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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION TOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYAlthough as late as the mid-1970s computers were used by relatively few people, the computer has already had a greater impact on our society than any other device invented in the second half of the twentieth century. In business, computers now help design and manufacture products, shape marketing campaigns, and track and process everything from inventory to accounts receivable and payable to payroll. In education, they help in teaching, scheduling classes, and recording grades. In the medical professions, computers assist in diagnosing and monitoring patients and in regulating treatment. Scientists use computers to analyze our solar system, forecast weather patterns, and conduct experiments.The computer is as ordinary as a car and, like a car, it helps to make your life simpler and you more productive!COMPUTER – a general-purpose electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the data according to internal instructions (which are executed without human intervention), and produces information.-- an electronic device that receives data and instructions, manipulates/processes the data into information, and then furnishes/outputs the processed results in a form that is readable, either by a person or another machine or device. COMPUTER SYSTEM -- consists of computers and computer-controlled devices that process data by executing programs.SYSTEM – a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and providing outputs in an organized transformation process.DATA PROCESSINGa group of activities used to manipulate data to produce meaningful information.Data – raw facts.Processing – manner of manipulating rmation – a communicated knowledge presented in a form that makes it immediately useful for decision-making purposes.OBJECTIVES OF DATA PROCESSSINGto provide information for planning, decision making and control of business operationsto record current individual transactionsto provide historical informationCATEGORIES OF DATA PROCESSINGManual data processing - employs tools and materials such as pens, pencils, forms, carbon papers and filing cabinets.Mechanical data processing – uses various materials such as typewriters, calculators, duplicators, and tabulators.Electronic data processing – employs computers.METHODS OF DATA PROCESSINGBatch Processingthe simplest form of data processingdata are collected or accumulated into large volumes before they are processedOn-line processingone which uses devices directly connected to the CPU either for data entry or inquiry purposesReal Time Processingprocessing of data is done immediatelya form of processing that uses terminals linked to a CPU via telecommunication linesan on-line computer system that operates quickly enough to facilitate the decision making purposes in an organizationDistributed Processingmost complex level of computer processingconsists of remote terminals linked to a large central computer systemdistributed computer-communications network similar in some aspect to public utilities such as telephone and electric companiesCHARACTERISTICS OF DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMSTimeliness – recording of current data and producing current informationPertinence – producing the right informationAccuracy – producing the right information with the correct valuesEconomic feasibility – producing the right information within reasonable costsDATA PROCESSING CYCLEInput – recording of data in some form of documentrefers to the feeding of raw information into the CPU of a computerProcess – where raw data is transformed into informationStorage – information is stored in some form of storage deviceOutput – results; informationCPUFloppy disksHard disksCD-ROMINPUTOUTPUTPROCESSSTORAGEKeyboardMouseMonitorPrinterTHE COMPUTERCharacteristics of a ComputerIt is a machine – can only do things for which it is designed, needs outside intervention for it to runIt is electronic – made up of electronic circuits, runs on electrical energyIt is automatic – once started, it continues to run without outside interventionIt can manipulate data – can perform arithmetic functions and compare dataIt has memory – has the capacity to remember what it has done, can store instructions in its memory and follow these though unaidedIt has logic functions – can be given a set of instructions which tell what it must do and how it must be done then can produce results upon completion of these instructionsCapabilities of the ComputerSpeed – the computer can process data reaching up to more than 50 million operations per secondRepetitiveness – can tirelessly perform the same operations without getting tired or boredAccuracy – can perform hundreds of arithmetic operations every second and can run errorless for hours at a timeStore and recall information – can store facts, instructions and information and does not forget these; the access time is measured in microsecondsLogical operations – can perform simple comparison and then follow one of two courses of actions- can make “decisions” based on the prepared instructionsSelf-checking – makes sure that no data is lost during processingSelf-operating – executes information on its own once data and program are fed into the memoryLimitations of the ComputerThe computer is dependent on the instructions and data given by any human beingCannot generate information on its owncan put information together from many sources only if it is properly programmedCannot correct wrong instructionsit can only detect wrong instructions but it can never correct them nor can it detect incorrect data; corrections must be done by the programmerGIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)erroneous input will produce erroneous outputCannot come out with an original “decision”choices of computers are limited only to those prepared for it by the programmerComputer applications must be quantifiedcannot predict anything unless with the use of simulation where standards are setHISTORICAL BACKGROUND in the Development of ComputersFingers and ToesAbacusthe first man-made computing device which is made up of small stones or pebbles or beads or shells or chicken bonesmade in China in the 12th centuryNumber System (0-9)a Hindu-Arabic influenceNapier’s Bonesby John Napier in 1614a set of eleven rods, made up of bones and ivory, with numbers marked on them and used to multiply, divide and extract the square rootOughtred’s Slide Ruleby William Oughtred in 1630, consists of two movable rulers placed side by side; by sliding the rulers one can quickly multiply and dividePascal’s Adding Machinea machine developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642 capable of adding and subtracting numbers; it adopted the principle of the abacus but instead of using the hands to move the counters, Pascal used wheeelsLeibniz’s calculatoran improvement of Pascal’s machine with the inclusion of multiplication, division and square root extractions; developed by Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizJacquard’s Mechanical Looma weaving machine invented by Joseph Jacquard which punched cards controlled the movements of the shuttles in order to produce tapestries of complicated designBabbage’s Analytical Engineinvented by Charles Babbage who was considered the father of the modern computera machine that could have been the first computer that performs all mathematical operations, stores information in its “memory” and performs logical operations but it lacked electronics (electromechanical)Lady Ada Byron was referred to as the first programmer since she wrote a demonstration program for Babbage’s Analytical EngineHollerith’s Tabulating Machinethe first commercially successful data processing machine invented by Herman Holleritha machine where data to be processed where coded as holes in cards that represent the digits and letters which were passed on electrical contacts that were either turned on or offin 1911, the Census Bureau where Hollerith worked merged with its competitor and formed the International Business Machines (IBM)Early Developments in EDPMARK I – Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) completed in 1914 by Howard Aikenthe first automatic general purpose digital computerENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator developed during the period 1943-1946the first large-scale vacuum tube computerEDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer developed in 1946 by John von Neumann- stored programsEDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator developed in 1949the first stored program machine to go on operationComputer Generations1st Generation Computers (1951-1959)vacuum tubes2nd Generation Computers (1959-1964)transistors3rd Generation Computers (1965-1970)solid state technology and integrated circuitry (IC) coupled with extreme miniaturization4th and 5th Generation Computers (1970-present)characterized by further miniaturization of circuits, increased multiprogramming and by virtual storage memory, time sharing, and operating speedCLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERSAccording to PurposeGeneral-purpose Computers – these computers are designed to handle a variety of different problems and to meet different needs; they are strong in versatility but are normally weak in speed and efficiencySpecial-purpose Computers these computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task; these are quite inflexible and cannot be used for tasks other than for which it is designedAccording to Type of Data HandledAnalog Computers – deal with continuously changing physical data such as pressure, temperature, current; can only provide approximate resultsDigital Computers – computers that specialize in counting; handles data that are in discrete formHybrid Computers – machines that incorporate in a single computer both analog and digital featuresAccording to CapacityMain MemoryStorage CapacitySpeedMicrocomputer64,000 – 7Mcharacters64,000 – 16Mcharacters60,000 – 1 MIPSMinicomputer1 – 50 Mcharacters4 – 64Mcharacters1-5 MIPSMainframe32 – 200McharactersAbove 32MCharacters5 MIPSand upSupercomputer64 M – 2BcharactersNoLimitations10 MIPSand upCHAPTER IICOMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMHARDWARE – the physical component of computer systemA. INPUT DEVICES used to enter data into a computer and to give commands to manipulate the data.physical equipment which read or translate data into electronic impulses, which can be understood by the computer or it is converted to binary patterns.KEYBOARD – the standard input device.3 PARTITIONS:FUNCTION KEYS—set of keys that can be reserved by a software program to perform special functions such as saving or retrieving files.ALPHANUMERIC KEYS – used to enter alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters.NUMERIC KEYPAD – lets you quickly enter numbers and numeric symbols, do mathematical calculations, and move the cursor.MOUSE -- second most popular input device. -- device that is rolled about on a desktop to direct a pointer on the computer’s display screen.** mouse pointer – the symbol that indicates the position of the mouse on the display screen.5 MOUSE ACTIONS:clickdouble clickdrag and dropright click pointTRACKBALL – a ball set in a small box adjacent to or in the same unit as the keyboard.