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Human Anatomy
Outline 7 part 3 – muscle origins, insertions, and actions
Additional Terminology-
• Retinaculum – region in which tendon groups from different muscles pass under one connective tissue band. Wrist retinacula include the flexor and extensor retinacula of the hand
• Ramus- An arm or a branch of a bone, in particular those of the ischium and pubis or of the jawbone
Extensor carpi radialis longus – CAR pye RAY dee AL iss
• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of _______________
• Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal
• Action: Extends wrist; aids in radial flexion of wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis – BREV iss
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: _____________ of metacarpal III
• Action: Extends wrist; aids in radial flexion of wrist
Pronator teres – PRO nay tur TERR eez
• Origin: Humeral shaft near medial epicondyle; coronoid process of ulna
• Insertion: Lateral surface of ________________ shaft
• Action: Assists pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in rapid or forceful action; weakly flexes elbow
Flexor carpi radialis –
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Base of metacarpals II-III
• Action: _______________ wrist anteriorly; aids in radial flexion of wrist
Palmaris longus – pal MERR is
• Origin: ________________ epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Flexor retinaculum, palmer aponeurosis
• Action: Anchors skin and fascia of palmar region; resists shearing forces when stress is applied to skin
Flexor carpi ulnaris– FLEX ur CAR pye ul NAY ris
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; medial margin of olecranon; posterior surface of ulna
• Insertion: ___________________; hamate; metacarpal V
• Action: Flexes wrist anteriorly; aids in flexion of wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis– DIDJ ih TOE rum SOO per FISH ee AY lis
• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; ulnar colaterial ligament; coronoid process; superior half of radius
• Insertion: Middle phalanges II-V
• Action: Flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and _______________________ joints, depending on action of other muscles
Flexor digitorum profundus–
• Origin: Proximal three-quarters of ulna; coronoid process; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanges II-V
• Action: Flexes wrist, ____________________________, and interphalangeal joints, depending on action of other muscles
Flexor Pollicis Longus– PAHL ih sis
• Origin: Radius; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanx I
• Action: Flexes phalanges of _________________
Pronator Quadratus- PRO nay tur quad RAY tus
• Origin: Anterior surface of distal ______________
• Insertion: Anterior surface of distal radius
• Action: Prime mover of forearm pronation; also resists separation of radius and ulna when force is applied to forearm through wrist
Extensor Digitorum Communis-
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Dorsal surfaces of phalanges II-V
• Action: _________________ wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints, tends to spread fingers apart when extending metacarpophalangeal joints
Extensor digiti minimi- DIDJ ih ty MIN ih my
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of _____
• Action: Extends wrist and all joints of little finger
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris-
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior surface of ulnar shaft
• Insertion: Base of metacarpal V
• Action: __________________ and fixes wrist when fist is clenched or hand grips an object; aids in ulnar flexion of wrist
Supinator- SOO pih NAY tur
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of ___________________, supinator crest and fossa of ulna just distal to radial notch; anular and radial collateral ligaments of elbow
o Anular ligament – fibers that encircle the head of the radius
o Radial collateral ligament- triangular ligamentous structure on the lateral side of the elbow
• Insertion: Radial one-third of radius
• Action: Supinates forearm, as in turning a doorknob
Abductor Pollicis Longus- PAHL iss is
• Origin: Posterior surfaces of radius and ulna; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Trapezium; base of metacarpal I
• Action: _________________ thumb; extends thumb at carpometacarpal joint
Extensor Pollicis Longus- PAHL iss is
• Origin: Posterior surface of ulna; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: _____________ phalanx I
• Action: Extends distal phalanx I; aids in extending phalanx I and metacarpal I; adducts and laterally rotates thumb
Abductor pollicis brevis-
• Origin: Flexor retinaculum; also _________________, trapezium
• Insertion: Radial one-third of radius
• Action: Supinates forearm, as in turning a doorknob
Opponens pollicis- op PO nenz
• Origin: Trapezium; flexor retinaculum
• Insertion: _______________________ I
• Action: Flexes metacarpal I to oppose thumb to fingertips
Flexor pollicis brevis-
• Origin: ___________________; trapezoid; capitate; anterior ligaments of wrist; flexor retinaculum
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx I
• Action: Flexes metacarpal I to oppose thumb to fingertips
Abductor digiti minimi-
• Origin: Pisiform; tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
