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Ridgewood Summer Invitational

Questions written and edited by Ridgewood High School (Ben Bechtold, Zoe Blecher-Cohen, Bryan Clarendon, Aryan Falahatpisheh, Esther Sun, Thomas Husband, Louis Lim, Karen Montero, Mark Perfect, Sanjana Rajagopal, Abbas Raza, Jonah Salzman-Cohen , Justin Shin, David Song, Kara Vo, and Claire Walter) with help from Ben Zhang

Round 07-Tossups

1. This man faced a rebellion led by Guy of Burgundy and this man ordered a series of campaigns in order to subjugate Northern England known as the Harrying of the North. The son of Herleva, his domains were divided between his two sons Robert and William. This husband of Matilda of Flanders founded Battle Abbey and he won a battle at Senlac Hill. This man defeated the victor of the (*) Battle of Stamford Bridge, and later commissioned a survey listing all of the landholders in England along with their holdings, in the Domesday Book. For 10 points, name this winner of the Battle of Hastings and became the first Norman king of England.

ANSWER: William the Conqueror [accept William I of England or William the Bastard]

2. The lurching movement of one piece in this suite coupled with contrasting tempos is supposed depict The Gnome. This piece contains two promenades; both of which are played in B-flat major. A scherzo in ABA leads into a scurrying coda in The Great News. One section’s tempo is an allegretto non troppo capriccioso, meant to depict a swarm of children and nurses in the (*) Tuileries. The tenth section of this work is in E flat major that is cast in a broad rondo is known as The Great Gate of Kiev. Consisting of fifteen sections and based upon the works of Viktor Hartmann, for 10 points, name this suite by Modest Mussorgsky.

ANSWER: Pictures At An Exhibition [accept The Gnome before “one piece”]

3. This man once said that “anthropology, or true science of Man [is] the last gradation in the Grand Hierarchy of Abstract Man” thus altering the law of classification. He believed that one phase of society involved the justification of universal rights on a higher plane than any authority could command. This sociologist who coined the term “altruism” believed that society culminated in a search for laws to govern society, as opposed to causes, in his law of (*) three stages. For 10 points, name this man who was influenced by Henri Saint-Simon and who in response to the social weakness of the French Revolution, created the discipline of sociology.

ANSWER: Auguste Comte

4. In this novel, the protagonist’s love interest kills herself by swallowing prussic acid, and he rejects her advances after she does a particularly awful rendition of Romeo and Juliet. Another character includes a painter who is a devout Christian with conservative values, and is hinted to be in love with the titular character, mirroring the author’s own sexuality. Yet another character is a hedonistic and extravagant man who gives the protagonist a yellow book which further leads him into corruption. For 10 points, name this novel in which the titular character’s moral decline can be seen in the portrait commissioned by Basil Hallward.

ANSWER: The Picture of Dorian Gray [Do not accept The Portrait of Dorian Gray]

5. A proposal of an attack by this man resulted in a three part compromise, the first part being the seizure of the Tulagi area. This man proposed what would become the 42nd “Rainbow” Division, to which he was appointed Chief of Staff. He was nominated for a Medal of Honor during the U.S. occupation of Veracruz; when he received the Medal, this man and his father became the first father and son to both be awarded it. He was fired by his superior after being supportive of a (*) widening of the final conflict he fought in to include attacks with nuclear weapons. After WWII, this man oversaw the occupation of Japan. For 10 points, name this general who fought in the Pacific during WWII, and who was dismissed by Truman during the Korean War.

ANSWER: Douglas MacArthur

6. Fajans’ rule can be used to determine this chemical concept. One measure of the strength of these bonds can be found using the Born-Haber cycle. That energy can also be approximated using the electrostatic potential. Solid compounds containing these bonds form (*) lattice structures which follow the maximum packing rule, and conduct electricity when melted. These bonds have high melting points and conduction as a liquid and atoms in these bonds have high differences in electronegativity. For 10 points, identify this type of bond in which one atom transfers an electron to another, often contrasted with covalent bonds.

