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Year 10 Individuals and Societies Unit 2 Causes of World War 2Activities 1: Brief Timeline of World War 1 battles Go to the following website: . Under the heading Maps & Battles of World War 1. Play each animation clip starting from Europe in 1914 to the Western Front in 1918. During each animation clip, information will appear on the screen. Copy and paste this information in this document and create a timeline. 2: One Christmas Day in the trenches Go to the following webpage: and read about the Christmas Day truce in 1914. Now watch the youtube video ‘Pipes of Peace by Paul McCartney’ read the extract and watched Paul McCartney’s Pipes of Peace, can you discuss briefly which medium of communication you preferred. 3: Casualities of World War 1 CountriesTotal MobilizedKilled & DiedWoundedPrisoners & MissingTotal CasualtiesCasualties % MobilizedAllied PowersRussia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,0009,150,00076.3France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,0006,160,80076.3British Empire8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,6523,190,23535.8Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,0002,197,00039.1United States4,355,000126,000234,3004,500364,8008.2Japan800,00030090731,2100.2Romania750,000335,706120,00080,000535,70671.4Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958331,10646.8Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,65993,06134.9Greece230,0005,00021,0001,00017,00011.7Portugal100,0007,22213,75112,31833,29133.3Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,00020,00040.0Total42,188,8105,152,11512,831,0044,121,09022,104,20952.3Central PowersGermany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,8007,142,55864.9Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,0007,020,00090.0Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000975,00034.2Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029266,91922.2Total22,850,0003,386,2008,388,4483,629,82915,404,47767.4Grand Total65,038,8108,538,31521,219,4527,750,91937,508,68657.6Explain why despite the Allied Powers ‘winning the war’, these countries experienced greater casualties than the Central Powers. Take one country from the Allied Powers & one country from the Central Powers and construct a bar chart illustrating its fate during WW1 using the six variables mentioned in the table. 4: The following webpages show the maps of Europe in 1914 and 1918. Comment on how the physical geography of Europe changed during this short period. 1914: : Concept of Causation When historians refer to causation, they are trying to find out why some event happened. The causes or reasons for why certain events happen can be divided into different categories such as: Political Economic Social Technological Causes can also be divided into time periods:Short-termMedium-term Long-term Many things can happen but there is often a trigger event – ‘the final straw’ – the event that finally causes something else to happen. Determine the categorizations (PEST and time perspective) of the following events:Mr. So found it difficult to support his family so he took a second job driving a taxi at night. _________________________________________________________________________One morning, Mr. So was very tired and did not hear his alarm clock __________________________________________________________________As a result of not hearing his alarm, Mr. So had to rush out of his house as he was now late for his day job _________________________________________________________________________Mr. So was driving too fall and crashed his car. _________________________________________________________________________6: Treaty of Versailles World War 1 ended on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. In 1919, representatives of both sides in the war came together in Versailles, France to formulate a peace treaty between the previous antagonists. Complete the following tasks:Obtain five key facts from five separate sources of the representatives of the ‘Big Three’ George ClemenceauWoodrow Wilson David Lloyd George Each source must appear beside the key fact Find out the names of the two German representatives who signed the Treaty on 28 June 1919Why was the date of the treaty signing so significant in context of World War 1?7: Having researched information about Clemenceau, Wilson and George place their names beside the description that most aligns with their thinking after the war.Name Description of attitude He was an idealist and reformer who saw the war as a means to end wars forever by creating a ‘League of Nations’ that binds all nations together in a mutual alliance – much different from the alliances that were present before the warNicknamed ‘the tiger’ he had seen his nation invaded by Germany in 1870 and again in 1914. His country had suffered greatly. The youth of his nation had been lost to war and the country was ravaged by its effects. He was nicknamed ‘the tiger’. and wanted Germany to pay for what it had done to his nation and wanted to ensure it would never be in a position again to threaten his countryIn relation to the Treaty, he felt he was in a difficult position . On the one hand he was a realistand saw the need to compromise with Germany; he didn’t want to seee Germany punished too much as it would cause more problems than it would solve. However, he had just won an election in his country on the mandate that he would see Germany punished severely – the population in his country wanted to see the Kaiser (German Head of State) hanged. 