• Insertion: Medial surface of proximal phalanx V
• Action: Abducts little ___________________, as in spreading fingers apart
Adductor Pollicis-
• Origin: Capitate; bases of metacarpals II-III; anterior ligaments of wrist; tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialis
• Insertion: Medial surface of proximal phalanx I
• Action: Draws thumb toward ________________
Dorsal Interossei-
• Origin: Bipennate from inner aspects of shafts of all metacarpals
• Insertion: Proximal phalanges
• Action: __________________ from axis of middle finger; flex metacarpophalangeal joint while extending interphalangeal joints
Gluteus Maximus-
• Origin: Posterior _______________ line of ilium, on posterolateral surface from iliac crest to posterior superior spine; coccyx; posterior surface of lower sacrum
• Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur; lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract
• Action: Extends thigh at hip as in stair climbing or running and walking. Abducts thigh; elevates trunk after stooping; extends waist after bending forward
Gluteus Medius-
• Origin: Most of lateral surface of ilium between crest and acetabulum
• Insertion: Greater ______________________ of femur
• Action: Abduct and medially rotate thigh; during walking, shift weight of trunk toward limb with foot on the ground as other foot is lifted
Piriformis- PIR ih FOR mis
• Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum; gluteal surface of ilium; capsule of sacroiliac joint
• Insertion: Greater trochanter
• Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh; __________________ flexed thigh
Gemellus superior- jeh MEL us
• Origin: Ischial spine
• Insertion: Greater trochanter
• Action: ___________________ rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Obturator Internus- OB too RAY tur
• Origin: Inner surface of obturator membrane and rim of pubis and ischium bordering membrane
• Insertion: ________________ trochanter
• Action: Thought to laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
Gemellus inferior-
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion: Greater trochanter
• Action: _____________________ rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
Quadratus femoris- quad RAY tus FEM oh ris
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity of _________________ (textbook says femur)
• Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest
• Action: Laterally rotates thigh
Tensor faciae latae- TEN sur FASH ee ee LAY tee
• Origin: Iliac crest; anterior ________________ spine; deep surface of fascia lata
• Insertion: Lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract
• Action: Extends knee, laterally rotates tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of femur; during standing, steadies pelvis on femoral head and steadies femoral condyles on tibia
Sartorius-
• Origin: On and near anterior superior spine of ilium
• Insertion: Medial surface of proximal end of ___________________
• Action: Aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing; abducts and laterally rotates thigh
Vastus medialis-
• Origin: Femur at intertrochanteric line; spiral line; linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line
• Insertion: _______________; tibial tuberosity; lateral and medial condyles of tibia
• Action: Extends knee; retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements
Vastus lateralis-
• Origin: Femur at greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity, and line aspera
• Insertion: ______________; tibial tuberosity; lateral and medial condyles of tibia
• Action: Extends knee; retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements
Rectus Femoris- FEM oh ris
• Origin: Ilium at anterior inferior spine and superior margin of acetabulum; capsule of hip joint
• Insertion: Patella; tibial tuberosity; lateral and medial condyles of tibia
• Action: Extends the ___________, as in kicking a ball or rising from a chair
Vastus Intermedius-
• Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft
• Insertion: _________________; tibial tuberosity; lateral and medial condyles of tibia
• Action: Extends the knee
Gracilis- GRASS ih lis
• Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium
• Insertion: ______________________ surface of tibia just below condyle
• Action: Flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee
Adductor Longus-
• Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis
• Insertion: Linea ___________________ of femur
• Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip
Adductor Magnus-
• Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis; ramus and tuberosity of ischium
• Insertion: Linea aspera; gluteal tuberosity, and medial supracondylar line of femur
• Action: Adducts and medially rotates ________________; extends thigh at hip
Semitendinosus- SEM ee TEN din OH sus
• Origin: Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion: Medial surface of upper tibia
• Action: Flexes _________________; medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; medially rotates femur when hip is extended
Biceps Femoris-
• Origin: Long head: Ischial tuberosity; Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
• Insertion: Head of __________________