ANSWER: Ionic bonds [accept Covalent bonds until Born-Haber]

7. One of this author's characters was inspired by the sexual escapades of Royall Tyler. In one of this author's works, Peter Hovenden forbids his daughter Annie from marrying Owen Warland, who later gifts her a mechanical butterfly. In one of this author’s works, Zenobia wears a new type of flower in her hair everyday, and Priscilla learns that her father is a man named Old Moodie. The title character of another work finds his wife's (*) pink ribbons tied to a tree as he makes his way to a witches' sabbath. In another of his works, a woman named Hepzibah opens a cent-shop in the title structure. For 10 points, name this author of short stories like "Young Goodman Brown" and novels like The Marble Faun, and The House of the Seven Gables.

ANSWER: Nathaniel Hawthorne

8. This god granted the nymph Sinope the ability to remain a virgin forever after seducing her. Chelone was turned into a tortoise after she refused to attend his wedding, and he killed his son Iasion for having sex with Demeter during the wedding of Cadmus and Harmonia. While visiting Arcadia, he was fed the flesh of the king’s son by Lycaon, prompting him to release a flood. Early in his reign, he swallowed (*) Metis and had Hephaestus split his head open with an axe, producing Athena from his forehead. This brother of Hades and Poseidon overthrew his father Cronus in the Titanomachy. For 10 points, name this Greek thunderbolt-wielding god of the sky and husband of Hera.

ANSWER: Zeus [do not accept Jupiter]

9. William Adams was the first known Caucasian to become one of these. They used a type of cannon whose nickname means “Province Destroyer”, and they sometimes carried matchlock guns, which replaced their traditional longbows. It was possible for females to achieve this status, and this title was often handed down through inheritance. This class of people had a right of (*) “Authorization to cut and leave”. They could commit suicide in order to avoid falling into the hands of an enemy or as a form of capital punishment; that punishment was known as seppuku. For 10 points, name these warriors that followed the Bushido code in feudal Japan.

ANSWER: Samurai

10. Alone, it is estimated that this particle has a half life of about 10 to the 34th years, though it will react immediately with the electron cloud of any available molecule. A namesake “chain” in stellar fusion begins when two of these combine to form deuterium and release a positron. A (*) hydronium ion is a molecule of water with an extra one of these particles. It consists of two up quarks and one down quark and may be referred to as H+ in chemistry. For 10 points, name this subatomic particle which is present with neutrons in the nuclei of atoms.

ANSWER: protons [accept hydrogen nuclei]

11. One of these objects can be found in the top-left corner of Van Gogh’s The Potato Eaters. Only a candlestick and the back of a dark blue one of these objects are reflected in a mirror in one painting, which was delivered alongside the same artist’s Not to Be Reproduced. That painting, (*) Time Transfixed, shows a train emerging from a fire place with a square one of these objects above it, and a round one of these objects is placed above a doorway in The Night Cafe. In the most famous painting to depict these objects, one of them is draped over a tree branch, while an orange one nearby is crawling with ants. For ten points, identify these objects which are melting in Dali’s The Persistence of Memory.

ANSWER: clocks (or watches or timepieces or anything else like that)

12. This book was once banned in Culpeper County Virginia due to complaints about “sexual content” and “homosexual themes”. Some, such as Robert Faurisson, claim that this book is a forgery, but these allegations are almost never taken seriously. This book is written in letters to imaginary friends that include “Conny”, Emmy”, “Pop”, and “Marianne” and its publication was facilitated by (*) Miep Gies. Its author ultimately died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen. For 10 points, name this autobiography that became a symbol for Nazi atrocities during WWII, a book written by a girl who had to hide in an apartment concealed behind a bookshelf for over two years.

ANSWER: The Diary of a Young Girl, [also accept The Diary of Anne Frank, The Autobiography of Anne Frank or Het Achterhuis]

13. In 2001, she appeared in an episode of The Sopranos, in a small role as a classmate. In 2010, she became the first artist to have over 1 billion views on YouTube, and two of those were nominated for Video of the Year at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. In 2008, at the beginning of her fame, she was compared to Christina Aguilera, who stated that she didn’t know if (*) “it was a man or a woman”. However, in 2011, the Rolling Stones named her the Queen of Pop. She wrote one of her best-selling songs in about 10 minutes, aided by RedOne and Akon. One picture shows her in a bra shooting out sparks. Her other bizarre costumes include an egg and a meat dress. For 10 points,, name this American singer-songwriter of hits such as “Bad Romance”, “Born This Way”, and “Poker Face”.

