their respective countries of the?century. Known as the “Cuban Thaw,” this series of diplomatic negotiations has already introduced the reopening of political embassies between the two nations and the release of political prisoners on both nations’ soil. As the modern first world continues its diplomatic negotiations with Cuba, it will gain insight?into what?had been previously cut off to parties outside the nation’s borders; the Cuban Thaw has the potential to substantially validate the claims made against the Cuban government. As the home of the central headquarters of the United Nations and as a claimed proponent of human rights, the United States will be expected to address the alleged rights violations that Cuba has committed.HISTORICAL CONTEXTIMPERIALISM TO COMMUNISM: 1800s to Modern CubaCuba began its emergence into the era of globalization as a sugar plantation controlled by the Spanish. Located in a warm Caribbean environment as the westernmost destination of tides from coastal Africa, it enabled rapid transport of ships both from Africa to Cuba and from Cuba back to the Spanish homeland. The Spaniard's abolition of slavery in 1820 led to an underground slave trade that introduced a sharp increase in crime rate and made Cuba a hotbed for pirates and buccaneers. A war for independence in 1868 resulted in slavery existing in Cuba legally until 1886, but the decades of illegal slave trade made had already impacted the stability of the nation. United States expansionism in the 1800s brought civil unrest to Cuba, as locals feared that Americans would invade the island if it were not incorporated peacefully. In 1898, the U.S. finally validated this suspicion with its entrance into the Cuban War of Independence, which also instigated the short-lived Spanish-American War. The war finally resulted in withdrawal of Spain from Cuba, but the Platt Amendment of 1901 indicated that the U.S. intended to oversee Cuba as a benevolent overseer in the same fashion that Spain did. This began an era of civil unrest in Cuba akin to similar cases elsewhere within Latin America; the local inhabitants wanted political reform, and intervention by a superpower (in this case the United States) would work to quell that rebellious upheaval. The establishment of a Soviet embassy in 1943 marked a shift in Cuban politics and the emergence of a more organized countermovement to U.S. imperialism in the form of communism. Cuba now had two ideologies fighting for political dominance. By 1953, a young Fidel Castro had assimilated enough supporters for his Communist movement to stage an uprising. By 1959, with the help of the Argentinian Marxist Che Guevera, Castro became the Premier of Cuba and he retained this power (with a change in title to President) until he stepped down in 2008, transferring power to Raúl Castro.THE REIGN OF THE CASTRO FAMILYThe history of Cuba proceeding 1959 is of utmost relevance because that year marks the emergence of the Castro family as the controlling power of Cuba, whom maintain power to this day. Fidel Castro maintained control of Cuba under a pseudo-electorate identifying as a “single-party democracy.” His first seventeen years were spent as Prime Minister of Cuba, and the 1976 Constitution saw his title be changed to President of Cuba.U.S.-Cuban relations after the rise of the Communist Party of Cuba have been historically heated. Castro replaced a U.S. supporting government led by Fulgencio Batista. Cuba remained a close ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold War and tensions between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. made the Cuban regime seem too dangerous for the U.S. to passively defend against. The United States made a final attempt at sieging the Cuban capital in 1961 with the Bay of Pigs Invasion, but they were ultimately defeated by Castro’s army. The subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 led the world to the closest it came to nuclear warfare in the entirety of the Cold War. Despite being the key territory in the crisis, it was an insignificant political party during negotiations between American and Soviet government officials. Cuba reacted with increased hostility to the U.S. and a new distrust in the Soviet Union. This event ultimately resulted in the cessation of economic and diplomatic ties between Cuba and the United States.Since the Cuban Missile Crisis, the embargo has typically been reinforced, rather than weakened. Cuba was marked a state sponsor of terrorism in 1982. In 1992, another round of embargoes in the Cuba Democracy Act from Washington D.C. increased the tension between the two nations. The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 then established the conditions for relations to be reinstated, namely a new round of truly democratic election had to take place that did not involve the Castro family. This has not yet happened, as was earlier noted with the succession by Fidel Castro’s brother Raúl. George H.W. Bush’s son and 43rd President of the U.S. George W. Bush later reinforced his father’s policy. It wasn’t until the election of Barack Obama that Cuban-American