-- a movable ball, on top of stationary device, that is rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand.-- viewed as an inverted mouse.TOUCH PADS / TABLETS – a graphics tablet (also called a digitizing tablet) which consists of a flat drawing surface and a pointing tool that functions like a pencil. The tablet turns the pointer’s movements into digitized data that can be red by special computer programs.LIGHT PEN – looks like an oversized writing pen attached to an electronic cord and requires special software support.JOYSTICK –is a pointing tool that consists of a vertical handle like a gearshift lever mounted on a base with one or two buttons.TOUCH SCREENS – a video display screen that has been synthesized to receive input from the touch of a finger. The screen is covered with a plastic layer, behind which are invisible beams of infrared light.VOICE INPUT – voice input devices convert a person’s voice into digital signals. Most of these systems have to be “trained” to recognize commands that are given verbally by a user.BAR-CODE READERS – are photoelectric scanners that read the vertical stripes that comprise the bar-code. The bar code reader is usually an integral part of what is frequently called a point-of-sale (POS) terminal. Some readers are mounted on a fixed surface; others are held in the hand.PEN –BASED SYSTEMS – use a pen-like stylus to enter handwriting and marks into a computer.4 types of pen-based systems:gesture recognition or electronic checklist : gesture recognition refers to a computer’s ability to recognize various check marks, slashes, or carefully printed block letters and numbers placed in boxes.Handwriting stored as scribbling: a second type of pen-based system recognizes and stores handwriting. The handwriting is stored as a scribble and is not converted to type text.Handwriting converted, with training, to typed text: some pen-based devices can recognize your handwriting and transform it into typed text. These systems require that the machine be “trained” to recognize your particular (or even peculiar) handwriting.Handwriting converted, without training, to typed text: the most sophisticated and still mostly elusive- application of pen-based computers convert script handwriting to typed text without training. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small pen controlled, handheld computers that, in their most developed form, can do two-way wireless messaging.SCANNERS – convert text, photographs, and black-and-white or color graphics into computer-readable form and transfer the information to a computer. OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION (OMR) uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computer-usable form. The most well-known example is the OMR technology used to read the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Examination.OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) uses a device that reads special preprinted characters and converts them into machine-readable form.SMART CARD – looks like a credit card but contains a microprocessor and memory chip.OPTICAL CARDS –are plastic, laser recordable, credit card size cards used with an optical card reader.AUDIO INPUT DEVICE – records or plays analog sound and translates it for digital storage and processing.VIDEO INPUT DEVICE – as with sound, most film and videotape is in analog form, with the signal a continuously variable wave. Thus, to be used by a computer, the signals that come from a VCR or a camcorder must be converted to digital form through special video card installed in the computer.ELECTRONIC CAMERAS - captures images in electronic form for immediate viewing on a television or computer display screen.SENSOR – collects specific kinds of data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer.20.) MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION the computer systems of the banking industry can magnetically read checks and deposit slips using magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technology. Computers can thus sort, tabulate, and post checks to the proper checking accounts. Such processing is possible because the identification numbers of the bank and the customer’s account are preprinted on the bottom of the checks with an iron oxide-based ink. The first bank receiving a check after it has been written must encode the amount of the check in magnetic ink on the check’s lower right-hand corner. MICR characters can be either preprinted on documents or encoded on documents using a keyboard-operated machine called a proof-inscriber. Equipment known as an MICR reader-sorter reads a check by first magnetizing the magnetic ink characters and then sensing the signal induced by each character as it passes a reading head. In this way, data are electronically capture by the computer system. The check is then sorted by directing it into one of the pockets of the reader-sorter. Reader-sorters can read over 2,400 checks per minute, with a data transfer rater of 3,000 characters per second. Another familiar form of magnetic data entry is the magnetic stripe technology that helps computers read credit cards. The dark magnetic stripe on the back of credit and debit cards is the same iron oxide coating as on magnetic tape. Customer account numbers can be recorded on the stripe so it can be read by bank ATMs, credit card authorization terminals, and other magnetic stripe readers.B.) OUTPUT DEVICES convert the information that comes out of a computer (bits and bytes) into screen images, print or other forms.1. MONITORS – or video screen is the primary output device. They vary greatly in the sharpness and quality of the images they produce.MONOCHROME –display images in one color such as black, green, or amber-usually against a black or white background.FLAT PANEL MONITORS – used in laptop PCs. Uses LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology like that in many watches and calculators. It is lightweight and sometimes suffer from poor reliability.EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)- 640 x 350 pixel screen.VGA (VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY) – 640 x 480 pixel screensSVGA(SUPER VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY) – 1,024 x 768 pixel screen.** soft copy – screen output, intangible and temporary. scan rate – the number of times the screen is refreshed (60 times / second). The screen must be refreshed often to avoid flicker.Dot pitch – the amount of space between the dots. The smaller the dot pitch the better the quality of the screen image.2. PRINTERS- devices that produce information on paper output. a. IMPACT PRINTERS – use some sort of physical contact with the paper to produce an image, physically striking paper, ribbon, and print hammer together.1. DOT MATRIX PRINTERS –are the most popular microcomputer printer. A moving print head with 7 to 24 moving print pins strike an inked ribbon to form dotted characters on paper. The speed of this type of printer is measured in characters per second (cps). The speed of dot-matrix printers range from 80 to 450 cps.2. LETTER QUALITY – use a daisy wheel or print thimble to create type-writer quality characters. The speed of letter quality printers is between 10 to 60 cps.3. PLOTTER –makes use of moving pens to create high-quality graphics such as architectural drawings. Newer plotters can produce multicolor drawings. Popularity of plotters has declined since the advent of the color laser printer. b. NON-IMPACT PRINTERS –places an image on a page without physically touching the page. 1. THERMAL PRINTER prints similar to a dot-matrix printers, but the characters are formed by burning dots onto special paper. The speed is 80 cps.INK-JET PRINTERS –shoot tiny jets of ink from disposable cartridges onto paper. There is a large variation in quality between the different ink-jet pri9nters, but the better ones print letter-quality at a speed of about 200 cps.LASER PRINTERS –use a light beam to help transfer images to paper. It works like a photocopying machine. A laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum inside. The laser beam traces characters onto a photosensitive drum, then bonds toner (an inklike solution) to paper with heat. Speed is measured in pages per minute. Laser printers average 4 to 16 pages per minute.C.) SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES—sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semipermanent basis.- nonvolatileBenefits of secondary storage:SPACE - organizations may store the equivalent of a roomful of data on sets of disks that take up less space than a breadbox.RELIABILITY – data in secondary storage is basically safe, since secondary storage is physically reliable. It is also more difficult for unscrupulous people to tamper with data on disk than with data stored on paper in a file cabinet.CONVENIENCE – with the help of a computer, authorized users can locate and access data quickly.ECONOMY – it is less expensive to store data on tape or disk (the principal means of secondary storage) than to buy and house filing cabinets. The greatest savings can be found in the speed and convenience of filing and retrieving data.DISKETTES -- made of flexible mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface.Parts of a 3.5 disk:Shutter2. Read / write opening or media access area3. Hard plastic casing4. Write protect notch5. Spindle holeSector holeLinerManufacturer’s labelUser’s labelHD indicatorAdvantages:PORTABILITY – diskettes easily transport data from one computer to another. Workers, for example, carry their files from office computer to home computer and back on diskette instead of carrying a stack of papers in a briefcase.BACKUP – it is convenient to place an extra copy of hard disk file on a diskette.NEW SOFTWARE – although for convenience software is kept on a hard disk, new software out of the box may come on diskettes (it also may come on CD-ROMs).HOW DISK-DRIVES WORK- information is read from and recorded to the disk by a disk drive. An expandable cone inside the drive clamps the disk onto a flywheel, which rotates the Mylar disk inside its jacket. A system of lights and light sensors locates the beginning of a track containing the data that the user is seeking. After the motors position the read/write heads at the appropriate track, data are read from or written onto the disk.DISKETTE CARE: Although the 3.5 disk is rugged, you should take precautions to protect diskettes – disks – from damage. Never put anything heavy on a disk or pile disks on top of one another; they should be stored vertically.Do not put disks near a magnet or anything that could generate a magnetic field, such as telephone s and stereo speakers.Keep disks away from sunlight and excessive heat, including the vent fro your car heater.Do not move the sliding shutter on a disk or touch the disk inside; fingerprints leave an oily residue that could prevent the read / write head from accessing data.Never attempt to clean the surface of the inner disk. Even the softest cleaning clothe could damage it.Keep your disks away from food, drink, and smoke.Keep your disks in an environment as free from dust as possible.Do not use disk labels in layers, lest the disks get too thick and become stuck in the drive.Never attempt to force a disk into the drive nor to remove a stuck disk; get help.Never remove a disk from the drive when the drive light is on; the light tells you the disk is in use, and removing it could damage the data.Do not remove a disk from the drive too quickly; if you pop the button and remove the disk almost at the same time the metal shutter can get bent.If a disk holds important data, you can make sure it is not accidentally overwritten by using the write-protect tab in the lower left corner of the disk. Simply slide the tab to expose-open- the hole. (on the other hand, if you find you cannot write to a certain disk when you want to, make sure the hole is covered so that writing is permitted.)HARD DISK – is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. ** disk drive – is a device that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk.** access arm – the mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk. It moves a read / write head into position over a particular track.** read / write head – the read / write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. When a read / write head does accidentally touch the disk’s surface, it is called a head crash and all data is destroyed. Data can also be destroyed if a read / write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface.** removable hard disk cartridge – is a removable cartridge as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. Iomega’s Zip drive, and 100 MB Zip disks, provide 70 times the capacity of traditional floppy disks. WORM – WRITE ONCE READ MANY - maybe written once. Once filled, a WORM disk becomes a read- only medium. WORM disk is nonerasable. For applications demanding secure storage of original versions of valuable documents or data, such as legal records, the primary advantage of nonerasability is clear: Once they are recorded, no one can erase or modify them.** READ ONLY MEDIA – are disks recorded by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers ca use it to supply software. MAGNETO OPTICAL (MO)- combines the best features of magnetic and optical disk technologies. It has the high-volume capacity of an optical disk but can be written over like a magnetic disk. The disk surface is coated with plastic and embedded with magnetically sensitive metallic crystals. To write data, a laser beam melts a tiny spot on the plastic surface and a magnet aligns the crystals before the plastic cools. The crystals are aligned so that some reflect light and others do not. When the data is later read by a laser beam, only the crystals that reflect light are picked up.CD-ROM (COMPACT DISK READ-ONLY MEMORY) – the disk format is so identical to that of audio compact disks, so the same dust-free manufacturing plants that are now stamping out digital versions of whoever artists can easily convert to producing anything from software to a digitized encyclopedia. CD-ROM storage is gargantuan – up to 660 megabytes per disk, the equivalent of more than four hundred standard 3.5 disks, or 10,000 printed pages.DVD-ROM – (DIGITAL VIDEO DISK READ ONLY MEMORY) – has an astonishing 4.7-gb capacity, seven times more than that of the CD-ROM. DVDs can be written on both sides, bumping capacity to 17 GB. DVD-ROM drive can also read CD-ROM. Operating very much like CD-ROM technology, DVD uses a laser beam to read more densely packed spots, thus increasing the disk capacity.MAGNETIC TAPE – looks like the tape used in music cassettes – plastic tape with magnetic coating. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. The amount of data o a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape.D.) PROCESSING AND CONTROL DEVICES MICROPROCESSOR typically called the central processing unit (CPU).Responsible for controlling data flow and executing program instructions on the data. Responsible for controlling data flow and executing program instructions on the data.a. The CONTROL UNIT – contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions. Like an orchestra leader, the control unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.b. The ARITHMETIC / LOGIC UNIT – contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations. - can perform four kinds of arithmetic operations, or mathematical calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.- also performs logical operations- comparison.- Logical operations can test for three conditions: equal to condition, less than condition, and greater than condition.THE MACHINE CYCLEFetch – get an instruction from Main MemoryDecode – translate it into computer commandsExecute – actually process the commandStore – write the result to Main Memory199453534290** Registers – are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not a part of memory; rather they are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Registers work under the direction of the control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at high speed. WHO NEEDS MICROPROCESSORS?Since the first hand-held calculator was introduced in 1966, using solid-state circuitry, microprocessor chips have become an integral part of our lives. They are used to control:microwave ovenswatches automobile anti-lock braking systemsautomotive sensors that display the status of doorswater reservoir, and oilfax machinesrefrigeratorscellular phonesbeeperscomputersautomated teller machinebread makerscopy machines2. MEMORY – also known as primary storage, main storage, internal storage, and main memory.– manufacturers often use the term RAM, which stands for random-access memory.- part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing.– stores program instructions or data as long as the program they pertain to is in operation.– allows very fast access to instructions and data, no matter where the items are within it.3. BUSES AND BOARDS – is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit.4. INTERFACES – circuit-filled components that facilitates information transfer between the CPU and its peripherals. 2. SYSTEM SOFTWARESystems software runs the computer’s basic operations, allows the computer to run applications software, and allows the user to interact with the computer.TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE1. OPERATING SYSTEM consists of the master system of programs that manage the basic operations of the computer.provide resource management services of many kinds, handling such matters as running and storing programs and storing and processing data.allows you to concentrate on your own tasks or applications rather than on the complexities of managing the computer.interprets the commands you give to run programs and allows you to interact with the programs while they are running.Operating system is automatically loaded into memory as soon as you turn on, or “boot”, the computer.Coordinates processingManages the use of main memoryAllocates use of peripheral devicesManages files stored on a disk.POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS:DOS (Disk Operating System) – was designed principally to perform a single task for a single user.Windows 95 – released in 1995Windows 98Windows 2000Windows MEWindows CEWindows XPOS/2 – initially released in 1987Windows NT (New Technology) is an operating system intended to support large networks of computers.UNIX – was invented more than two decades ago by American Telephone and Telegraph, making it one of the oldest operating system. -- is an operating system for multiple users at one time, with built0in networking capability, the ability to run multiple tasks at one time, and versions that can run on all kinds of computers.Macintosh Operating System Netware – developed by Novell, Inc. during the 1980s. It has become the most popular operating system for orchestrating microcomputer-based local area networks throughout a company or campus.UTILITY PROGRAMS – are generally used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer system. Many operating system have utility programs built in for common purposes such as copying the contents of one disk to another.EXAMPLES OF UTILITY PROGRAMS:1. Screen Saver – is a utility that supposedly prevents a monitor’s display screen from being etched by an unchanging image.2. Data Recovery – is used to undelete a file or information that has been accidentally deleted.3. Backup 4. Virus Protection * Virus – consists of hidden programming instructions that are buried within an application or systems program.* Antivirus software – is a utility program that scans hard disks, diskettes, and the microcomputer’s memory to detect viruses.5. Data compression 6. Memory Management 7. DefragmentationLANGUAGE TRANSLATORS – software that translates a program written by a programmer in a language such as BASIC into machine language.PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES – is a set of rules that tells the computer what operations to perform. In other words, it is an artificial language for expressing computer programs.GROUPWARE – used on a network and serves a group pf users working together on the same project. Groupware improves productivity by keeping you continually notified about what your colleagues are thinking and doing, and they about you.4 types:basic groupware – uses an enormous database containing work records, memos, and notations and combines it with a messaging system.workflow software – helps workers understand and redesign the steps that make up a particular process.meeting software – allows people to have computer-linked meetings.scheduling software – uses a microcomputer network to coordinate co-workers’ electronic datebooks or appointment calendars so they can figure out a time that can all get together.DESKTOP ACCESSORIES AND PIMsDESKTOP ACCESSORIES – or desktop organizer, is a software package that provides an electronic version of tools or objects commonly found on a desktop:calendar, clock, card file, calculator, and notepad.PIMSs – Personal Information Manager, a combination of word processor, database, and desktop accessory program that organizes a variety of information.PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE – is a program used to plan, schedule, and control the people, costs, and resources to complete a project on time. For instance, the associate producer on a feature film might use such software to keep track of the locations, cast and crew, materials, dollars, and schedules needed to complete the picture on time and within budget.Two important tools available in project management software:Gantt charts – uses lines and bars to indicate the duration of a series of tasks. The time scale may range from minutes to years. The Gantt chart allows you to see whether tasks are being completed on schedule.PERT charts – stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique. A PERT chart shows not only timing but also relationships among the tasks of a project. The relationships are represented by lines that connect boxes describing the PUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) shortens the design cycle by allowing manufacturers to shape new products on the screen without having to first build expensive models.MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE – also called multimedia production tools or authorware – enables users to combine not only text and graphics but animation, video, music, and sound as well. A multimedia system, however, is not just a single technology or software application but instead a combination of hardware and software that incorporates multiple media within a desktop computer system.WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH MULTIMEDIA?Browse through an encyclopedia and check out animations on everything from the circulatory system to an atomic nucleus during fission.Explore the intimate details of a musical selection, moving from discussions of the historical period, to explanations of the themes to pictures of the composer, to a game that tests your knowledge of music.Build a business presentation that includes sound effects, music, still pictures, animation, video, and text.Explore your creative musical interests, even recording and editing music on your PC.Add sounds to files or tasks.Hold up a part for a complex machine in front of a video camera and have the video appear on someone else’s computer far, far away while you explain how to install the part.Explore the topography of the Atlantic Ocean for a geology paper.Create 3-d effects.Create animated birthday cards for your friends who have computers.Call up a map of the country you’re visiting next week and, with the click of a mouse, look up sights to see.Capture a video image fro your wedding videotape.Record your thoughts about a letter, and insert the recording right into the document for later review.Explore medical terminology, using pictures and animations to help out with the hard parts.Look up the history of the word ser (all 150 or so pages) in the oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM.Make a sale using life-like animation of your product in use on your color portable computer in your client’s office.Learn a new language by interacting with the written and spoken words.APPLICATION SOFTWAREAn application is another word for a program running on the computer. Whether or not it is a good application depends on how well it performs the tasks it is designed to do and how easy it is for the user to use, which involves the user interface- the way the user tells the software what to do and how the computer displays information and options to the user.Text InterfaceA text interface was all that was available in the beginning. The example to the right is of PKZIP, which squashes files into smaller size to save you space. Notice in the center the command you would have to type to use this program. An actual command line would look something like: c:\>pkzip c:\myfiles\newfile.zip c:\docs\report14.doc A text-based interface means typing in all the commands. If you mis-type, you have to backspace to your error, which erases what you already typed. It's hard to have fun this way! Add-on programs were written, of course, so you could edit what was typed - to the joy of all who had to work with long command lines. Modern text interfaces have lots of cool shortcuts and features. But you still have to spell and type well.Graphical InterfaceA graphical user interface (GUI) uses pictures to make it easier for the user. It is more "user friendly".The example below is from Windows 95/98. The use of drop-down menus, windows, buttons, and icons was first successfully marketed by Apple on the Macintosh computer. These ideas are now as standard for graphical interfaces as door knobs are for doors. Common features of a graphical interface: window??? menu??? button??? icon TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWAREWord processing is the application that is used most often and most widely. We will start with it to learn about the terms and features that are common to most applications, as well as some that are specific to word processing. Then we will look at other major applications and what they do. Major word processors include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and Lotus WordPro.Word processing is the most used computer application! It has replaced the typewriter as the main way words are put on paper. Documents can be revised and corrected before they are ever printed. An existing document can be used as a template, or pattern, for a new one. So the user doesn't have to recreate standard documents from scratch each time. This is a major time-saver and helps keep things consistent.A spreadsheet is the application of choice for most documents that organize numbers, like budgets, financial statements, grade sheets, and sales records. A spreadsheet can perform simple or complex calculations on the numbers you enter in rows and columns. Some popular spreadsheets include MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, and Quattro Pro.A database is a collection of data that you want to manage, rearrange, and add to later. It is a good program to use to? manage lists that are not entirely numbers, such as addresses and phone numbers, inventories, and membership rosters. With a database you could sort the data by name or city or postal code or by any individual item of information recorded. You can create forms to enter or update or just display the data. You can create reports that show just the data you are interested in, like members who owe dues. Both spreadsheets and databases can be used to handle much the same information, but each is optimized to handle a different type most efficiently. The larger the number of records, the more important the differences are. Some popular databases include MS Access, dBase, FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, and Oracle. Graphics programs deal with pictures, either static or moving, flat or 3D. There are an amazing number of different formats for images in the world and no one program can handle them all. Paint programs work with pictures on a pixel-by-pixel basis, where a pixel is the smallest dot on the screen. Such programs handle photographs and most clipart. MS Paint is this type of program. Drawing programs, on the other hand, define images in terms of vectors, that is, equations that describe geometric shapes. Fortunately, the user doesn't have to do the math! Drawing objects in MS Office are vector images. Animation and video programs put a set of still pictures into a sequence. When the sequence of images is run, the change from one picture to the next fools the eye into seeing motion. This is how movies and television work. An individual image in an animation is called a cel. (Yes, there is just one l in that word!) 5. Communications These programs temporarily connect computers to each other to exchange information. They may use telephone lines or dedicated cables for the connection. This allows you, for example, to work at home on the weekend and transfer all you've done to your computer at work before you leave home. These are not the same as networking programs where computers are actually linked together all the time.Most communications programs now include many different communication functions in one interface.sending and receiving files: FTP? (File Transfer Protocol) exchanging messages in a group:? chat programs private messages: instant messaging voice messages video conferencing phone calls over the Internet An FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL) program manages the moving of files between computers. When you download a file over the Internet, you are using an FTP program. Programs like word processors and HTML editors that can upload files to web sites include this ability without having to use another program. In a chat program you join a chat room. You write messages that appear in a window that shows all the messages being sent in this chat room. Everyone who is logged in to this room can read your messages.An instant messaging program notifies you when your friends are online. Then you can send them messages, which they see immediately. Only the one you send the message to can see it and only you can see the messages that are sent to you,? unless you choose to change to a multiple-user mode. Recent versions of instant messaging include the ability to use video conferencing, to play games together with your friends, and even to make phone calls over the Internet. Examples of instant messaging programs are ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger, and MSN Messenger Service.PEOPLEWAREDATA/INFORMATIONCHAPTER IIINUMBER SYSTEMSThe most commonly used numbering system is the decimal system. However due to the binary nature of its electronic devices, the use of the decimal system by the computer is limited. Most of the data representation and arithmetic operations are carried out in the binary system or some of its “shorthand” notation such as the octal or hexadecimal systems. However, before considering the binary, octal, or hexadecimal systems, let us review some of the characteristics of the decimal system.The decimal system, as its name indicates, is based on the number 10. The number itself is called the basis or radix of the system. In any numerical system, the basis tells us how many different symbols there are in the system. In the decimal system these symbols are called digits. They are the familiar 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Notice that they range in value from 0 to 9. this is a particular case of a more general rule that can be stated as follows:“Given any positive integer basis or radix N, there are N different individual symbols that can be used to write numbers in the system. The value of these symbols ranges from 0 to N – 1.”In addition to the binary system, the computer and telecommunication fields make intensive use of some other numerical systems. They are the octal (its basis is 8) and the hexadecimal (its basis is 16) systems. Example 1.6 explains the basic elements of these systems.EXAMPLE 1 How many different symbols are there in the octal and hexadecimal systems? What are the ranges of these symbols?The basis of the octal system is 8. That is, N = 8. Therefore, there are 8 different symbols. The value varies from 0 to (8-1). That is from 0 to 7. These symbols are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. We call all of these symbols by their decimal names: one, two, three, and so on.The basis of the hexadecimal system is 16. That is, N = 16. Therefore, there are 16 different symbols. The values of these symbols range from 0 to (16 - 1) or from 0 to 15. These symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Notice that after 9, the symbols are the letters A through F. In this system, the letter a stands for 10, the B for 11, the C for 12, the D for 13, the E for 14, and the F for 15. The reason for choosing letters instead of combination of numerical symbols to represent symbols higher than 9 is to keep all symbols single characters.To indicate the basis on which a given number is written, we will use a subscript at the lower right side of the number. The notation 01012 indicates the number is binary. Likewise, the notation 012568 will indicate that the number is written in base 8. when referring to numbers of the decimal system, we use 10 as the basis.Positional SystemsAll the numerical systems that we have considered so far, including the decimal system, are positional systems. That is, the value represented by a symbol in the numerical representation of a number depends on its position in the number. For example, in the decimal system, the 4 in the number 478 represents 400 units; the 4 in the number 547 represents 40 units. This fact can be seen more clearly if we decompose the number as follows:478 = 400 + 70 + 8547 = 500 + 40 + 7In any positional system, the value of any digit in the representation of a number can be calculated the following steps: Number the digits from right