• Action: Flexes knee; extends hip; elevates trunk from stooping posture; laterally rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; laterally rotates femur when hip is extended
Psoas Major- SO ass
• Origin: Bodies and intervertebral discs of vertebrae T12-L5; __________________ processes of lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion: Lesser trochanter and nearby shaft of femur
• Action: Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is flexed, as in stair climbing; flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed; balances trunk during sitting
Iliacus- ih LY uh cus
• Origin: Iliac crest and fossa; superolateral region of sacrum; anterior sacroiliac and iliolumbar ligaments
• Insertion: Lesser trochanter and nearby shaft of ___________________
• Action: Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is flexed, as in stair climbing; flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed; balances trunk during sitting
Tibialis Anterior- TIB ee AY lis
• Origin: Lateral condyle and lateral margin of proximal half of tibia; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Medial _______________________; metatarsal I
• Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot; resists backward tipping of body
Extensor Digitorum Longus- DIDJ ih TOE rum
• Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia; shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges II-V
• Action: Extends ______________; dorsiflexes foot; tautens plantar aponeurosis
Peroneus Longus-
• Origin: Head and lateral surface of proximal two-thirds of fibula
• Insertion: Medial cuneiform; metatarsal I
• Action: Maintains concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoeing; _____________ and plantar flexes foot
Peroneus Brevis-
• Origin: Lateral surface of distal two-thirds of __________________
• Insertion: Base of metatarsal V
• Action: Maintains concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoeing
Gastrocnemius- GAS trock NEE me us
• Origin: Condyles and popliteal surface of femur; lateral supracondylar line; capsule of knee joint
• Insertion: Calcaneus
• Action: ___________________ flexes foot; flexes knee; active in walking, running, and jumping
Soleus- SO lee us
• Origin: Posterior surface of head and proximal one-fourth of fibula; middle one-third of fibula; middle one-third of tibia; interosseous membrane
• Insertion: _______________________
• Action: Plantar flexes foot; steadies leg on ankle during standing
Popliteus- pop LIT ee us
• Origin: Lateral condyle of femur; lateral meniscus and joint capsule
• Insertion: Posterior surface of upper tibia
• Action: Rotates ________________ medially on femur if femur is fixed, or rotates femur laterally on tibia if tibia is fixed; unlocks to allow flexion
Flexor digitorum longus-
• Origin: ____________________ surface of tibial shaft
• Insertion: Distal phalanges II-V
• Action: Flexes phalanges of digits II-V as foot is raised from ground; stabilizes metatarsal heads and keeps distal pads of toes in contact with ground in toe-off and tiptoe movements
Flexor hallucis longus- ha LOO sis
• Origin: Inferior two-thirds of fibula and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanx I
• Action: Flexes phalanges of _______________ toe, stabilizes 1st metatarsal and keeps pad of first toe in contact with ground
Tibialis posterior-
• Origin: Posterior surface of proximal half of tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
• Insertion: __________________, medial cuneiform, metatarsals II-IV
• Action: Inverts foot; may assist in plantar flexion or control pronation of foot during walking
Extensor hallucis longus-
• Origin: ___________________ surface of middle of fibula, interosseous membrane
• Insertion: Distal phalanx I
• Action: Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot
Extensor digitorum brevis-
• Origin: _________________; inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx I; tendons of extensor digitorum longus to middle and distal phalanges II-IV
• Action: Extends proximal phalanx I and all phalanges of digits II-IV
Abductor digiti minimi-
• Origin: Calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx V
• Action: Abducts and flexes ______________ toe; supports arches of foot
Flexor digitorum brevis-
• Origin: Calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis
• Insertion: ________________ phalanges II-V
• Action: Flexes digits II-IV; supports arches of foot
Abductor Hallucis-
• Origin: Calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; flexor retinaculum
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx I
• Action: _________________ great toe; supports arches of foot
Flexor Hallucis Brevis-
• Origin: Cuboid; lateral ______________________; tibialis posterior tendon
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx I
• Action: Flexes great toe
Lumbricals- LUM brih culs
• Origin: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
• Insertion: Proximal phalanges II-V
• Action: Flexes toes II-V
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis-
• Origin: Metatarsal V; sheath of peroneus longus
• Insertion: __________________ phalanx V
• Action: Flexes little toe
Dorsal Interossei-
• Origin: Each with two heads arising from facing surfaces of two adjacent metatarsals
• Insertion: ______________________ phalanges II-IV
• Action: Abduct toes II-IV
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