relations finally began to open themselves up.POLITICAL THAW: POLITICAL DIPLOMACY AND ADDRESSING HUMAN RIGHTSPresident Obama and Raul Castro have offered the opportunity for better diplomatic relations. For the first time in half a century, the two presidents sat down with each other to discuss the future of their diplomatic relationship. Cuban-American relations were set back by the Cuban government’s arrest of Alan Gross, a visitor on behalf of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to Havana in 2009. Gross was sentenced to 15 years in Cuban prison for espionage against the communist state, a common reason for political imprisonment in Cuba. He was not released until 2014, when policy talks began between the two nations and Gross was released as a gesture of good faith amid another prisoner swap. During this time, President Obama and Raúl Castro publicly announced plans to reopen diplomatic relations. On July 20th of this year (2015), the U.S. reopened its embassy in Havanna, which hadn’t been under direct American control since 1961.As it currently stands, Cuba is one of only four countries that retain its status as a communist nation, and it is by far the closest neighbor to America, a key capitalist party in the Cold War. Cuba has managed to overcome a trend in which communist states collapse on themselves with internal political dissidence. Castro maintains this power both by the dominance of his governing party and by the systems and laws in place to quell minority parties from gaining support. All political parties are banned from campaigning or public political speech, making incumbents typically uncontested. All media is controlled and produced through the government, with just five news channels existing in the country, all run by the government. Should those measures fail and dissidents do gain substantial support, Cuba has its police and prison system to silence dissidence, and its prison system allegedly subjects detainees to inhumane conditions.Amid these allegations, Cuba has identified and released fifty-three political prisoners as a gesture to the American government that it intends to adjust its internal policies. It released these prisoners in 2014, but it is only on the Cuban government’s word that these consist of all the political prisoners within its prison system, and evidence from third party activist groups argues that this represents a minute fraction of the political prisoner population. It remains to be seen how the recent events will affect the Cuban prison system, but with more international observation than ever, Cuba is likely to experience higher scrutiny than it ever did before. Their treatment of prisoners will be under scrutiny, as their history of prisoner treatment is questionable at best.ANALYSISThe relations between Cuba and the United States are considered when analyzing Cubans history of humans rights violations because this issue originates from political and economic issues involved in the Cold War, which America had an extensive influence in. As the United States and Cuba begin to open their borders to each other, the first world will be closely scrutinizing both country’s actions; the United States has received drastic criticism itself for continued existence of the Guantanamo Bay detainee camp and Cuba has a reputation for equally poor treatment of its own prisoners. Cuba’s gesture of releasing fifty-three political prisoners and Alan Gross indicate that it is ready to at least marginally address these violations, and if Cuba intends to open itself up to the world then it can no longer ignore these accusations. Cuba is peculiar because it is a remaining remnant of the Cold War and the last existing dictatorship to use Marxist ideology, but surveys of the population do not present a country with particular stability. Over half of all Cubans surveyed would like to leave their country permanently. Half of those potential emigrants particularly wish to leave for America. Far more alarming is that sixty-nine percent of Cubans under thirty-four years old wish to leave, which does not bode well for the country's future. Eighty-one percent of Cubans are dissatisfied with their economic system and fifty-eight percent of people surveyed disapproved of the Communist Party that ran the government. In fact, American president Barack Obama has a higher approval rating in Cuba than their own president Raùl Castro.Cuba is plagued by a history of instability, and even in modern day the populace exhibits dissatisfaction with their country. A country without the support of the people requires another influential power to maintain stability, and Cuba maintains this stability with a powerful police and judiciary force that has very unrestricted power. By the nature of the laws in place, control over all media or open political expression, and with an unrestrained judicial system, Cuba has maintained its stability by being a modern day police state. Cuba’s most powerful weapon in maintaining order is its prison system. They can withhold a prisoner without trial for an indefinite amount of time. The Cuban government has