8: During the Treaty negotiations, President Wilson’s promoted his 14 points. His ‘Fourteen Points were first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to the American Congress in January 1918. Wilson's Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace programme and it was on the back of the Fourteen Points that Germany and her allies agreed to an armistice in November 1918’. Source: [accessed November 28th 2014]Beside each of the 14 points put the term that is most applicable for each situation. The terms to be used are: Political, Economic, Military and Geographical .Wilson’s 14 Points 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").2. Free navigation of all seas.3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial6. The German Army is to be removed from?Russia. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up.7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to be"along?clearly recognisable lines of nationality."10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed forthe Balkan states.12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.14. A?League of Nations?should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.9: The following is an excerpt from the John D. Clare website (). ‘For five months the Big Three debated the terms of the Treaty.? They crawled over huge maps of Europe spread over the floor.? Clemenceau and Wilson quarrelled to the point where the Conference was in danger of failing altogether; that was where Lloyd George stepped in -- on 25 March he issued the?Fontainbleau Memorandum, then he persuaded Clemenceau to accept the League of Nations, and Wilson to accept reparations, and the Conference was saved.?Meanwhile, thousands of people turned up to lobby the Big Three, hoping to get a hand-out in the final treaty.? The Arab and Zionist Jewish delegations competed to get control of Palestine (in the end, it was given to Britain).? Queen Mary of Romania turned up in person and flirted with Wilson; he thought she was a dreadful woman, but Romania came away with Transylvania.? A group of 20 Ukrainians turned up and tried to persuade the Big Three to recognise the Ukraine as an independent country (they failed).? The Conference became a huge goody-bag, in which everybody was trying to dip their hand.?The small German delegation in Paris, who had been watching proceedings but not allowed to take part, were at last given the text of the Treaty on 7 May 1919.? They issued an outraged statement and returned home.? For a while, it seemed that Germany might reject the Treaty.? However, Germany?had no choice but to accept whatever was decided, and eventually two Germans were found who were prepared to sign the Treaty.?On 28 June 1919,?the victors met?at the Hall of Mirrors in the?Palace of Versailles, near Paris, and the two Germans were called into the room and instructed to sign’ Question: If you had been a German in Paris in 1919, can you find FOUR things about the conduct of the Conference which would have outraged you?10: ‘The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]??The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the?League of Nations; the rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany's punishment:?1.???Germany had to accept the?Blame?for starting the war (Clause 231).? This was vital because it provided the justification for...2.?? Germany had to pay ?6,600 million (called?Reparations) for the damage done during the war.3.?? Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. ? She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an?Army?of just 100,000 men. ? In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France.4.?? Germany lost?Territory?(land) in Europe; Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.’ [accessed November 28 2014]Source A The Treaty of Versailles, Clause 231 (the 'War Guilt' clause)The Allied governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied governments and their peoples have been subjected as a result of the war.Source BDiscuss how the Treaty weakened Germany through Loss of TerritoryMilitarily EconomicallyArea of ConcernOption 1 Option 2 Option3 Blame – who is to blame for the warGermanyBlame should be equallyNo nation can be blamedCost of the War Germany must pay - but how much$2,000,000,000$6,600,000,000$24,000,000,000German militaryReduced to 100,000 men. German Navy reduced to 36 ships. No conscription allowed. No tanks, submarines or aircraft to be built. All war-time weapons to be melted downReduced to 250,000 men. German Navy reduced to 50 ships. No conscription allowed. Allowed to keep all tanks, submarines and air force.No further conscription, though forces to remain as before the war. All armed services to be at pre war levels.ColoniesThese were mainly in Africa such as Togoland and Tanganyika, plus lands captured from the Turks.The colonies are to be allowed to govern themselves as independent nationsFrance and Great Britain split the colonies and territories captured from Germany and Turkey.The colonies are put under the control of theLeague of Nations until further decisions are made as to who is to run them.RhinelandThe area that lies on the German side of the border with France.The Allies take control of the area not allowing the German military to have a presence in the areaThe