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ATOMS 1Atom: the smallest particle of chemistry, or which all matter is composed. Electron: a negatively charged sub atomic particle that CIRCLES around the nucleus (-) inside the atomNeutron: a neutrally charged (no charge) sub atomic particle found in the nucleus (0) inside the atomProton: a positively charged sub atomic particle found in the nucleus (+) inside the atomsNucleus: the center of an atom, where neutrons and protons are foundOrbit: a location in the atom far from the center, where electrons spin aroundPeriodic Table: A science chart that shows the name, make-up and properties of elementsATOMS 2Atomic mass/atomic number: atomic mass=amount of “stuff” inside an atom/atomic number=number of protons in an atomIsotopes: a atom with VARYING NUMBERS NEUTRONSIons: an atom with VARYING NUMBER OF ELECTRONSPhysical properties: those characteristic of a substance we can see such as color, texture, state of matter, buoyancy, magnetismChemical properties: those properties that relate to atomic makeup and ability to combine with other substancesValence: electrons in the outer most shell of the atom that form bonds with other atomsCovalent bonds: chemical bond between atoms when electrons are sharedATOMS 3Formula: a short way of writing how many atoms and what kindCoefficient: part of a chemical formula that tells the number of moleculesSubscript: part of an chemical formula that tells the number of each type of atom in a moleculeMolecule: a group of two or more atoms, chemically joinedProduct: the end result of a chemical reactionLaw of Conservation of Mass: a proven fact that MASS CANNOT BE DESTROYED, only changed to another forms matter/energyChemical reaction: the joining of two or more materials to form a new moleculeATOMS 4Exothermic reaction: a chemical reaction in which heat is released into environmentEndothermic reaction a chemical reaction in which heat is pulled into the reaction from the environmentMetallic elements: shiny, malleable, good conductors as found in Periodic tableNon-metallic elements: dull, brittle, poor conductors as found in Periodic tableInert elements: those elements that normally do NOT combine with any other atomsFamily or Group: columns on the periodic Table; elements with similar properties.Mixture: two or more elements or compounds together in a set volume but NOT chemically joined LIGHT*Transparent: a clear substance; light goes straight throughTranslucent: a mostly clear substance, some light goes throughOpaque: a substance through which no light passesReflective: a substance that light bounces offRefractive: a substance that light bendsPrism: an optical structure or lens that BENDS lightConstant: that which does not change, such as speed of light in a vacuumTOOLS*Triple Beam Balance: a tool to measure massSpring Scale: a tool to measure force of gravity or weightGraduated cylinder: a tool to measure volume accuratelyThermometer: a tool to measure molecular movement (heat) Stop watch: a tool to measure the duration of timeBeaker/Flask: tools to roughly measure volumeHot plate: electrical device to increase molecular actionNUMBERS*300,000 KPS: speed of light1 degree Celsius/100 degrees Celsius: freeze or melt point water / evaporation or condensation point of waterOne AU: average distance between sun/earth; 149 million kilometersOne Light Year: Distance light travels one year 300,000x 60 sec x 60 min x24 hours x365 days14 billion years ago: approx. birth of universe65 million years ago: approx age destruction of dinosaurs by effect of meteor23.5 degrees: the title or inclination of the Earth on its axis, causing seasonsELECTRICITY*Open Circuit: a circuit that does not function; has a gap in itClosed Circuit: circuit is complete and functionsSwitch: a device to turn on and off a circuit by cutting/completing the circuitGenerator: a machine that turns mechanical power to electrical power by spinning magnets in a copper core. Electrical Outlet: a device whereby electricity is made availableFilament: part of an incandescent bulb that heats up and emits light inside the bulbWire: a conducting pathway on which electricity travelFORCE/ENERGY 1Distance: a measure of length between points Speed: S=d/t or speed is the distance traveled over a set period of timeVelocity: DIFFERENT FROM SPEED! Velocity has a vector (THINK RAY) It is speed in a certain direction. Example 30 mph heading eastAcceleration: a change in speed. (deceleration…slowing down)Force: a push or a pull; a movementReference point: starting point; set of coordinates as in x/y; a known locationDirection: the vector one travels from a set pointFORCE/ENERGY 2Newton’s First Law: a body in motion stays in motion; a body at rest stays at restNewton’s Second Law: Force =mass x acceleration. Newton’s Third Law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reactionBalanced/Unbalanced =equal/unequalWork =ForceX Distance; W=FD where force measured in Newtons and work in Joules. 