arranged their laws so that virtually anyone can be arrested that is seen as a threat. Because of the excessive arrests, the prisons the suspects are sent to are overpopulated and poorly maintained. Worse yet, the prisoners are subjected to torture techniques in order to punish them, in order to maintain submission to prison guards, and to provoke false admissions of guilt.I. INDEFINITE SENTENCING WITHOUT TRIALCuba has developed a massive prison system to deal with one of the largest per capita prison populations in the world. It maintains the second largest prison population in the world, only beaten by the United States. If drug-related offenses are removed from the U.S. statistics (this makes up nearly half of all offenses), Cuba is the largest prison population in the world per capita with 510 prisoners per 100,000. It is estimated by Human Rights Watch that 65,000 people are currently held in detention, up from Cuba's publicly reported figure of 57,337 prisoners in 2012. The Cuban government hasn't offered recent figures to the public past 2012.Unique to Cuba as opposed to its American neighbors, many of Cuba’s prisoners are imprisoned without a judicial sentencing or a set trial date. In 2012, Cuba conducted 3,600 arbitrary detentions over the course of just nine months. The grounds on which arrests take place are similarly questionable, albeit for varied reasons [politically fueled arbitrary detention is addressed in the second section of this analysis]. Yaoni Sanchez visited Combinado del Este and encountered two Italian tourists, Vicenza Luigi Sartorio and Angelo Malavasi, accused of murder of a 12 year old female prostitute on an island they claim to have not even visited. These two prisoners had been awaiting their trial for over a year when Yaomi had spoken with them, as is typical in the Cuban judicial system. The Cuban government does not effectively offer an impartial justice system to its nation. Prisoners are ultimately detained at the discretion of the police, and this absence of a fair trial violates article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which identifies the right to a "fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal" as a basic human right. This also interferes with Article 8's declaration of the right to "effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him."II. IMPRISONMENT OF POLITICAL PRISONERSAccording to Amnesty International, there were five confirmed political prisoners whom were “detained solely for exercising their right to freedom of expression.” The Cuban government in 2012 detained 6,602 prisoners for political reasons. The Cuban government’s Criminal Code in Articles 72-90 make dangerousness an illegal act and simply being an individual “who habitually breaks the rules of social co-existence or disturbs the order of the community…is considered to be socially dangerous by virtue of being anti-social conduct.” This law interferes with the UDHR's articles 7 and 9, which protect individuals from discriminatory acts by the government and arbitrary detention, respectively. Several examples exist in which these laws are also used to interfere with Article 19 of the UDHR which guarantees the right to freedom of expression. Emilio Planas Robert and Iván Fernández Depestre were incarcerated for offenses of the state of dangerousness. Three brother activists in Cuba were brought up on similar charges; Alexeis, Vianco, and Django Vargas Martín were arrested for habitual propensity for generating disorder. The three brothers had their trial put on hold, but they remain in prison until their sentencing. All the preceeding examples were involved in some form of political rallying.Poor imprisonment conditions and torture, better analyzed in section III, was used to “rehabilitate” political dissidents. Armando Valladares, a political protester that simply refused to display pro-government paraphernalia at his work desk, was arrested as a terrorist and kept in solitary confinement for nine years. He was beaten and starved in order to coax him to be “rehabilitated,” but his continue refusal led to him being imprisoned for over twenty-two years. The Cuban government has responded by denying his claims and labeling him an enemy of the state. [Related to the pattern of political imprisonment by the Cuban government, many Cuban political prisoners are banned from traveling out of the country. Under these circumstances, they are considered by the government as “serving their sentence outside of prison.” Withholding these citizens’ right to travel maintains their statuses as prisoners, despite being held outside of prison walls. In many circumstances, these seizures of liberty to travel are indefinite. These prisoners are victims of human rights violations related to interference with Article 13-2 of the UDHR, but their circumstance is beyond the scope of this dossier.] III. IMPRISONMENT CONDITIONS AND THE USE OF TORTUREThe Cuban prison has notoriously poor sanitation and lacks the amenities of basic living standards (e.g. running water, waste disposal, insulation). In addition to the poor conditions existing within