League of Nations occupies the area so no one nation has it under controlAllow the Germans some control of the area with Allied supervision under the control of the League of Nations.Alsace-LorraineOnce part of France, it was taken over by the Germans in 1870.Returned to FranceGermany allowed to keep itPlaced under the control of the League of Nations until a decision is madeSaarAn area of Germany with excellent coal fields.Give to France for 15 years. The French need the coal mines to re build after war. Following this time the people of Saar vote to see if they want to be French or German.Remain in Germany - the rich coalfields are needed to build the German economy after war.Let Germany keep it - but half of any profit from the field must be given to the allies as war damages.PolandLet it remain in German handsMake it a protectorate under the League ofNations until a vote can determine who should govern it.Become an independent nation - this will cutoff east Prussia (Germany) from the rest of Germany. It will have a port to trade with.CzechoslovakiaFormerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire - the empire broke up.Place under international control until the consequence can be viewed.Make an independent nationAllow it to divide along ethnic lines i.e. have two separate countries one for Czechs and the other for Slovaks Source: SchoolHistory.co.uk [accessed November 28 2014]11: Complete the following table giving your preferred option to the information above and any reasons for choosing that optionArea of Concern Preferred option Reasons for choosing this optionBlame – who is to blame for the war?Cost of the War –How much should Germany pay?German militaryColoniesThese were mainly in Africa such as Togoland andTanganyika, plus lands captured from the Turks.RhinelandThe area that lies on the German side of the border withFrance.Alsace-LorraineOnce part of France, it was taken over by the Germans in 1870.SaarAn area of Germany with excellent coal-fields.PolandCzechoslovakiaFormerly part of theAustro-HungarianEmpire - the empire was broken up.12: Excerpts from the German response to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles German Peace DelegationTranslationVersailles, May 13, 1919To His Excellency Mr. Clemenceau:‘Under the terms of the peace treaty, Germany is to give up her Merchant Marine and vessels now under construction suitable for foreign commerce. Likewise, for five years, German shipyards are to construct primarily a tonnage destined for the Allied and Associated Governments.Moreover, Germany must renounce her Colonies; all her foreign possessions, all her rights and interests in the Allied and Associated countries, in their Colonies, Dominions or Protectorates are to be liquidated and credited to the payment of reparations, and are to be submitted to any other step of economic warfare that the Allied andAssociated Powers may see fit to maintain or to take during the years of peace.When the territorial clauses of the Peace Treaty go into effect Germany will lose in the East the most important regions for the production of wheat and potatoes, and this would be equivalent to a loss of twenty-one percent of the total harvest of these foodstuffs.Moreover the intensiveness of our agricultural production would be greatly decreased. On the one hand, the importation of certain raw materials indispensable for the production of fertilizer, such as phosphates, would be hampered; on the other hand, this industry would like all other industries suffer from the shortage of coal. For the Peace Treaty provides for the loss of almost a third of the production of our coalfields; in addition to that loss, enormous deliveries of coal to various Allied countries are imposed on us for ten years. In addition, in conformity to the Treaty, Germany will cede to her neighbors almost three-quarters of her ore production and three-fifths of her production of zinc.The enforcement of the Peace Conditions would therefore logically entail the loss of several million persons inGermany. This catastrophe would not be long in occurring, since the health of the population has been broken during the war by the blockade and during the armistice by the increased vigor of the starvation blockade.No assistance, however great and of however long duration could prevent these wholesale deaths. The Peace would impose upon Germany many times the number of human lives cost her by this war of four years and a half, (1,750,000 killed by the enemy; almost a million as a result of the blockade.)We do not think and we do not believe that the delegates of the Allied and Associated Powers are aware of the consequences that will inevitably follow, if Germany, an industrial nation with a very dense population, closely bound up with the economic system of the world, and obliged to import enormous quantities of food and raw materials, finds herself suddenly thrown into a phase of her development corresponding to the period of her economic construction and the period when her population was the size it was a half century ago.Those who sign this Treaty will sign the death sentence of many millions of German men, women and children.’Source: The Great War: Evaluating the Treaty of Versailles — [accessed November 29 2014]Question In you opinion, was the German response to the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles valid? ................
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