1 Joule=the amount of force it take (1 Newton) to move 1 Kg 1 meterKinetic energy: active energy Potential energy: stored energyFORCE /ENERGY 3Newton: unit of force : On Earth 10N=1Kg; 10N=1000g; 1N=100g. (THINK SPRING SCALE)Gram: unit of mass. (THINK TRIPLE BEAM)Joule: unit of work: One Joule =amount of work to apply force of one Newton one meterSpring scale: device to measure force/weight/ gravity. Acceleration due to gravity=9.8 meters/second squared G=9.8m/s2Sir Isaac Newton, the Scientist: Laws of Motion; Laws of Gravity: Creator of Calculus. Pendulum: a device that has a weight swinging freely from a pivot. FORCE /ENERGY 4Friction: a force that reduces motion, converting it to heat. Balanced force: forces with equal pull that result in equilibrium/no movement generallyUnbalanced force: forces lead to movementGalileo: early scientist; ideas of uniform acceleration (things fall at same rate regardless of mass) and Sun-centered solar systemEnergy Transformation: The change of FORM of one energy to anotherConservation of Energy: Energy can be changed but NOT DESTROYEDAction/reaction: what happens first/second; cause/effect. REVIEW 1: MAGNETISMNorth pole: end of magnet, positive sideSouth pole: one end of magnet; negative sideRepel: to push awayAttract: to pull togetherMagnetic field: arrangement of energy stream from magnetic poles that circle the magnet, pole to pole. Electro-magnet: magnet artificially made by coiling wire around metal and running current through itFerrous materials: those substances containing ironREVIEW 2: STATES OF MATTERCondensation: state change: gas to liquidEvaporation: state change: liquid to gasFreeze: state change: liquid to solidMelt: state change: solid to liquidSolid: compacted matter; maintains shape; organizedLiquid: loosely contained matter; takes shape containerGas: free moving matter: fills any containerREVIEW 3: ECOSYSTEMSTundra: area that is cold/dry.Desert area that is dry; generally hotTaiga: wet cold pine forest in N. Canada/RussiaGrassland: plains; few trees; moderate rain; lots grassesTropical rainforest wet/hot forest found near equatorDeciduous forest: area with 4 seasons; trees drop leaves in fall; Marine areas: salt water areas REVIEW 4: METRIC SYSTEMGram: unit of massLiter: unit of volumeMeter: unit of lengthKilo=1000Deci=1/10Centi= 1/100Milli=1/1000LUNAR CYCLECrescent moon: thin sliver visibleQuarter moon: ? visibleGibbous moon: ? visibleFull moon: fully visibleNew moon: invisible in skyWax: to get larger; increasing illuminationWane: to get smaller; decreasing illuminationSEASONSTilt/inclination: number degrees off from being upright; leaned over; on Earth: 23.5 degreesAxis: imaginary line on which sphere turnsDay/night: facing towards/away from the sunRevolves/revolution: to move in a circle or orbit; to move around.Rotates/rotation: to turn in place/spinEquinoxes: even day/night: Spring: 3/21/Fall: 9/21Solstices: longest/shortest days year; Winter S: 12/21; Summer S: 6/21UNIVERSE 1Disc shaped : shaped like a plate: circular, thicker in middleGalaxy: huge collection of stars like Milky WayNebulae: clouds of gas in the universeSatellites: a heavenly body that orbits another bodyMeteors/Asteroids/asteroids: rocks in space or from spaceElectromagnetic spectrum: radiation : radio/microwave/infrared/visible/ultraviolet/xrays/gamma raysVisible waves: visible waves of electro-magnetic spectrum from red to yellow to blueUNIVERSE Hertzprung-Russell Chart: A measurement of a stars luminosity (brightness) and surface temperature (heat) in a scatter plot graphStars: hot balls of fusing gases, mostly hydrogen to helium, releasing energySolar systems: a star and all the matter that surrounds it: planets/moons/asteroids/meteors/comets Comets: icy & rocky chunks in spaceHydrogen/Helium: H=most abundant ; He=second most abundant. TOGETHER approx 98% UniverseBig Bang: a theory that the universe began 14 billion years ago as an infinitely small speck that expanded out to present size and is still expanding!Ellipse vs. Circle: ellipse two center pt, with oval shape/circle=1 center pt, roundELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMLONGRadio Waves: longest waves/least energy/ harmless generallyMicrowave: long waves (also known as radar waves)Infrared: heat radiation: somewhat short wavesVisible: what we see: all the colors! (red/orange/yellow/green/blue)Ultraviolet: causes sun burnsX ray: Short waves/lots energy/caused by electrons emitting photons/dangerous/used in medicineGamma Ray: shortest waves/most energy/deadly/emissions