these prisons, the prison system is also grossly over capacity with the second largest prison population per capita in the world at 512 inmates per 100,000 capita. A nine by twelve cell will typically have three inmates. In harsher cases such as that of Yamin Domínguez, there have been alleged cases of a 117 square foot prison cell containing nine inmates.In relation to the two Italians accused of murdering a prostitute in section I of the analysis, a third suspect named Simone Pini was arrested in relation to the case an signed an admission of guilt. He retracted this admission, stating that he was forced to admit guilt amid torture and death threats. The Cuban government has been accused of using their prison system to break suspects. The Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) provides evidence that the Cuban prison system utilizes sensory deprivation and isolation tactics to generate prisoner submission and admittances of guilt from prisoners. Many of these techniques utilize the poor conditions of the cells being used, namely the lack of windows or air circulation for solitary confinement and temperature manipulation tactics. A former prisoner named Roberto de Jesús Guerra accuses the Cuban prison system for applying “the procedure of torture by confinement under extremely cold temperatures.” The Council of Rapporteurs reports that in 2008 there were seventy-one deaths in twenty-one prisons that were attributed to the application of these techniques. Testimony by Armando Valladares, who as it was earlier stated spent nine years in solitary confinement, indicates that prisoners who did not forfeit submission to the prison guards, labeled plantados, were given harsher treatment and less food. All these situations involved violations of Article 5 of the UDHR, which explicitly bans the application of torture or inhuman treatment of prisoners.IV. CONCLUDING REMARKSIt remains to be seen if the Cuban government will address and cease conductance of the violations of human rights that they have been accused of. The opening of diplomatic discussion between president Raul Castro (the first new president in nearly fifty years) with President Obama, a president with an extensive history of proponency and criticism of human rights, offers the best opportunity in half a century for the first world to understand the current conditions within Cuba and address the human rights being violated. Cuba's prison system has been utilized to maintain order in a political system that historically has failed, and it remains to be seen whether the country could actually sustain itself in its current form without committing violations of human rights. Whether the country welcomes reform or not, it is more likely than ever before to see drastic policy changes in favor of human rights in the incoming years.WORKS CITEDAmnesty International. (2013, August 5). Retrieved July 28, 2015.Baker, P. (2014, December 17). U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility. New York Times. Retrieved from , B. (2010). Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic and regional survey (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Brogioni, S. (2011). Accusato di omicidiodopo festino hard a Cuba. Retrieved July 28, 2015.The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1976. (1976, February 24). Retrieved July 27, 2015. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014: Cuba. (2014). Retrieved July 25, 2015.Cuba and the United States among the countries with highest rate of prisoners. (2015, July 27). Retrieved July 28, 2015.Cuba cometió 963 detenciones arbritrarias de opositores durante junio | Cuba, Raúl Castro, Libertad de expresión. (2014, July 1). Retrieved July 28, 2015.Cuba: Freedom of the Press. (2012). Retrieved July 28, 2015.Cuba releases 53 political prisoners as part of U.S. deal. (2015, January 12). Retrieved July 25, 2015.CUBA Torture, cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment; extrajudicial executions. (2009, November 6). Retrieved July 28, 2015. Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996. (1996). 104th U.S. Congress.Domínguez, Y. (2010, March 7). Combinado del Este. Retrieved July 28, 2015.Farley, R. (2014, December 23). What Was Alan Gross Doing in Cuba? Retrieved July 25, 2015.Fidel Castro: Cuba's revolutionary leader. (n.d.). Web. Retrieved July 25, 2015.Fulgencio Batista | biography - Cuban dictator. (2014, July 7). Retrieved July 27, 2015.“Havana, Chile” . Web. 21 July 2015.Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights. (1998). Martinus Nijhoff.Nigel, H. (n.d.). Slavery and Rebellion in Cuba. Web. Retrieved July 25, 2015.Nigel, H. (n.d.). Ten Years War (1868-1878). Web. Retrieved July 25, 2015.Platt Amendment (1903). (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2015.Poll: Majority of Cubans welcome warmer relations with the U.S. (2015, April 8). Retrieved July 27, 2015.Profile: Raul Castro - BBC News. (n.d.). Web. Retrieved July 25, 2015.Rainsford, S. (2013, May 1). A glimpse inside Cuba's prisons - BBC News. Retrieved July 25, 2015.Sanchez, Y. (2011, January 27). A Visit to Cuba's Largest Prison. Retrieved July 28, 2015.Sullivan, M. (2013). Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terrorism List. Congressional Research Service.Torture a Frequent Companion in Cuba Prisons, Ex-Inmates Say. (1986, August 24). Retrieved July 25, 2015.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved July 25, 2015.Wong, K. (n.d.). The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992: The Extraterrestrial Scope of Section 1706(a).World Report 2014: Cuba. (2013, December 17). Retrieved July 28, 2015.Case FileThe Cuban government in 2013 allowed for foreign journalists to visit federal prisons and see the conditions inside. Journalists were welcomed by the prisoners and workers, and some were welcomed to questioning. Inside the prison, three inmates were kept to a cell and cells did not have running water (typical in much of Cuba). Sentencing of prisoners led to radically different punishments, with petty theft leading to years in prison. Medical attention within the prison was also questionably suitable.The prison was completely prepared to accept visitors, as was indicative by the gifts and performances prepared by the prisoners. It is very likely that the prison was presented in a better than typical state to misrepresent the prison to the public, as Cuba knew the worldwide popularity of BBC and wanted to appeal to the world. Even behind this performance, certain problems could not be hidden: the “actors” were in prison for wildly different severities of crime and the prison was clearly overfilled. This resource is valuable because it presents a best case scenario for the conditions within the Cuban system. Even with somewhat acceptable conditions, clear inconsistencies appear in the prison that give evidence to the accusations of inhumane imprisonments. this video, inmates secretly recorded the conditions of Prisión de Guanajay in Habana. Grime can be seen on the floor inches thick and the toilet in the video was a simple hole in the ground. Sewage was leaking throughout the prison and sinks were filled with decaying food. An American named Douglas Moore gives a detailed account of his stay there, claiming to be regularly chained and beaten by the prison guards. He walks with a cane since entering the prison and he has significant bruises on his body, allegedly from the prison guard beatings.This video represents the worst conditions the prisoners could expose and could potentially be faxed or misrepresentative of the typical Cuban prison conditions. Still, these prisoners take significant risk to record this video and are likely to receive punishment once it is released. The prisoners must have a motive to take the risk of filming this video, indicating the level of desperation many of them have. If the first source is the argument for the best conditions of the Cuban prison system, this is the counterargument showing the worst conditions.This source is valuable because unlike the first source, it does not contain the bias of the Cuban government, who had the liberty to organize the event. Rights Watch presents a congregate of cases of unjust and arbitrary detentions within Cuban prisons. Over nine months, the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation received 3,600 reports of arbitrary detentions. The article suggests that many of these detentions were for political dissidence (e.g. expression of free speech that contradicts the platform of the single party government). Court cases are subjugated to the judicial and executive branch, often being delayed indefinitely while the accused parties are forced to stay within prison until their hearing comes up. Some difficult prisoners were offered freedom in exchange for relocation to Spain.Human Right Watch is a well known and respected resource on issues dealing with Human Rights. They are aggressive in their pursuit of expansion of civil liberties and rights, which leads to a seeming bias of overly harsh criticism at times, but they have also shown the capacity to extend that bias to first world countries that few others are willing to criticize, namely the United States.This article presents quantitative data on the issue that indicates that unsubstantiated imprisonment is common within the Cuban prison system, and this article gives a glimpse into the possible motives on behalf of the Cuban government to conduct themselves this way. Rights Watch directly asked the Cuban government to “halt the prosecution of citizens who are exercising the rights guaranteed under articles 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the UDHR,” and were outright refused by the Cuban government. Members of a human rights group in Holgúin were sentenced to three and two years in prison for insulting national symbols and causing public disorder, both exercises of free speech. During imprisonment, one of the people imprisoned developed a kidney infection allegedly due to bad prison conditions. Another dissident was arrested and sent to prison after protesting the imprisonment of his fellow protesters.In this case, Human Rights Watch gives specific examples of activists being unjustly