ANSWER: Lady Gaga [accept Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta]

14. Two dissimilar metals placed in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte can corrode if they form one of these objects. Platinum is often used in the electrodes of these devices due to its chemical inertness. The amount of energy they produce is equal to their potential times the number of moles of transferred electrons times the (*) Faraday constant. The Nernst equation can be used to calculate the potential of one of these objects when the reactants are not in their standard states. A salt bridge or porous membrane between the two half cells is necessary to balance the charges they produce. For 10 points, identify these electrochemical cells that produce electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions.

ANSWER: Voltaic cell [accept galvanic cell; prompt on electrochemical cell]

15. This mathematician developed a way to find the date of Easter on any given year in order to find his date of birth. He discovered that all positive integers are representable as the sum of at most three triangular numbers. He published a proof of the theorem of quadratic reciprocity, which he called his “golden theorem”, in his Disquistiones Arithmeticae. This mathematician proved the (*) Fundamental Theorem of Algebra for his doctoral dissertation and supposedly found the sum of the numbers 1 through 100 as a child. The “magnetic” form of one law named for this man claims that magnetic monopoles do not exist. For 10 points, name this “prince of mathematics” after whom the bell curve is named.

ANSWER: Carl Friedrich Gauss

16. In one work by this man, the President demands a ceremonial yam be presented before him as a sign of abdication. In addition to the play Kongi’s Harvest, this author wrote the poetry collection A Shuttle in the Crypt. In another work by this man Eman chooses to become “carrier” in order to save Ifada. This author of (*) The Strong Breed wrote about the British officer Samuel Pilkings intervention of the ritual suicide of the Yoruba tribe official Elesin and in another work Sidi is courted by Baroka and Lakunle. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author of works like The Lion and the Jewel and Death and the King’s Horseman.

ANSWER: Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Soyinka

17. George Walters financed the leader of one side of this conflict by giving him money to buy broadswords. One part of this conflict is depicted in William Hogarth’s The March of the Guards to Finchley. After the last land battle of this conflict, the leader of the side attempting to seize the throne fled, disguised as Betty Burke. That leader had used the ships Doutelle and Elisabeth to make landfall on the island of Eriskay on July 23 thirty years after (*) another revolt with the same goal had failed. For 10 points, name this rebellion which ended at the Battle of Culloden, which attempted to put the young Stuart pretender Bonnie Prince Charlie on the English Throne.

ANSWER: Jacobite Uprising of 1745 [accept word forms for Uprising, accept The Forty-Five, prompt on just “Jacobite Uprising”, again, accept word forms for “Uprising”]

18. Buller’s drop is a method by which some of these organisms reproduce their cells. Two compatible organisms in this kingdom are able to combine their cells through anastomosis. Coenocytes and Spitzenkorper are found in these organisms, which includes Aspergillus and Candida albans. (*) Asci are the sexual spore-bearing cells produced in the ascomycete variety, while others possess basidia-tipped gills on their fruiting body. Members of this kingdom possess chitinous hyphae, which compose their mycelia. For 10 points, name this kingdom whose members yeast, mold, and mushrooms.

ANSWER: Fungi or fungus [accept mushrooms or basidiomycota before “kingdom”]

19. This man evoked the theme of Pentecost in his The Love Feast of the Apostles. In one of his unfinished works, Ada accidentally kills her lover, Cadolt, by pushing him over the balcony. An early work of this man’s is based off of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure. This creator of The Wedding and The Ban on Love created an opera about Eva Pogner, who is supposed to win a singing contest in (*) Nuremberg. In another work by this composer, the title character kills Fafnir, and that work ends with Brunhilde ordering the building of a funeral pyre for the title character. For 10 points, name this German composer of Lohengrin and the “Ride of the Valkyries,” part of his Ring Cycle.

ANSWER: Richard Wagner

20. One work by this man states that man never knows whether he is asleep or awake, and notes that one’s memory never joins dreams with the actions of life. This thinker argued against philosophical dependence on the senses by using an analogy of melting wax, and he believed that an (*) Evil Demon was manipulating his senses. He dedicated his work The Passions of the Soul to Elizabeth of Bohemia. This thinker argued for mind-body dualism in his Discourse on Method. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote Meditations on First Philosophy and coined the phrase “I think therefore I am”.