from nucleusSHORTWAVESWave length: a measurement of length::distance of a complete wavePeak/trough: p=top of wave/trough=bottom of waveTides: movement sea water above/below average due to gravity form moon/sunHigh Tide: above average water levels 2x/dayLow Tide: below average water level 2x/daySpring/Neap tide: Spring+ extra high tide; NEAP=extra low tideAlignment: arrangement of objects in a straight lineATMOSPHERELow pressure systems/High pressure systems: low=wet/stormy/high=clear/dryFronts: the meeting of two systems causing changeAtmosphere make up: 78%N/21%O/less than 1 % CO2Convection: movement of heat through gas and liquid; heat rises/cold fallsAnemometer: a device to measure wind speedBarometer: a device to measure air pressureWind vs. Currents: small vs. large movements of airEARTH SCIENCE 1 Weather/climate: weather=short term condition/climate =long term conditionsErosion: moving awayDeposition: piling upWeathering: breaking apartTopographical maps: maps show how tall/low earth features are; rises and fallsSatellite maps: maps that are pictures from spaceInterval: on topographical map, lines that show rises/fallsEARTH SCIENCE 2Incline/decline: incline=heading up/decline=falling downInner core/Outer core: center of the earth inner=solid/outer=liquid likeMantel: middle part earth between core and crust; liquidly/moltenCrust/Crustal features: solid outer part of earth with features like mountains/hills/valleys etcTectonic Plates: huge chunks of Earth crust, floating on mantelFaults: cracks in the earth’s crustRing of fire: hot spots around Pacific ocean w/lots of volcanoes/tsunamis/earthquakesORGANISMS 1Biotic/abiotic factors of environment: biotic=living (any organisms)/abiotic=non-living (air/water/temp)Niche: job/function of organism.Producers/Consumers: producers =plants and make own food/ consumers=eater of any other thingsPrimary consumers vs. Secondary Consumers vs. Tertiary Consumers: who eats what first, second, thirdPredator/Prey: pred=hunter (like lion)/prey=hunted (example= rabbit)Herbivore/Carnivore: herbi= plant eater like sheep/ carni=meat eater (example= wolf)Omnivore: eats meat/plants both like humans/monkeys/raccoonsORGANISMS 2Decomposer/Scavenger: Decomp: breaks dead organisms into chemicals: bacteria/insects/fiungi/worms. Scav: eats dead animals : crab/vultureAutotroph/Heterotroph: auto= self eater or a plant/hetero=different eater or eats other organisms …a consumerParasite/host: parasite= org that lives off another living org. host=the org. that is being used by the parasiteCompetition: a fight for resources…fight for food/water/light/space etcMarine vs. Freshwater vs. Terrestrial: marine=sea water envir/freshwater=lakes/ponds water with no salt/ terrestrial =landPopulation: number of organism in an areaTraits: a characteristic of an organism HUMAN IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM 1Artificial Reefs: a man made structure underwater that becomes a home for marine lifeOver fishing: catching too many fish/reducing the population of fish too much…can lead to endangered speciesRunoff: water that does NOT seep into ground but flows on the surface towards lakes/streams/oceanEndangered organisms: few of this species left ; in danger of dying offExtinct organisms: a type of organism where All THE MEMEBRS ARE DEAD…NO ONE LEFT ALIVEShort term environmental effects: effects over a year or twoLong term environmental effects: effects that will take many years…100’s or 1000’s of yearsHUMAN IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM 2Global Warming: an increase in atmosphere temp, caused by CO2 and other green house gases trapping heat in airResources: those materials that humans useDeforestation: cutting down trees/forests leaving bare land to erodeLoss of arable land: farm land that is lost to building or blown/washed awaySurface water vs. Ground water: surface=water on land that is visible/ground=water undergroundAquifer: a large amount of water undergroundPollution: any type of matter where it is NOT supposed to be including chemicals/gasses//poisons, animal waste, garbage etcHUMAN IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM 3Mineral Extraction: taking valuable materials from ground and mines Modify: to changeSewage: waste water generated in a home or business: ACADEMIC LANGUAGE 1Advantage/disadvantage: adv=something that helps; disadv=something that hurtsInfer or conclude: to figure out based on informationPredict: educated guess at future eventsSequence of events: what happens first second in orderGreatest/Most: the largest/biggest amountLeast: smallest amountAbundant: a lot of itACADEMIC LANGUAGE 2Useful: helpful, can use itAccurate/inaccurate: acc=right/inacc.