imprisoned by the Cuban government and gives evidence of the decrepit conditions they are exposed to within the prison. Human Rights Watch could arguably have a bias in favor of the protesters, as human rights activists will be inclined to support and protect people with similar motives. This is an extremely personal account of the prison conditions by the Human Rights Watch and it was aggressively asserting that fellow human rights activists were being unfairly treated. This is a good opposite to the previous source which focused on statistical evidence. Valladares published a book about his experience in the Cuban prison system, specifically of the treatment he received that qualified as torture. The Cuban prisons contain ‘rehabilitation programs’ for political dissidents that correct behavior to be more aligned with party ideals. Valladares asserts that many of Castro’s former comrades were now in the prison. Those that accepted the rehabilitation received better treatment and more food. Those that did not accept rehabilitation, labeled plantados, were tortured, starved, and given the worst conditions to live in. Valladares was himself a plantado and was kept in an unlit prison cell for nine years.Interestingly, Sandra Levinson of the Center of Cuban Studies in New York accuses Valladares of lying in his book and exaggerating the conditions of the prison system. Further research into this woman’s work reveals that she is a radical that historically supported Castro’s regime, despite claiming to be a human rights activist.Valladares does have motive to lie in his book; a harsher story sells more copies. Despite this, his testimony aligns with other ones far more than it contradicts. It is helpful to hear a personal testimony such as this and it gives a lead on a more substantial resource, namely his book. Research into Levinson also reveals the necessity in my research to understand the background of the people writing or being interviewed, as biases can exist in very unpredictable ways, namely a Cuban regime supporter working out of New York. One important thing to note is that this is not a recent account of Cuban imprisonment and conditions could have changed since then for better or worse. U.S. Department of State yearly report on Cuba notes that no unlawful deprivation of life was reported that year, nor were any politically-motivated disappearances. The U.S. confirms that it has received reports of physical abuse of detainees and prisoners. Prisons were overpopulated, but the Cuban government has not released the exact number of prisoners it has since 2012. Human Rights Watch estimates that 65,000 people are imprisoned now, up from the reported number of 57,337 in 2012. Many prison cells lacked potable water and female detainment facilities did not consistently supply feminine hygiene products. The U.S. also acknowledges that Cuba uses arbitrary arrests to limit public expression or political dissidence. The U.S. follows this up with acknowledgement that Cuba has a history of denial of fair This report by the U.S. government is unique because it is released by a party looking to open ties with its socialist neighbor. The U.S. government cannot show too much friendliness to the nation if it is violating human rights so severely (this will reflect badly on the U.S.) but it also has clear motives to not ignore the violations it received reports on. The lack of reported political disappearances is unique, as politically-fueled disappearances was a unique commonality in Latin America. I like this source because government documents tend to be conservative in their assumptions and the U.S. in this case especially has a long history of conflict with the party involved. The U.S. has its own scope of human rights violations within Cuba as well, within Guantanamo Bay, and so it makes analysis of this piece especially unique. like in the first article, Yoani Sanchez visits a Cuban prison (in this case, Combinado del Este) and gives an account of what she saw. Families of the detained try to deliver as much food as possible to their loved ones, not much of it making past the gates. Two Italian prisoners speak with the journalist, explaining that they were accused of a murder on an island they weren’t on. These two had been held for over a year without trial, uniquely as international prisoners. Oftentimes countries will seek out extradition of these prisoners to, but in this case it does not seem to be supported. The author makes a note of promising to look into these prisoners’ case, but she is limited on the resources that she can access, and upon leaving the prison she is told by a guard that she likely will never be allowed into that prison again after her first visit.Yaoni is a blogger and human rights activist with an emphasis on Cuban human rights. She is likely to be critical of Cuba in this article (she advertises her book on the subject at the end of the article) and her critical tone is quite apparent. The Huffington Post traditionally leans liberal and has a history of reporting supportingly in cases of human rights activism. This article is useful because it