Forging the Shield: The U.S. Army in the Cold War, 1951-1962
U.S. Army in the Cold War
Forging the Shield
The U.S. Army in Europe, 1951?1962
by
Donald A. Carter
Center of Military History United States Army
Washington, D.C., 2015
Cover: (second row, right) A tanker pauses to hand out candy to German children during Operation Sabre Knot. All other cover images are featured within the book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carter, Donald A., 1955Forging the shield : the U.S. Army in Europe, 1951-1962 / by Donald A. Carter.
pages cm. -- (Army historical series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States--Armed Forces--Europe--History--20th century. 2. United States. Army, Europe and Seventh Army--History--20th century. 3. Europe--Military relations--United States. 4. United States--Military relations--Europe. I. Title.
UA26.E9C37 2015 355.0094'09045--dc23
2014047210
CMH Pub 45?3?1
ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES
Richard W. Stewart, General Editor
Advisory Committee
(As of November 2014)
Dr. Robert M. Citino North Texas University
Mr. Mark F. Averill Deputy Administrative
Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
Dr. Wayne E. Lee University of North Carolina
Lt. Gen. Kevin W. Mangum U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command
Dr. John A. Nagl The Haverford School
Col. David Funk U.S. Army War College
Brig. Gen. Christopher P. Hughes U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Brig. Gen. Timothy Trainor U.S. Military Academy
Dr. Geoffrey P. Megargee United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum
Dr. Richard W. Stewart U.S. Army Center of Military History
U.S. Army Center of Military History Richard W. Stewart, Acting Director
Chief Historian Chief, Histories Division Chief, Historical Products Branch
Richard W. Stewart David W. Hogan Jr. Beth F. MacKenzie
iii
Contents
Page Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii The Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chapter
1. Setting the Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Germany in 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Emerging Threat and the Move Toward
Collective Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The European Command in 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Perceptions of a Rising Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. The New Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Building the Seventh Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Growing Pains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Reorganization and Realignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Identifying the Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Firepower and Mobility: The Seventh Army's
Conventional Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Early Thoughts on an Atomic Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Development of the Communications Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Logistical Support for the New Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Berlin, 1951?1952: Standing Fast and Showing the Flag . . . . 74 The End of the Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3. Growing Into the Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 1953: The Cold War Takes a New Turn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Keeping a Watchful Eye to the East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Changes in Command and Combat Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Seventh Army Goes Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Manning the Force: USAREUR's Personnel Pipeline . . . . . . 106 Additions and Subtractions: Organizational Changes in
USAREUR and the Seventh Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
v
Chapter
Page
Hardening the Support Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Settling in for the Long Haul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Noncombatant Evacuation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 A Steadying Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4. Strengthening the Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Building NATO's Military Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Integrating USAREUR into the NATO
Command Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Army Support for Military Assistance Programs
in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 The Military Liaison Missions and the USAREUR
Soviet Relations Advisory Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Moving the Alliance Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5. Rearming the Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Working Toward a German Contribution to Western
European Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Designing a Structure for German Integration--
The European Defense Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 USAREUR Planning for German Army Assistance . . . . . . . 182 Final Plans for Training the New German Army . . . . . . . . . . 185 Building a New German Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Completing the German Army Assistance Program . . . . . . . 193
6. 1955: A Year of Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 The New Look Comes to USAREUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Striving for Combat Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Operation Gyroscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 The End of the Occupation in Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 The Effect of German Sovereignty on U.S. Forces
in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Reaching an Uneasy Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7. Achieving Atomic Mindedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 The "Spirit of Geneva" Evaporates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Eisenhower Versus the Generals: The Army Struggles
to Find a Role Within the New Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 New Leadership in USAREUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 The Effect of Funding Cuts on USAREUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Training for Atomic Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Pentomic Reorganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Adapting the Logistical Support Structure to Atomic
Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Complications of Alliance Defense Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
vi
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