A Look at…

A Look at...

Second Grade

in California Public Schools

and the Common Core State Standards

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS AND INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES DIVISION

INSTRUCTION AND LEARNING SUPPORT BRANCH

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

October 2011 Edition

Contents

Page

Second-Grade Curriculum................................................................................................................................ 2.1

English Language Arts ...................................................................................................................................... 2.2

Overview.......................................................................................................................................................... 2.2

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................... 2.2

What Students Learn in Second Grade ............................................................................................................ 2.3

Reading ........................................................................................................................................................ 2.3

Writing ......................................................................................................................................................... 2.5

Speaking and Listening ................................................................................................................................ 2.5

Language ...................................................................................................................................................... 2.6

Extra Support for Struggling Readers.............................................................................................................. 2.6

Support for English Learners ........................................................................................................................... 2.7

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.12

Mathematics ..................................................................................................................................................... 2.18

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.18

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.18

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.19

Operations and Algebraic Thinking ........................................................................................................... 2.19

Number and Operations in Base Ten ......................................................................................................... 2.19

Measurement and Data .............................................................................................................................. 2.20

Geometry.................................................................................................................................................... 2.20

Support for English Learners ......................................................................................................................... 2.20

Transition to the Common Core State Standards........................................................................................... 2.21

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.25

CCSS Domains .......................................................................................................................................... 2.29

History?Social Science..................................................................................................................................... 2.30

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.30

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.30

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.30

i

Families Today and in the Past .................................................................................................................. 2.30

Geography and Mapping Skills: People, Places, and Environments ......................................................... 2.31

Government Institutions and Practices ...................................................................................................... 2.31

Economics: People Who Supply Our Goods and Services........................................................................ 2.31

Biographies: People Who Made a Difference............................................................................................ 2.32

The Education and the Environment Initiative .............................................................................................. 2.32

Support for English Learners ......................................................................................................................... 2.33

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.34

Science ............................................................................................................................................................... 2.37

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.37

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.37

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.38

Physical Sciences ....................................................................................................................................... 2.38

Life Sciences .............................................................................................................................................. 2.38

Earth Sciences ............................................................................................................................................ 2.39

Investigation and Experimentation ............................................................................................................ 2.39

The Education and the Environment Initiative .............................................................................................. 2.39

Science Across the Content Areas ................................................................................................................. 2.41

Support for English Learners ......................................................................................................................... 2.41

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.42

Visual and Performing Arts ............................................................................................................................ 2.44

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.44

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.44

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.44

Dance ......................................................................................................................................................... 2.44

Music.......................................................................................................................................................... 2.44

Theatre ....................................................................................................................................................... 2.45

Visual Arts ................................................................................................................................................. 2.45

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.45

Key Content Standards .............................................................................................................................. 2.45

Health ................................................................................................................................................................ 2.52

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.52

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.52

ii

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.53

Nutrition and Physical Activity ................................................................................................................. 2.53

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs .......................................................................................................... 2.53

Mental, Emotional, and Social Health ....................................................................................................... 2.54

Support for English Learners ......................................................................................................................... 2.54

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.55

Physical Education........................................................................................................................................... 2.60

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.60

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.60

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.60

Overarching Standard 1: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to

perform a variety of physical activities...................................................................................................... 2.61

Overarching Standard 2: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. ............................................ 2.61

Overarching Standard 3: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. .............................................................................................................................................. 2.61

Overarching Standard 4: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. .......................................................................................... 2.62

Overarching Standard 5: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. ...... 2.62

Support for English Learners ......................................................................................................................... 2.62

Support for Students with Special Needs....................................................................................................... 2.63

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.63

World Languages ............................................................................................................................................. 2.68

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.68

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.68

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.68

Organization of the Standards........................................................................................................................ 2.69

Content ....................................................................................................................................................... 2.69

Communication .......................................................................................................................................... 2.69

Cultures ...................................................................................................................................................... 2.69

Structures ................................................................................................................................................... 2.70

Settings....................................................................................................................................................... 2.70

iii

Stages of Proficiency ..................................................................................................................................... 2.70

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.71

School Library.................................................................................................................................................. 2.73

Overview........................................................................................................................................................ 2.73

What Second-Grade Students Should Know ................................................................................................. 2.73

What Students Learn in Second Grade .......................................................................................................... 2.73

The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 2.75

iv

Second-Grade Curriculum

What will my child learn in second grade? I've been teaching fifth grade, and this year I've been reassigned to second grade. What does the second-grade curriculum look like? I'm the principal of a small, private elementary school, and I want to be sure my students are meeting the state's standards. How can I find out what students are expected to learn at each grade? In August 2010, the state adopted the Common Core State Standards for English language arts and mathematics. How will the new standards enhance second-grade curriculum?

This chapter is organized by sections for each subject, describing what students should know and be able to do by the end of second grade. Each section includes a brief overview of what the student should have learned before entering second grade, followed by a description of the second-grade standards. Each subject concludes with a list of the second-grade standards for that content area. The English language arts and mathematics sections include the new Common Core State Standards (CCSS), with California additions.