provides an account of a Cuban citizen written in English. This is useful because third party translations can often misconstrue the intent of the original article, and we have seen this with translations of the Declaration of Human Rights. Domínguez gives his account of living as a prisoner in Combinado del Este for over two years. He lived in a 117 square foot cell with eight other prisoners. He notes a similar state of the prison regarding sanitation; the shared living area for the prisoners, which they were rarely given access to, to start with, contained a communal bucket to urinate in. Domínguez also reports being beaten by a guard. He receives a doctor’s note as evidence for the abuse and reports the guard, but the guard is let off after the prosecutor accused the doctor of lying.Yamil was a Cuban born and American raised individual with a good education. Like many other prisoners, he has been held in prison without trial for years for a crime he claims to have never committed, in this case human trafficking. Yamil is appealing to readers to gain support for his release, and these supporters will likely find his blog through key search words related to the subject that he uses in his blog.Because Domínguez is American-raised, he has a sufficient understanding of the English language. He is also a unique source because he wrote his account at the time of imprisonment and is presumably still being detained (research did not reveal his current status). source is a transcript from a presentation on the state of Cuban prisons in 2009. The presentation focuses on the torture methods used in Cuban prisons. A marquis torture method involved sensory deprivation, namely the use of sealed units blocked off to light (this corroborates the story of an earlier source), segregation from other prisoners and lack of human interaction, and psychological torture used to induce suicidal depression. This article notes the use of torture at Guantanamo Bay by the U.S. but also qualifies that acknowledgement by stating that the torture methods used by Cuban prisons are equally bad but far less reported. The article goes on to note cases of extrajudicial executions, something that the U.S. government claims to have no evidence of occurring. This presentation was first given at the OAS Inter-American Commission on Human Rights hearing. The people he is presenting to presumably have a background understanding of the case at hand and are expecting him to give a defense for the accusation that Cuba has violated human rights.This is the most damning source that I have so far found, and it presents Cuban prisons as an equivalent to Guantanamo Bay. What is far more damning is that the accusations in this transcript align with the stories from the detained citizens in previous sources, which indicates that the article likely has quite a bit of truth to it. is a translated Spanish article from the first of July of this year. The Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation (CCDHRN) reported that 963 people were arrested for political dissidence in Cuba in the month preceding the article. Similar to the previous article, the Cuban prisons were accused of torture, namely exposure to extremely cold temperatures (the previous source noted this torture method as well). The CCDHRN’s Elizardo Sanchez claims that Cuba has 114 prisoners it internally acknowledges as having been arrested for purely political reasons. The CCDHRN was built specifically to improve the conditions of human rights within Cuba, and it has a history of opposition with the Cuban government. It even mentions claims of active aggression towards the activist group allegedly on behalf of the Cuban government. The CCDHRN is reaching out to Spanish-speaking supporters, likely within Latin America. Because of its history with the Cuban government, it will likely contain some degree of critical bias against the Cuban prison system.This is a unique source because it is the only source I use not directly targeting English speakers. This does contain a degree of bias simply from the translation. Google’s translation algorhithm is biased has am infamous history among Americans due to events spanning the early 1960s in the Cold War to the present day, as we open up our discussions with the closed nation. Cuba’s populace wants to open ties with its American neighbors, but given the temporally relevant accusations of human rights violation by the single-party government, its path towards integration with the American economy is riddled with questions and accusations that need resolution.Cuba has historically been guilty of religious oppression. It’s Communist party, the only party in its single-party government, previously disbarred Catholics from politics despite Catholocism being the predominant religion of the nation and only offered freedom of religion after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1992.Aside from this, Cuba has modern accusations of rights violations. It has been accused of providing inhumane care and treatment to its prisoners with under-equipped, understaffed, and unhygienic facilities despite