ANSWER: Rene Descartes [accept Renatus Cartesius]

TIEBREAKER

One poem by this man compared the title object to “some coy maid half yielding to her lover” and in another he wrote about “My genial spirits fail; and what can these avail”. Those poems “The Aeolian Harp” and “Dejection: An Ode” are part of his eight conversation poems. He wrote of an “Abyssinian maid” with a dulcimer singing of Mount Abora near a (*) “stately pleasure-dome”. This man wrote a poem about a man talking to a wedding guest describing how there were slimy things on his leg and tells him that there was “water, water everywhere/ nor any drop to drink” after he shot an albatross. For 10 points name this Romantic poet of “Kubla Khan” and “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”.

ANSWER: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Round 07-Bonuses

1. Answer the following about religiously fueled assassinations, for 10 points each:

[10] This Egyptian president was assassinated by Islamic army officers led by Khalid Islambouli. He had earlier signed the Camp David Accords with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, which partially provoked the killing.

ANSWER: Anwar al-Sadat

[10] This nonviolent leader of the Indian independence movement and organizer of the Salt March was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, who felt that nonviolence weakened Hindus in the conflict against Muslims.

ANSWER: Mahatma Gandhi [or Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi]

[10] This Palestinian shot and killed Robert Kennedy in the Ambassador Hotel due to his support for Israel.

ANSWER: Sirhan Bishara Sirhan

2. He is known for works like Toccata in E minor for organ and a piece called Aria Sebaldina. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this composer. Aria Sebaldina is from his Hexachordum Apollinis, and this man composed Chaconne in F minor and Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken.

ANSWER: Johann Pachelbel

[10] This work by Pachelbel starts with a bass playing D, A, B, F sharp, G, D, G A and three violins enter on an F sharp descending the title scale to A. This piece is the only one of its kind by Pachelbel, and despite its name, it is a passacaglia.

ANSWER: Canon in D [accept Pachelbel’s Canon]

[10] Canon in D was originally paired with this baroque dance usually in 3/8 or compound metre derivatives. J. S. Bach’s first French suite contains one of these in 4/4 time.

ANSWER: gigue

3. For 10 points each, name some things about a famous German author and his novels.

[10] This author of Buddenbrooks wrote the four-part novel Joseph and His Brothers.

ANSWER: Thomas Mann

[10] Brought up by his uncle James Tienappel, Hans Castorp visits his tubercular cousin, Joachim Ziemssen, in a Swiss asylum in this work.

ANSWER: The Magic Mountain

[10] This work is about Gustav von Aschenbach’s obsession with Tadzio in the title Italian city.

ANSWER: Death in Venice

4. It was named after an Italian con-artist that would promise 100% profit within 90 days. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this operation that pays returns from an investor's own money, or money paid by subsequent investors, instead of actual profits.

ANSWER: Ponzi scheme

[10] This other type of financial fraud seeks to acquire information like usernames and passwords through masquerading as a trustworthy entity, such as a scam site billing itself as “”.

ANSWER: phishing [accept word forms]

[10] A third type of financial fraud is insider trading which was engaged in by this man in the 1980’s who was forced to pay a $100 million fine and whose cooperation with the SEC led to the conviction of Michael Milken.

ANSWER: Ivan Boesky

5. This group was led by “Sachems,” a Native American word meaning “servant leader.”For 10 points each:

[10] Name this New York political machine led by William M. Tweed

ANSWER: Tammany Hall

[10] This political cartoonist famously depicted boss Tweed with a money bag instead of a head. He also popularized the elephant and donkey as symbols for Republicans and Democrats.

ANSWER: Thomas Nast

[10] This mayor of New York helped take down Tammany Hall, and provides half of the name of a bill that made “yellow dog” contracts unenforceable in federal courts.

ANSWER: Fiorello La Guardia

6. Artists in this movement included Rubens and Vermeer. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this art style that began with a declaration from the Roman Catholic church and was characterized by dramatic effect, ornate design, and overall balance and symmetry.

ANSWER: Baroque art

[10] This art movement, also known as Late Baroque, sought freedom from Baroque’s strict regulations and employed pastel colors and an air of playfulness. Artists in this movement included Giovanni Tiepolo and Francois Boucher.