=wrongQuality/Quantity: quality tells what kind/quantity tells how many. Impact/effect: what happens as a resultDependence/Independence: dep=the need for something; indep=no needSubsequent: the flowing or next. The families subsequent generation are the childrenComponents: parts or pieces of…components of a lemonade are lemon juice/water/ice/sugarREVIEW 5: BASIC ATMOSPHEREAtmosphere: the gases that surround earthNitrogen: 78% of atmosphereOxygen: 21% of atmosphereCarbon dioxide: less than 1% of atmosphere. Weather: daily changes to the atmosphereClimate: long term trends in the atmosphere; a repeating patternGreenhouse gases: gases like CO2 that are warming atmosphereREVIEW6: BASIC ADAPTATIONSAdaptation: a change that allows the organism to survive and thriveHibernation: sleeping in winter to preserve food as there is little food supplyMigration: moving from one location to another seasonally for foodFur: adaptation to keep warm/Webbed feet: adaptation to move water and achieve speedCamouflage: coloration adaptation to hide to avoid predators or find preyClaws: adaptation for digging//tearingREVIEW 7: BASIC EARTHCore: the solid and liquid center of the earthMantel: the semi liquid large are between core/crustCrust: the solid, thin, uppermost layer of earthTectonic plates: large pieces of the earth’s crust, floating on mantelEarthquake: movement of crust/tectonic platesRing of fire: area around Pacific; location of many volcanoes, tsunami’s/earthquakesFault: crack/space between tectonic platesREVIEW 8: BASIC EARTH CHANGING FORCESErosion: moving away of material from a locationWeathering: breaking apart material at locationDeposition: the dropping/leaving of material at a distant siteGlacier: huge ice piece made of compacted snow.Volcano: the opening of the earth’s crust to the mantel belowRiver delta: a location where the river’s energy decreases and material deposited, usually near large body of waterAlluvial fan : pile of sediments at exit of a canyonPERIODIC TABLE ADVANCED 1Alkali metals: Family 1, Highly Reactive; explode in waterAlkali earth metals: Family 2: Very Reactive.Transition metals: shiny, conductive, malleable, ductile, Family 3-13Other metals: Less conductive metalsMetalloids: Along black line…in-between metals and non; semi-conductorsNon metals: Poor conductors; brittle, dull…many life forming elements (CHON+PS)Halogens: Family 15: Valence shell almost full; very reactive; non-metalsPERIODIC TABLE ADVANCED 2Noble gases/inert elements: Far right family 16: no reaction with other elements. Valence shell fullFamily/group: Vertical columns/groups in Periodic table. Based on number of valence electrons. Share common properties. Period: horizontal rows in Periodic Table based and NUMBER OF ELECTRON SHELLSReactivity: how easier/quickly elements combine…faster = more reactiveMelting Point: a point at which a solid becomes a liquid…very high in metals. Valence Electrons: the electrons in the outer shellElectron shells: number of “rings” of electrons: 2max, 8 max, 8 maxFORMULAS:Coefficient: The LARGE # in chem. formulas. Tells # of MOLECULESSubscript; the SMALL # in chem. formulas. Tells # ATOMS. Products: what is made in a chemical reactionReactants: things reacting in a chem. reactionMolecule: two or more atoms joined together chemically…. H2O or H2: any combo. Compound: two or more elements joined together chemically…H2O but not H2 (they must be different)Balanced: an equation with the same elements on each side, the same number of atoms on each side by elements….nothing is lost or created, just rearranged in new compounds. PHYSICAL PROPERTIESStates of Matter: The temperature and condition of a substance: solid, liquid, or gas. Breakage and size: in physical change, things get bigger or smaller but keep their propertiesSolvent: a liquid in which a solute is dissolvedSolute: a substance (solid, liquid or gas) which gets dissolved in a solventSolution: A mixture of two things in liquid that are down to size of molecules (salt water)Dissolve: to make a substance break down to the size of its moleculesPhysical Change: everything looks different: the compounds stay the sameCHEMICAL PROPERTIES/REACTIONSProductions of a gas: in a chem. reaction, gas released and we see bubbles/smokePermanent color change: color different, hard to change back; new compoundChange in temperature/heat change: in chemical reactions: the temperature always changes!Creation of a precipitant: think two liquids combine and form a new substance, a SOLID which falls like “rain” to bottom.Endothermic Reactions: Heat is pulled in…system gets colderExothermic Reactions::Heat is released….system gets hotter. Chemical Change: a reaction that creates new substances with rearranged atoms with new properties. ................
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