having one of the largest prison populations in the world per capita. This is paired with accusations of The country has in fact been labeled as one of the ten most censored countries in the entire world. It is responsible for hundreds of undisclosed and nonjudicial sentences of imprisonment of political dissidents and the nation little has been done to resolve the issue yet.Before Cuban relations can be opened, it needs to be understood what Cuba has done, what of its policies it will resolve, and what policies it might continue to uphold. The modern world does not wish to enable another Hundred Flowers Campaign, and resolutions that allow for freedoms and rights must be protected in a way that do not negatively impact the populace should the government choose to revert on these changes.The Castro regime began in 1959 and Fidel transferred power to his brother Raúl Castro in 2008.It is only one of four nations left in the world to identify itself as a communist state, and it’s the only one that still uses Marxist doctrine in its ConstitutionThe country has not had diplomatic or economic relations with America since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1961, but the close by democratic superpower has a strong influence regardless.Even more interesting, the two nation’s presidents are reinitiating Cuban-American relations, it’s already been labeled as the “Cuban Thaw”Despite the lengthy repause from diplomacy, America has had a strong influence on Cuba.Over half of the country wants to leave Cuba permanently, half of those people want to come to the United States.79% are dissaitsfied with their economic system and over half want more parties than their single party government providesonly 32% approve of the communist party in powerRaul Castro received a 47% approval rating. The Cuban people gave President Obama an 80% approval ratingHowever, 75% report being afraid to speak openly in publicIt’s for good reason. Dissidents of the nation are in danger of imprisonment.The Cuban government has laws that essentially enable them to make arrests at their own discretion.Worse than that, they often will indefinitely postpone trial dates so that prisoners are kept without due process.Prisoners can expect to be put in overpopulated rooms, with anywhere from three to eight prisoners in a 10 by 13 cell.Don’t expect plumbing in these facilities. There is no hot water and waste is managed via holes in the center of cells and buckets in shared living spacesMany of the prisons are poorly insulated, and the guards use these conditions as punishment. The Cuban prison system has a long history of accusations of torture and abuse from former and current prisoners.Prisoners that are hostile are punished with less food. Those that are accepting, as the Cuban government calls it, “rehabilitation,” receive more.Prisoners are put in solitary confinement without access to light or circulating air. In extreme cases there have been political prisoners kept in confinement for nine years.Prisoners can expect to get beaten by guardsAlan Gross is an American that was arrested for treason after giving satellite phones to a small Jewish community in Cuba.He was held from 2009 until 2014, not receiving a charge until 2011 and finally being given a 15 year prison sentence shortly afterwards He was released early as a diplomatic gestureHe came back 110 pounds lighter and had five teeth missingGross claims that he was denied medical and dental care because he was vocal about wishing to be released and staging a hunger strike to gain public attentionGross claims that he was locked in his cell with two other inmates for 23 hours out of the dayAt one point in his detainment he was speculated to have a cencerous tumor, and the Cuban prison administration refused to allow an independent doctor look at Mr. GrossThe largest irony is that so much attention goes towards Guantanamo Bay, while equally horrendous acts are committed by the Cuban government. Of course that’s not to validate either of them.It’s understandable though, the government of Cuba owns all public media coverage and can control what gets out.Prisons can only be visited by foreign media on specific occasions, and there is substantial evidence that the prisons are staged on those days to appear at a higher living standard than they typically are.On one circumstance that I found, there was a wave of videos produced by prisoners in secrecy. The conditions are far worse than the foreign media was shown.The prisoners even say that they fear they will be physically punished when they are identified in the videoin fact, one American in the video was so brutally treated that he now requires a walker.These prisoners speak out of desparation. They want an outside source of interventionIt remains to be seen what America might do in response to these human rights accusations. But the Cuban Thaw is the best opportunity in half a century for America to gain insight into the state of the Cuban nation. With any hope, Cuba will accept certain criticism as it tries to reopen diplomatic ties.

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