ANSWER: Rococo

[10] This Rococo painting features numerous cherubs that gather around the couples in the title place, who are leaving for a golden boat. An armless statue adorned by flowers is visible in the far right of this painting.

ANSWER: The Embarkation for Cythera [or L’embarquement pour Cythere; accept Journey to Cythera or Pilgrimage to Cythera]

7. Name some weapons from mythology, for 10 points each:

[10] Modi and Magni will possess this weapon after Ragnarok, which was previously used by Thor. Because of its short handle, Thor needs to wear Jarngreipr, his iron gloves, in order to use this hammer.

ANSWER: Mjolnir

[10] This indestructible sword of Roland was forged by Wayland and contains the remains of numerous saints. When Roland unsuccessfully tried to break it, it created a gap in the Pyrenees.

ANSWER: Durendal

[10] This spear was given to Cu Chulainn by Scathach, and was made from the bones of Coinchenn, a sea monster.

ANSWER: Gae Bulga

8. For 10 points each, name some movies where actor Leonardo DiCaprio has played a lead role.

[10] This 1997 fictionalized account of the sinking of the titular ship. DiCaprio plays Jack Dawson, a young artist, who falls in love with Rose Dewitt Bukater, a wealthy daughter of a socialite.

ANSWER: Titanic

[10] This 2010 psychological thriller was directed by Martin Scorsese and is based on a novel by Dennis Lehane. DiCaprio stars as a US marshal, Teddy Daniels who is investigating a psychiatric facility on the namesake island.

ANSWER: Shutter Island

[10] This 2008 drama film was DiCaprio’s second time working with Kate Winslet after Titanic, and is about a young couple in suburban Connecticut in the mid 1950’s, trying to sort out their personal problems while raising their children.

ANSWER: Revolutionary Road

9. A mathematician studying this might have a hard time differentiating between a donut and a coffee cup. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this discipline of mathematics that studies properties preserved under continuous deformations of objects, such as stretching, but not tearing or gluing.

ANSWER: topology

[10] This discipline studies strategic decision making, and considers scenarios like the “stag hunt” and the “tragedy of the commons”.

ANSWER: game theory

[10] This discipline studies embeddings of circles in three-dimensional euclidean space. The objects it studies may be expressed using Conway notation and shown to be equivalent via Reidemeister moves.

ANSWER: knot theory

10. For 10 points each, answer some questions about a monument in our nation’s capital.

[10] This 555-foot tall obelisk is the tallest structure in Washington, D.C. It was the tallest structure in the world when first completed.

ANSWER: Washington Monument

[10] This Latin phrase is inscribed on the aluminum apex of the monument. It means “praise be to God”.

ANSWER: Laus Deo

[10] This 21st president dedicated the monument, 20 years after the end of the Civil War.

ANSWER: Chester A. Arthur

11. Erasmus revised this version of the Bible by restudying the ancient Greek manuscripts. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this official Latin translation of the Bible, named for its common usage.

ANSWER: Vulgate [accept versio vulgata]

[10] Pope Damasus I ordered this saint to create the Vulgate. During the Counter-Reformation, some insisted that the translation errors made by this man were the result of “divine inspiration”.

ANSWER: St. Jerome

[10] This council invoked by Pope Paul III declared the Vulgate to be the official Catholic scripture. Its main purpose was to strengthen and clarify Catholic principles which were being challenged by the Reformation.

ANSWER: Council of Trent

12. Its name derives from a Greek word meaning “Wanderer”, for 10 points each:

[10] Name this class of celestial object, massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, but not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion.

ANSWER: Planet

[10] This kind of planet is formed when a planetary-mass object is ejected from its system or was never bound to any star. They are also called nomad planets.

ANSWER: Rogue planet [accept interstellar planet and orphan planet]

[10] This value measures the amount an orbit deviates from a perfect circle. It is between 0 and 1 for closed orbits, and a value of 1 gives a parabola.

ANSWER: Eccentricity

13. Shakespeare portrayed one of his title characters saying “My Kingdom for a Horse!” For 10 points each:

[10]Name the battle where that Richard III utters that phrase shortly before his death.

ANSWER: Battle of Bosworth Field

[10] Name the conflict in England between the Houses of York and Lancaster which ended with the Battle of Bosworth Field whereupon Henry VII became king.

ANSWER: War of the Roses

[10] Name this house that was split over the War of the Roses into the houses of Lancaster and York.

