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Paragraphs and Topic Sentences Part I: Review the four paragraphs below. There is one paragraph matching each of the following types: summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Once you have read each paragraph, complete the following chart to identify the paragraph types. Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph. Paragraph Type of Paragraph 1 2 3 4
1. Evaluation
2. Summary
3. Synthesis
4. Analysis
1. Alice Doe’s article discussed overlooked tax deductions. It talked about some of the most commonly missed deductions. Whereas her use of statistics seemed to bolster her arguments, it would have been nice to see her elaborate more about the specific deductions missed. She could have talked about what recourse, if any, a filer would have once he or she realized there was an overlooked deduction. She also should have focused more on why the deductions were overlooked, as that would have made the article more effective.
2. Alice Doe informs us of ways that we can reduce our yearly tax obligations. Based on studies she cited, there were cases in which some tax filers were unaware of various deductions they were eligible to claim. In some cases, those deductions would have saved the tax filers hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Some of the common missed deductions, according to Alice Doe, were the mortgage deduction, the energy efficiency deduction, and the charitable donation deduction.
3. In “Unclaimed Deductions,” Alice Doe wrote about the most commonly overlooked deductions when filing a 1040 tax return. She provided information about the total number of missed deductions. In a separate article, “The Challenges of Estimating Tax Revenue,” Phyllis Phoenix talked about a number of reasons why estimated tax revenue may be a challenge. She did not discuss the points made by Doe. It is possible that much of the difference between tax revenue received and estimated tax revenue may be explained by looking at the additional revenue generated by overlooked deductions.
4. When reading Alice Doe’s article, “Unclaimed Deductions,” there are a few key points made that are worthy of further consideration. The first point is that the rules for deductions change from year to year. This leads to the second point, that those changes are not always as effectively communicated as they could be. These two points lead us to better understand why there are many unclaimed tax deductions each year.
Part II: Write one paragraph explaining the key differences between the four types of writing (summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation). Underline the topic sentence in the paragraph.
Four types of writing about articles are summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. A summary is the simplest to write. It simply restates the main points of the article in a neutral way. Ideally it should express all of the author’s key points and very little of the detail. An analysis looks at the nature and structure of arguments made. It explains the arguments and extends the logic behind them. A synthesis brings together different sources of information. It might pull together different articles or connect an article to other events or topics. An evaluation uses any of the other three techniques to show the author’s opinion of the article. It might say whether the article is logical, whether it makes the points that it tried to, or whether its main points were even worth making.
Part III: Write two paragraphs about how interest rates affect people’s purchasing decisions. Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph.
When interest rates are high, people are unlikely to spend. They may have difficulty borrowing and are reluctant to use credit even if they can get it. For example, when rates are high, the monthly cost of a home mortgage may be significantly affected to the point that people can afford “less house.” In addition, high interest rates encourage saving. Putting the money in a safe investment such as an FDIC-insured bank account may provide enough incentive to save rather than spend.
When interest rates are low, money costs less. People can borrow easily and are less likely to object to using credit, even going into debt because it accumulates less rapidly. Low interest rates are often a key selling point for expensive commodities that depreciate quickly such as furniture and new cars. When interest rates are low, it’s difficult to convince people to save, because low-risk investments pay almost nothing.
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