For a more in-depth discussion of each subject, please consult the state-adopted curriculum frameworks for kindergarten through grade twelve. The frameworks are posted on the CDE Curriculum and Instruction Web page at .

2.1 October 2011 Edition

English Language Arts

Overview

For students in second grade, instruction focuses on developing literacy and proficiency in language arts

with the goal that all students become lifelong readers, competent writers, and effective communicators.

Literacy is critical to academic success and is the key to becoming an independent learner in all other

By the end of second grade, students should be able to read with accuracy and fluency to support their comprehension of literature and informational text.

disciplines. Students need to be competent in reading and English language arts to be able to obtain information in all content areas and communicate to others what they have learned. By the end of second grade, students should be able to read with accuracy and fluency to support their comprehension of literature and informational text. Their oral reading skills should be developed to the point that they can read grade-level text orally with expression.

Standards-based instruction is critical to developing students' literacy and proficiency in English language arts. The standards describe what students are expected to know and be able to do by the end of the school year. In 2010,

California adopted new standards in English language arts: the CCSS, with California additions. The CCSS

integrate the strands of English language arts: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. The

new standards will be implemented over the next several years as curriculum frameworks, instructional

materials, and assessments based on the CCSS are adopted.

There are many similarities between the CCSS and the 1997 California English language arts standards, but

there are some notable differences. For instance, in the CCSS, the standards in kindergarten through grade six

are divided into strands: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. The 1997 California English

language arts standards are organized around domains: Reading, Writing, Written and Oral English Language

Conventions, and Listening and Speaking. The CCSS often extend or enhance the content of the 1997

California English language arts standards. For example, the CCSS focus more on informational text, text-

analysis skills for reading comprehension, opinion pieces, informational/explanatory compositions, and

collaborative conversations about grade-level texts and topics.

This section provides an overview of the new CCSS for second-grade English language arts. It includes a

review of the important English language arts skills and concepts from first grade (prerequisite skills) and

guidance to ensure success for struggling readers, including English learners. A complete list of the second-

grade CCSS for English language arts, with California additions, can be found at the end of this section. A

complete list of the second-grade CCSS for English language arts, with California additions, can be found at the

end of this section. The 1997 California English language arts standards for kindergarten through grade twelve

are located on the CDE Content Standards Web page at

.

What Second-Grade Students Should Know

In first grade, students learned skills that enable them to read and write with a degree of independence. They should be able to read common sight words and produce the sounds for consonants, consonant blends, and long and short vowels. Students who mastered the first-grade standards have the ability to decode increasingly complex words. They can read first-grade texts accurately and with purpose and understanding. They have read or had

2.2

October 2011 Edition

read aloud to them a variety of literature and informational texts and know how to ask clarifying questions about these texts. In addition, students have expanded their reading-comprehension strategies for both narrative and informational text. They are able to retell the main idea of a narrative or expository text and respond to clarifying questions in expository text.

In first grade, students learned new academic and content-specific vocabulary by using context clues, identifying familiar root words in words with affixes, reading and being read aloud to, and in-depth conversations about first grade texts and topics. Students learned to write simple compositions in which they applied their knowledge of language conventions, including correctly using singular and plural nouns, capitalizing the first word of a sentence, and using the appropriate ending punctuation to complete sentences.

What Students Learn in Second Grade

In second grade, fluency, comprehension, and analysis are the focus of reading instruction. Students apply

their knowledge of the basic features of reading to achieve fluency in oral and silent reading. Students ask and

answer clarifying questions about text (e.g., who, what, why), use the features of text (e.g., headings, bold type)

to locate information in expository text, and consider the author's purpose as they analyze informational text. Students use these strategies to better comprehend their readings in all content areas. In second grade, students learn more sophisticated strategies to analyze literature. For example, they compare and contrast different versions of the same story from different cultures.

Students write compositions by using correct English conventions. They learn to use reference materials to locate information for their written compositions and oral

In second grade, students learn more sophisticated strategies to analyze literature.

reports. Their written products become longer, and students pay more attention to the organization of their

compositions. Students develop initial skills in editing and revising text at this grade level. Students in second

grade learn to give and follow multiple-step directions, provide descriptive details when telling stories or

recounting events, and structure their oral presentations in a logical sequence. Students learn new vocabulary

and academic language as they read and speak about grade-level texts and topics. They learn to use dictionaries

and glossaries to clarify the meaning of words and to check and correct their spelling. They use their knowledge

of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words. They also use their knowledge of prefixes to

determine the meaning of a new word formed when a prefix is added to a known word.

Reading

The following section is organized according to three major areas: reading standards for literature, for informational text, and in foundational skills.

Reading Standards for Literature In second grade, students read and comprehend a wide variety of significant works of children's literature, including stories and poetry. Both the 1997 California English language arts standards and the CCSS incorporate text-analysis skills and strategies that lead to students' fuller comprehension of the literature they read. Students analyze the elements of narrative text, the characters, plot, and setting. Students learn about rhythm, rhyme, and alliteration and how those techniques add meaning to a story or poem. They compare and contrast elements within and among texts. Students read, comparing and contrasting versions of stories written by different authors or from different cultures.

2.3 October 2011 Edition

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