ANSWER: Plantagenet

14. Answer some questions about Miguel de Cervantes’ most famous work, for 10 points each:

[10] This book describes the adventures of an old Spanish gentleman as he attempts to slay giants who are actually windmills and woo his love, Dulcinea.

ANSWER: The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha [or El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha]

[10] This horse of Don Quixote makes friends with Sancho Panza’s donkey Dapple and tries to mate with Galician mares.

ANSWER: Rocinante

[10] This puppeteer performs the “Tale of Melisendra” as Don Quixote is watching. However, he destroys this character’s puppet stand at the end, convinced that the events being performed are real.

ANSWER: Master Pedro

15. The title character of this work dies after contracting malaria during a nightly visit to the Colosseum. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this work in which Frederick Winterbourne realizes his love for the title character, an American living in Italy.

ANSWER: Daisy Miller

[10] This author of Daisy Miller also wrote The Portrait of a Lady and The Turn of the Screw.

ANSWER: Henry James [prompt on James]

[10] In this James work, Lambert Strether goes to Europe in order to bring Chad Newsome back to America.

ANSWER: The Ambassadors

16. Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar, an early example of these. For 10 points each:

[10] Name these circuit components that store charge. Their ability to do so is measured in farads.

ANSWER: capacitors

[10] The simplest capacitors consist of two parallel metal plates separated by one of these materials. These materials have a low conductivity and high polarizability and can function until the breakdown voltage.

ANSWER: dielectrics [prompt on “insulators”]

[10] This quantity is the amount of time needed to discharge a capacitor to 1/e (“one over e”) of its original charge. This time constant exists for its namesake kind of circuit.

ANSWER: RC time constant

17. John C. Fremont became one of the first senators from this state. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this state which saw a gold rush after a discovery at Sutter’s Mill. It was admitted into the Union as a free state in the Compromise of 1850.

ANSWER: California

[10] This group of pioneers was trapped in the Sierra Nevada on the way to California due to snow, and resorted to cannibalism when food ran out.

ANSWER: Donner Party

[10] The Donner Party had taken this shortcut that went south of the California Trail and and through the Great Salt Lake Desert, but avoided Weber Canyon. Its namesake published The Emigrant’s Guide to Oregon and California.

ANSWER: Hastings Cutoff [accept Lansford Hastings]

18. For 10 points each, answer the following about carnivorous plants:

[10] This carnivorous plant’s leaves can snap shut in .3 seconds, and feeds mostly on ants and spiders despite its misleading name.

ANSWER: Venus Flytrap [accept Dionaea muscipula]

[10] This type of carnivorous plant uses a pitfall trap, often coated with a pungent liquid to attract its prey. Although it usually feeds on small insects, small birds and frogs have been found partially digested by this type of plant.

ANSWER: pitcher plants

[10] This genus of pant is characterised by sticky hairs that cover their leaf structure, that trap and digest this genus’ prey. Charles Darwin fed some of these plants with meat in order to measure their reaction times.

ANSWER: sundews [accept Drosera]

19. Name some suicidal authors, for 10 points each.

[10] Known for works like “Lady Lazarus” and The Bell Jar, this American poet was the wife of Ted Hughes and committed suicide by sticking her head in an oven.

ANSWER: Sylvia Plath

[10] This English author of Between the Acts and Three Guineas walked into a river with a pocket full of stones, and thus drowned.

ANSWER: Virginia Woolf

[10] This writer was forced to kill himself after a failed coup to restore the powers of the emperor. His works include The Sailor who Fell from Grace with the Sea and Confessions of a Mask.

ANSWER: Yukio Mishima

20. Examples of these compounds include ethene and butene. For 10 points each:

[10] Name these hydrocarbons that possess a carbon-carbon double bond..

ANSWER: alkenes [accept olefins]

[10] These compounds have a central carbonyl bonded to a hydrogen and an R group, unlike a similar functional group which consists of a carbonyl bonded to two R groups. The simplest one has the formula CH2O.

ANSWER: aldehydes

[10] In this reaction, a phosphonium ylide converts an aldehyde or ketone into an alkene. Tri-phenyl-phosphine oxide is another product of this reaction, and it can produce E-alkanes with the Schlosser modification.

ANSWER: Wittig reaction

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