to left using superscripts. Begin with zero, as the superscripts of the rightmost digit, and increase the superscripts by 1 as you move from left to right. Use each superscript to form a power of the basis. Multiply the digits own value, in decimal, by its corresponding power of the basis.To calculate the decimal equivalent of the entire number, sum all the products obtained in step 2.EXAMPLE 2 What is the value of each digit in the number 122810?The basis is 10 since the number is a decimal number. To calculate the value of each digit follow the steps indicated below>Number the digits using subscripts. Begin with 0 in the rightmost position and increase the superscripts as you move from right to left. The number should look like this:13222180Use the superscripts to form powers of the basis and multiply the digit’s own value, in decimal, by its corresponding power:The value of 1 in 1228 is equal to 1 * 103 = 1 * 1000 = 1000The value of 2 in 1228 is equal to 2 * 102 = 2 * 100 = 200The value of 2 in 1228 is equal to 2 * 101 = 2 * 10 = 20The value of 8 in 1228 is equal to 1 * 100 = 8 * 1 = 8EXAMPLE 3 What is the value of each digit in the number 12538? What is the decimal equivalent of the number?The basis is 8 since the number is written in the octal system. Using a procedure similar to the one in the previous example, we can use superscripts and write the number as 13225130. Using these superscripts as the power of the basis we have:The value of 1 in 1253 is equal to 1 * 83 = 1 * 512 = 512The value of 2 in 1228 is equal to 2 * 82 = 2 * 64 = 128The value of 2 in 1258 is equal to 5 * 81 = 5 * 8 = 40The value of 8 in 1223 is equal to 3 * 80 = 3 * 1 = 3The decimal equivalent of the number is obtained by adding all the previous products.12538 = (1*83) + (2*82) + (5*81) + (3*80)= (1 * 512) + (2 * 64) + (5 * 8) + (3 * 1)= 512 + 128 + 40 + 3= 683Notice that whenever we find the decimal equivalent of number, we also determine the individual value of each digit. We will use these combined method from now on.EXAMPLE 4 What is the value of each digit in the number 1A5F16?The basis is 16 since the number is written in the hexadecimal system. Using superscripts we can write the number as 13A251F0. To calculate the decimal equivalent of this hexadecimal number, substitute the symbols A and F by their respective decimal equivalents of 10 and 15. The decimal equivalent of the number is obtained by adding all the previous powers.The value of 1 in 1A5F is equal to 1 * 163 = 1 * 4096 = 4096The value of A in 1A5F is equal to 10 * 162 = 10 * 256 = 2560The value of 5 in 1A5F is equal to 5 * 161 = 5 * 16 = 80The value of F in 1A5F is equal to 15 * 160 = 15 * 1 = 151A5F8 = (1*163) + (10*162) + (5*161) + (15*160)= (1 * 4096) + (10 * 256) + (5 * 16) + (15 * 1)= 4096 + 2560 + 80 + 15= 675112538 = (1*83) + (2*82) + (5*81) + (3*80)= (1 * 512) + (2 * 64) + (5 * 8) + (3 * 1)= 512 + 128 + 40 + 3= 683CONVERSION BETWEEN THE BINARY, OCTAL, AND HEXADECIMAL SYSTEMSTable 1.1 shows the representation of the first fifteen decimal numbers in the binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. Notice that each unique binary sequence is equivalent to one and only one symbol in each of these systems. We can use this equivalence between the binary, octal and hexadecimal systems as a shorthand notation to convert values between any of these.Table 1.1 Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and Decimal EquivalentsBinaryOctalHexadecimalDecimal00010010001101000101011001111000100110101011110011011110111112345671011121314151617123456789ABCDEF123456789101112131415 Conversion from Hexadecimal to Binary and Vice VersaGiven a hexadecimal number, we can find its binary equivalent by replacing each hexadecimal symbol by its corresponding binary configuration. (see Table 1.1)EXAMPLE 5 What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number AF3B116?Replacing each hexadecimal symbol by its corresponding binary sequence (see Table 1.1) we obtainAF3B1 1010 1111 0011 1011 0001Notice that to facilitate the reading of the resulting binary number we have separated it into four-bit groups. To convert binary numbers to their hexadecimal equivalents, we can follow a two-step procedure that is almost the reverse of the previous process.Step 1. Forming four-bit groups beginning from the rightmost bit of the binary number. If the last group (at the leftmost position) has less than four bits, add extra zeros to the left of the bits in this group to make it a four-bit group.Step 2. Replace each four-bit group by its hexadecimal equivalent (see Table 1.1)EXAMPLE 6 What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number shown below?0110011110101010100111Step 1.Forming four-bit groups beginning from the rightmost bit we have01 1001 1110 1010 1010 0111Since the last group (the leftmost) has only two bits, it is necessary to add two extra zero bits to the left of these bits to make it a four-bit group. The number should look like this:0001 1001 1110 1010 1010 0111Step 2.Replacing each group by its hexadecimal equivalent (see Table 1.1) we obtain19EAA716Converting Decimal to Other BasesThe conversion of a given decimal number to another integer basis r (r>0) is carried out by initially dividing the number by r, and then successively dividing the quotients by r until a zero quotient is obtained. The decimal equivalent is obtained by writing the remainders of the successive divisions in the opposite order to that in which they were obtained. Example 1.12 illustrates this method.EXAMPLE 7 What is the binary equivalent of decimal 41? Since we want to convert decimal 41 to binary, we need to divide by the binary basis, that is, r=2.The initial number (41) is divided by 2 to obtain a quotient of 20 and a remainder of 1. The previous quotient of 20 is then divided by 2; this gives us a quotient of 10 and a remainder of 0. This new quotient of 10 is again divided by 2 to obtain 5 as the quotient and 0 as the remainder. The quotient of 5 is now divided by 2 to obtain a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1. The new quotient is again divided by 2 to obtain a new quotient of 1 and a remainder of 0. This last quotient of 1 is divided by 2 again to obtain a quotient of 0 and a remainder of 1. Since we obtained a zero quotient the process stops. To form the binary number we write the remainders in the opposite order to that in which they were obtained, beginning with the last remainder. This process is shown below. NumberQuotient When Dividing by 2Remainder41201052120105210100101The binary equivalent of decimal 41 is 101001. That is, 4110=1010012.We can say verify this result by converting 101001 to its decimal equivalent according to the procedure in the positional systems.150413020110 = (1*25) + (0*24) + (1*23) + (0*22) + (0*21) + (1*20) = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 41EXAMPLE 8 What is the octal representation of decimal 41?In this case we want to convert a decimal value to octal. Therefore, we need to divide by the octal basis that is by 8. Using the abbreviated method of the previous example we have thatNumberQuotient When Dividing by 8Remainder4155015Therefore, 4110 = 518.We can verify this result by noting that 518 = (5*81) + (1*80) = (40) + (1) = 4110CHAPTER IVINTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS AND INTERNETIntroduction to Microsoft WindowsWindows is simply another computer program. It is similar to other programs you may have on your computer with one large difference. Windows is the program that manages all the other programs, kind of like the boss. Your boss gives out assignments, allocates resources to projects he thinks are worthwhile, and checks up on your activities. Similarly, Windows knows which file to open when you double-click on an icon on the desktop (more about this later, don’t worry!) Windows also knows how much of your computer’s memory (or resources) to give to each open program, so you can be doing many different things on your computer at once. Even when the files ("employees") start fighting for more resources (even computers play office politics), Windows ("the boss") keeps everything in order. KEYBOARD FUNCTIONS IN WINDOWSThe Shift Key: Used exactly the same as a typewriter in Windows. Makes capital letters and allows you to use the "cursing symbols" such as @#$%. The Shift Key can also be used to highlight text, like you would do with your mouse. Try it… hold down the shift key (don’t release it), now move your cursor with the arrow keys. You should be able to highlight text this way.The Alt Key: The ALT key stands for "Alternate." When you push this key in Windows, the cursor moves to the menu bar at the top of the screen. It’s the same as clicking your mouse on the "File" Menu above. From there you can use the arrow keys to select menu options. This is useful if you don’t like switching between your mouse and keyboard often. Press "Alt" again to move the cursor back off of the menu bar.The Windows Key: This key opens the "Start Menu" at the lower left corner of your screen. It has the same effect as you clicking the "Start" button with your mouse. In my humble opinion, the only thing this key is good for is to sell new "Windows" keyboards for Microsoft.The CTRL Key: The CTRL key stands for "Control." This key is used in combination with other keys to perform specific tasks, often called shortcuts. A list of common Windows Keyboard Shortcuts can be found on this site. One example is "CTRL+P." Often times programs automatically print the document you are using if you push the Control button and the "P" key at the same time. If you are using Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer to view this web page, you can bookmark the page using the keyboard shortcut "CTRL+D." Try it out!The Delete Key: This key erases the character directly to the right of your cursor. If you have text or graphics that are highlighted, those are erased by pushing this key as well.The Backspace Key: This key erases the character directly to the left of your cursor. If you have text or graphics that are highlighted, those are erased by pushing this key as well.INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNETTHE BIRTH OF THE INTERNETThe Internet has had a relatively brief, but explosive history. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET created a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks that they linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. NSF also coordinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc. and other registration services in cooperation with NSF. Internet Activity: The information superhighway is literally buzzing with activity as Internet pipelines pump out all manner of files, movies, sounds, programs, video, e-mail, live chat, you name it. Yet amid all this activity there are always two key players in every transaction: a server and a client.Servers are computers with a 24-hour Internet connection that provide access to their files and programs. These can be but are not limited to educational institutions, commercial companies, organizations, government or military organizations, Internet access providers and various other computer networks of all sizes. Clients are software programs (and the people on remote computers using the software!) used to access files on a server (typically, a Web browsing program such as Netscape Navigator or an e-mail program such as Eudora). Servers are typically located and organized by IP address and domain.An IP address (IP stands for Internet Protocol) is a specific set of numbers referring to a server's exact location on a network. Most domains have their own IP address, for instance, 192.41.20.33 is the IP address of my server at . You can type those numbers in to get there, but the domain is easier to remember. An IP address also leaves your fingerprints wherever you "surf" on the net. Each modem connection typically is designated a specific IP address at Internet providers (this number typically changes dynamically as users log in), so you never really surf the net anonymously. You can be traced to a point. A domain is part of the server's official name on the network, an alias for the less descriptive IP numbers. Domains are organized by type of organization (a three-letter suffix) and by country (a two-letter suffix which defaults to the U.S. if no suffix is specified). You can tell a lot about a server by looking at its domain name. Here are some typical organizational suffixes: com=commercial, edu=educational, gov=government, int=international, mil=military, net=network, org=organization. Here are some country codes: au=Australia, at=Austria, be=Belgium, br=-Brazil, dk=Denmark, jp=Japan, nz=New Zealand, ru=Russian Federation, uk=United Kingdom, ch=Switzerland. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT OFFICEMICROSOFT WORDLESSON 1: GETTING STARTED WITHMICRSOFT WORDThis tutorial teaches Microsoft Word basics. Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment is helpful, this tutorial was created for the computer novice. To begin, open Microsoft Word. The following screen will appear. The Title Bar This lesson will familiarize you with the Microsoft Word screen. We will start with the Title bar, which is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title bar, Microsoft Word displays the name of the document you are currently using. At the top of your screen, you should see "Microsoft Word - Document1" or a similar name. The Menu Bar The Menu bar is directly below the Title bar and it displays the menu. The menu begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, and Help. You use the menu to give instructions to the software. Point with your mouse to the menu option and click the left mouse button to open a drop-down menu. You can now use the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard to move left and right across the Menu bar options. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move up and down the drop-down menu. To select an option, highlight the item on the drop-down menu and press Enter. An ellipse after a menu item signifies additional options; if you select that option, a dialog box will appear. Exercise 1 Do the following exercise. It demonstrates using the Microsoft Word menu. Point to the word File on the Menu bar. Click your left mouse button. Press the right arrow key until Help is highlighted. Press the left arrow key until Format is highlighted. Press the down arrow key until Style is highlighted. Press the up arrow key until Paragraph is highlighted. Press Enter to select the Paragraph menu option. Point to Cancel and click the left mouse button to close the dialog box. Toolbars? The Standard Toolbar The Formatting Toolbar Toolbars provide shortcuts to menu commands. Toolbars are generally located just below the Menu bar. Before proceeding with the lesson, make sure the Toolbars we will use -- Standard and Formatting -- are available. Follow these steps:? Point to View on the Menu bar. Click the left mouse button. Press the down arrow key until Toolbars is highlighted. Press Enter. Standard and Formatting should have a checkmark next to them. If both Standard and Formatting have a checkmark next to them, press Esc three times to close the menu. If one or both do not have a checkmark, highlight Customize. Press Enter. Point to the box next to the unchecked word and click the left mouse button. A checkmark should appear. Note: You turn the checkmark on and off by clicking the left mouse button. Point to Close and click the left mouse button to close the dialog box. The Ruler The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler is used to change the format of your document quickly. To display the ruler: Point to View on the Menu bar. Click your left mouse button. The option Ruler should have a checkmark next to it. If it has a checkmark next to it, press Esc twice to close the menu. If it does not have a checkmark next to it, continue to the next step. Press the down arrow key until Ruler is highlighted. Press the Enter key. The ruler should display below the toolbars. Document View With word, you can display your document in one of four views: Normal, Outline, Page Layout, or Online Layout. Normal view Normal view is the most often used and shows such formatting as line spacing, font, point size, and italics. Multiple-column text is displayed in one continuous column. Outline view Outline view displays the document in outline form. Headings can be displayed without the text. A heading can be moved and the accompanying text moved with it. Page Layout view The Page Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed. Online Layout view The Online Layout view optimizes the document for online viewing (viewing the document in a browser). Before moving ahead, check to make sure you are in Normal view: Point to View on the Menu bar. Click the left mouse button. The icon next to Normal should be depressed. If the icon next to normal is depressed, press Esc twice to close the menu. If the icon next to Normal is not depressed, continue on to the next step. Highlight Normal. Press Enter. You should now be in Normal view. Text Area Just below the ruler is a large area called the "text area." You type your document in the text area. The blinking vertical line in the upper left corner of the text area is the cursor. It marks the insertion point. As you type, your work will show at the cursor location. The horizontal line next to the cursor marks the end of the document. Exiting Word You have completed Lesson One. Typically you would save your work before exiting. This lesson did not require you to enter any information. Without text in the text area, there is nothing to save. To exit Word: Click on File. Highlight Exit, which can be found at the bottom of the drop-down menu. Press Enter. If you have entered text, you will be prompted: "Do you want to save changes to Document1?" To save your changes, click on Yes. Otherwise, click on No. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box. Name your file by typing lesson1.doc in the File Name field. Click on Save. Lesson Two: Things You Need to Know To begin, open Microsoft Word.? Click On During the lessons that follow, you will be asked to "click on" items. When asked:? Point to the item. Press the left mouse button. If you are asked to double-click on an item:? Point to the item. Quickly press the left mouse button twice. Options Following is an introduction to various features of the Microsoft Word screen.? Status Bar The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the screen and provides such information as the current page, current section, total number of pages, inches from the top of the page, current line number, and current column number. The Status bar also provides options that enable you to track changes or turn on the Record mode, the Extension mode, the Overtype mode, and/or WordPerfect help.? Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars The Horizontal and Vertical scroll bars, if turned on, enable you to move up and down or across the window simply by pressing the icons located on the scroll bars. The Horizontal scroll bar is located above the Status bar. The Vertical scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen.? Nonprinting Characters Certain characters do not print but do affect the document layout. You can elect to see these characters on the screen as you type or have them remain invisible. For these lessons, we will opt to see them onscreen. Here they are:? ? ? Denotes a tab?.?Denotes a space?Denotes the end of a paragraph....Denotes hidden text?Denotes a nonbreaking hyphenRecently Used File List If you enable the recently used file list, clicking on File displays the most recently opened files near the bottom of the drop-down menu. You can click on the filename to quickly open the file.? Setting Options Before proceeding, turn on the Status bar, Horizontal scroll bar, Vertical scroll bar, nonprinting characters, and the recently used file list. Follow the procedure outlined below:? Click on Tools. Highlight Options. Press Enter. Click on the View tab. In the Window frame, check to see if there are checkmarks next to Status Bar, Horizontal Scroll Bar, and Vertical Scroll Bar. If there is no checkmark next to one or more of these items, go to the box next to the unchecked item(s) and click the left mouse button. Note: You toggle the checkmark on and off? by clicking the left mouse button.? In the Nonprinting Characters frame, check to see if there is a checkmark next to All. If there is no checkmark next to All, go to the box next to All and click the left mouse button. A checkmark should appear. Click on the General tab. Check to see if there is a checkmark next to the Recently Used File List. If there is no checkmark, go to the box next to Recently Used File List and click the left mouse button. Check to see if the number in the Entries box is at least four. If it is not, type 4 in the box. Check to see if Inches is selected in the Measurement Units box (this sets the unit of measurement for the ruler). If it is not, click on the pull-down menu and then click on Inches. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Highlighting Text Throughout these lessons you will be asked to highlight text. You can use either of the following methods:? Highlighting by Using the F8 and Arrow Keys Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight and click the left mouse button. Press the F8 key, which will serve as an "anchor" showing where text you wish to highlight begins or ends. Press the appropriate arrow key (left arrow to move to the left, or right arrow to move to the right) until the text is highlighted. You can use the up or down arrow key to highlight one line at a time. Press Esc to remove the anchor. Highlighting by Using the Mouse Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight. Hold down the left mouse button. Move the mouse left, right, up, or down until the text is highlighted. Highlighting Menu Items Menu Bar To select a Menu bar item:? Click on the Menu bar item. A drop-down menu will appear. To change the Menu bar option selected, move the mouse pointer across the Menu bar while holding down the left mouse button.? Note: After you highlight an item on the Menu bar, you can also use the left and right arrow keys to move across the Menu bar.Drop-Down Menu Items When you click on any option on the Menu bar, a drop-down menu will appear. To highlight a drop-down menu item:? Move up or down the drop-down menu while holding down the left mouse button. Press Enter to select a drop-down menu item. Note: You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down the drop-down menu.Placing the Cursor During the lessons, you will often be asked to place the cursor at a specific location on the screen. You place the cursor by pointing to the location specified and pressing the left mouse button or by using the arrow keys to move to the specified location.? Choosing Menu Commands by Using the Alt Key There are many methods to accomplish tasks using Microsoft Word. Generally, when selecting items from the menu, we will ask you to click on or highlight the menu item. However, you can also select a menu option by? Pressing the Alt key while typing the underlined letter on the Menu bar. Typing the letter underlined on a drop-down menu. If a dialog box appears, you can move around the dialog box by pressing the Alt key and any underlined option. Shortcut Key Demonstration Hold down the Alt key and press "o" to select Format from the menu. Press "p" to select Paragraph from the drop-down menu. Hold down the Alt key and press "i" to select the Indents and Spacing tab. Hold down the Alt key and press "b" to select Before from the Spacing frame. Press Enter to close the dialog box. Shortcut Notations A key name followed by a dash and a letter means to hold down the key while pressing the letter. For example, Alt-o means you should hold down the Alt key while pressing "o." A shorthand notation of the above demonstration would read as follows:? Press Alt-o, p. Press Alt-i. Press Alt-b. Press Enter. Typists who are slowed down by using a mouse usually prefer using keys.? Starting a New Paragraph When you type in Microsoft Word, you do not need to press a key to move to a new line as you do when typing with a typewriter. To start a new paragraph, press the Enter key.? Lesson Three: Microsoft Word Basic Features This lesson covers typing, the Backspace key, the Delete key, inserting text, bolding, underlining, and italicizing.? To begin this lesson, open Microsoft Word. Typing and Using the Backspace Key The exercises that follow will teach you how to enter and delete text. To enter text, simply type just as you would if you were using a typewriter. To capitalize, hold down the Shift key while typing the letter. Use the Backspace key to delete text. You do not need to press Enter to start a new line -- Microsoft Word automatically wraps at the end of the line. Press Enter the start a new paragraph. Exercise 1 Type the following sentence: Joe has a very large house. Now delete the word "house." Using either the arrow keys or the mouse, place the cursor between the period and the "e" in the word "house." Press the Backspace key until the word "house" is deleted. Type boat. The sentence should now read: "Joe has a very large boat."The Delete Key You can also delete text by using the Delete key. First, highlight the text you wish to delete; then press the Delete key. Exercise 2 Delete the word "very" from the sentence you just typed. Highlight the word "very."? Place the cursor before the "v" in the word "very" and press the F8 key. Then press the right arrow key until the word "very" is highlighted. Press the Delete key. The sentence should now read: "Joe has a large boat."Inserting Text You can insert text. To insert text, you must be in the Insert mode. To check to see whether you are in the Insert mode, look at the Status bar, located at the very bottom of the screen. Look at the right side of the Status bar. If the letters "OVR" are gray, you are in the Insert mode. If the letters "OVR" are black, you are in the Overtype mode.? To change to the Insert mode: Double click on the letters "OVR." The letters "OVR" should now be gray. Alternate Method -- Setting Options by Using the Menu Go to the Menu bar. Click on Tools. Highlight Options at the bottom of on the drop-down menu. Press Enter. Click on the Edit tab. The Overtype Mode box should be blank. If the box is blank, click on OK. If the Overtype Mode box is not blank, click on the box to remove the checkmark. Then click on OK. Alternate Method -- Setting Options by Using Keys Press Alt-t, o. Click on Edit. Press Alt-o (toggles between overtype and insert). Press Enter. Exercise 3 Make sure the letters "OVR" are gray before proceeding. You are going to insert the word "blue" between the words "large" and "boat." Place the cursor between the words "large" and "boat." Type the word blue. The sentence should now read: "Joe has a large blue boat."Overtype You can type over the current text (replace the current text with new text). However, you must be in the Overtype mode. Do the following to change to the Overtype mode. Double-click on "OVR" on the Status bar. The letters "OVR" should now be black. Make sure the letters "OVR" are black before proceeding to the following exercise. Exercise 4 Change the word "blue" to "gray." Place the cursor before the letter "b" in "blue." Type the word gray. The sentence should now read: "Joe has a large gray boat."Bold, Underline, and Italicize You can bold, underline, or italicize when using Word. You also can combine these features -- in other words -- you can bold, underline, and italicize a single piece of text. In the exercise that follows, you will learn three different methods for bolding, italicizing, or underlining when using Word. You will learn to bold, italicize, or underline by using the menu, an icon, or the keys. Exercise 5 Type the following exactly as shown. Remember,?pressing the Enter key starts a new paragraph. Press the Enter key at the end of each of the following lines to start a new paragraph. Menu: Bold Italicize Underline these words All three Regular Icon: Bold Italicize Underline these words All three Regular Keys: Bold Italicize Underline these words All three Regular Your screen should look similar to the one shown above. Bold - Using the Menu On the line that begins with Menu, first highlight the word Bold. To do so, place the cursor before the letter "B" in "Bold." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on Bold in the Font Style box. Note: You can see the effect of your selection in the Preview window. To turn off the bold, click on Regular. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Click anywhere in the text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Bold by Using an Icon On the line that begins with "Icon," first highlight the word "Bold." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "B" in "Bold." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Click on the Bold icon? on the toolbar. Note: To turn off bold, highlight the text and press the Bold icon. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Bold by Using the Keys On the line that begins with "Keys," first highlight the word "Bold." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "B" in "Bold." Press the F8 key; then, press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Press Ctrl-b (hold down the Ctrl key while pressing b). Note: To turn off Bold, press Ctrl-b again. You can also remove formatting by pressing Ctrl-spacebar. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Italicize - Using the Menu On the line that begins with "Menu," first highlight the word "Italicize." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "I" in "Italicize." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on Italic in the Font Style box. Note: You can see the effect of your selection in the Preview window. To turn off the italics, click on Regular. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Italicize by Using an Icon On the line that begins with "Icon," first highlight the word "Italicize." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "I" in "Italicize." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Click on the Italic icon? INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET on the toolbar.? Note: To turn off italics, highlight the text and press the Italic icon. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Italicize Using Keys On the line that begins with "Keys," highlight the word "Italicize." Place the cursor before the letter "I" in "Italicize." Press the F8 key; then, press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. Press Ctrl-i (hold down the Ctrl key while pressing i). Note: To toggle Italic off, press Ctrl-i again. You can also remove formatting by pressing Ctrl-spacebar. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Underline - Using the Menu You can underline when using Word. The following types of underlines are available if you use the menu: The following illustrates underlining using the menu: On the line that begins with "Menu," first highlight the words "Underline these words." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "U" in "Underline." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Click on Format. Highlight Font.? Press Enter. In the Underline box, click to open the pull-down menu. Click on the type of underline you wish to use. Note: To remove an underline, select None from the pull-down menu. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Underline by Using the Icon On the line that begins with "Icon," first highlight the words "Underline these words." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "U" in "Underline." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Click on the Underline icon? on the toolbar. You will get a single underline. Note: To turn off underlining, press the Underline icon again. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- Underline by Using the Keys On the line that begins with "Keys," first highlight the words "Underline these words." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "U" in "Underline." Press the F8 key; then, press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Press Ctrl-u (hold down the Ctrl key while pressing u). You will get a single underline. Note: To turn off underlining, press Ctrl-u again. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. All Three - Using the Menu On the line that begins with "Menu," first highlight the words "All three." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "A" in "All." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. In the Font Style box, click on Bold Italic. Note: You can see the effect of your selection in the preview window. To turn off the Bold Italic, click on Regular. In the Underline box, click to open the pull-down menu. Click on the type of underline you want to use.? Note: To remove an underline, select None from the pull-down menu. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- All Three by Using Icons On the line that begins with "Icon," first highlight the words "All three." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "A" in "All." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Click on the Bold icon on the toolbar. Click on the Italic icon on the toolbar. Click on the Underline icon on the toolbar. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Alternate Method -- All Three by Using the Keys On the line that begins with "Keys," first highlight the words "All three." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "A" in "All." Press the F8 key; then, press the right arrow key until all the words are highlighted. Press Ctrl-b (bold). Press Ctrl-i (italicize). Press Ctrl-u (underline). Note: You can remove formatting by highlighting the text and pressing Ctrl-spacebar. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting. Save File You must save your files if you wish to recall them later. Before you can save, you must give your file a name. To save your file and close Word, follow the instructions below: Click on File. Highlight Save As. Press Enter. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box. Name your file by typing lesson3.doc in the File Name box. Click on Save. Click on File. Highlight Exit. Press Enter. Lesson Four: More Basic Features This lesson covers cut, copy, paste, autotext, spell check, find, replace, and fonts. To begin this lesson, open Microsoft Word. Open File To continue working on a file you previously saved, you must open the file. To open the file: Click on File. Highlight Open. Press Enter. Make sure the folder you noted during the previous lesson displays in the Look In field. The file is named "lesson3.doc." Type lesson3.doc in the File Name field. Click on Open. The file you created during the previous lesson should appear. Alternate Method -- Opening a File by Using the Drop-Down Menu Click on File. Look for the file name "lesson3.doc" near the bottom of the drop-down menu. Click on "lesson3.doc." The file you created during the previous lesson should appear. Cut and Paste In Microsoft Word, you can cut (delete) text from one area of the document and save that text so it can be pasted elsewhere in the document. When you cut text, it is stored on the Clipboard. Information stored on the Clipboard stays there until new information is either cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste Clipboard information as often as you like. Exercise 1 - Cut - Using the Menu Type the following: I want to move. I am content where I am. Highlight "I want to move." Click on Edit. Highlight Cut. Press Enter. Your text should now read: "I am content where I am."Paste - Using the Menu Place the cursor after the period in the sentence "I am content where I am." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Click on Edit. Highlight Paste. Press Enter. Your text should now read. "I am content where I am. I want to move."Alternate Method -- Cut by Using the Icon Type the following: I want to move. I am content where I am. Highlight "I want to move." Click on the Cut icon?. Your text should now read. "I am content where I am." Alternate Method -- Paste by Using the Icon Place the cursor after the period in the sentence "I am content where I am." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Click on the Paste icon?. Your text should now read. "I am content where I am. I want to move." Alternate Method -- Cut by Using Keys Type the following: I want to move. I am content where I am. Highlight "I want to move." Press Ctrl-x. Your text should now read. "I am content where I am." Alternate Method -- Paste by Using Keys Place the cursor after the period in the sentence: "I am content where I am." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Press Ctrl-v. Your text should now read. "I am content where I am. I want to move." Copy and Paste In Microsoft Word, you can copy text from one area of the document and place that text elsewhere in the document. As with cut data, copied data is stored on the Clipboard. Exercise 2 - Copy - Using the Menu Type the following: You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. Highlight "You will want to copy me." Click on Edit. Highlight Copy. Press Enter. Paste? - Using the Menu Place the cursor after the period in the sentence: "One of me is all you need." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Click on Edit. Highlight Paste. Press Enter. Your text should now read: "You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. You will want to copy me."Alternate Method -- Copy by Using the Icon Type the following: You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. Highlight "You will want to copy me." Click on the Copy icon?. Alternate Method -- Paste by Using the Icon Place the cursor after the period in the sentence: "One of me is all you need." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Click on the Paste icon?. Your text should now read: "You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. You will want to copy me." Alternate Method -- Copy by Using Keys Type the following: You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. Highlight "You will want to copy me." Press Ctrl-c. Alternate Method -- Paste by Using Keys Place the cursor after the period in the sentence "One of me is all you need." Press the Spacebar to leave a space. Press Ctrl-v. Your text should now read: "You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. You will want to copy me." Using AutoText Cut and Copy both store information on the Clipboard. Each time you store new information on the Clipboard, the old information is lost. If you wish to store text permanently so you can use it repeatedly, use AutoText. Exercise 3 Type the following: AutoText information is stored permanently. Highlight "AutoText information is stored permanently." Click on Insert. Highlight AutoText. Press Enter. Highlight New. Press Enter. Microsoft Word suggests a name. The suggestion is displayed on the screen. Change the name by typing AT in the field. Click on OK. Click anywhere in the text area to remove the highlighting. Place the cursor between the period in the sentence you just typed and the paragraph marker (?). Press the Spacebar twice to leave two blank spaces. Type AT. Press F3. Your text should now read: "AutoText information is stored permanently. AutoText information is stored permanently." Note: Whenever you need the text, simply type the name and press F3.Spell Check Word checks your spelling and grammar as you type. Spelling errors display with a red wavy line under the word. Grammar errors display with a green wavy line under the error. Exercise 4 Type the following exactly as shown. Include all errors. Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of Ridgemont. Highlight: "Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of Ridgemont." Press F7 or click on the Spelling icon? on the Standard toolbar. "The" is misspelled so it is highlighted on the screen and noted in the Not in Dictionary box. Word suggests correct spellings. These suggestions are found in the Suggestions box. To change the word to the correct spelling, make sure "the" is highlighted in the Suggestions box. Click on Change. Note: If the word is misspelled in several places in the document, click on Change All to correct all misspellings. The name "Mayrala" is not in the dictionary, but it is correct. Press Ignore to leave "Mayrala" in the document with its current spelling.? Note: If a word appears in several places in the document, click on Ignore All so you are not prompted to correct the spelling for each occurrence. "Ridgemont" is not found in the dictionary. If you frequently use a word not found in the dictionary, you should add that word to the dictionary by pressing the Add button. Word will then recognize the word the next time it encounters it. Click on Add. The following should appear on your screen: "Word finished checking the selection. Do you want to continue checking the remainder of the document?" Click on No. If you wanted Word to spell-check the entire document, you would have clicked on Yes. Font Size In Microsoft Word, you can change the size of your font (text). The following exercise illustrates changing the font size. Change Font Size - Using the Menu Type the following: I am the smallest. I am a little bigger. I am the biggest. Highlight "I am the smallest." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. Type 8 in the Size field, or click on 8 in the box below the Size field. Click on OK. Highlight "I am a little bigger." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. Type 14 in the Size field, or click on 14 in the box below the Size field. Click on OK. Highlight "I am a the biggest." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. Type 24 in the Size field, or click on 24 in the box below the Size field. Click on OK. Your text should now look similar to the following: "I am the smallest. I am a little bigger. I am the biggest."Alternate Method -- Change Font Size by Using the Toolbar Highlight: "I am the smallest. I am a little bigger. I am the biggest." Press Ctrl-Spacebar to set the formatting back to the default. Highlight "I am the smallest." In the Font Size box? on the Tool Bar, type 8. Press Enter. Highlight "I am a little bigger." In the Font Size box? on the Tool Bar, type 14. Press Enter. Highlight "I am a the biggest." In the Font Size box? on the Tool Bar, type 24. Press Enter. FontsIn Microsoft Word, you can change the font (the "family" of type you use for your text). This feature is illustrated in the following exercise: Change the Font - Using the Menu Type the following: Arial Courier Times New Roman Highlight "Arial." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. In the box below the Font field, click on "Arial." Click on OK. Highlight "Courier." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. In the box below the Font field, click on "Courier." Click on OK. Highlight "Times New Roman." Click on Format. Highlight Font. Press Enter. Click on the Font tab, if it is not in the front. In the box below the Font field, click on "Times New Roman." Click on OK. Your text should now look similar to the following: "Arial Courier Times New Roman"Alternate Method -- Change the Font by Using the Formatting Toolbar Highlight "Arial Courier Times New Roman." Press Ctrl-Spacebar. Ctrl-Spacebar sets the formatting back to the default. Highlight "Arial." Click to open the Font pull-down menu? on the Formatting toolbar. Click on "Arial." Next, highlight "Courier." Click to open the Font pull-down menu?on the Formatting toolbar. Click on "Courier." Next, highlight "Times New Roman." Click to open the Font pull-down menu?on the Formatting toolbar. Click on "Times New Roman." Your text should now look similar to the following: "Arial Courier Times New Roman" Save File Save your file by following these instructions: Click on File. Highlight Save As. Press Enter. Specify the correct folder in the Save In field. Name your file by typing lesson4.doc in the File Name field. Click on Save. Note: This document will contain Lesson Three and Lesson Four. Click on File. Highlight Exit. Press Enter. Lesson Six: Tab Key, Bulleting, Numbering, Undo, Redo, Printing, and Help This lesson is on the Tab key, bulleting, numbering, undo, redo, printing, and help. To begin this lesson, open Microsoft Word. The Tab Key The default tab setting for Microsoft Word is .5 inches. If you press the Tab key, the cursor will move 1/2 inch across the page and an arrow will appear on the screen. The arrow is a nonprinting character, so when you print your document the arrow will not print. Illustration Press the Tab key a few times. Note how you move across the page. Bullets and Numbering In Microsoft Word, you can easily create bulleted or numbered lists of items. Several bulleting and numbering styles are available, as shown in the examples. You select the one you wish to use. Try the exercises to see how it works. Examples -- Numbering Examples -- Bulleting Exercise 1 Type the following as shown. Apple Orange Grape Mango Cherry Highlight the words you just typed. Click on Format. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter. Click on the Numbered tab, if it is not in the front. Several styles are available to you. Click on the style you want to use. Click on OK. Your list should now be numbered. To remove the numbering: Highlight the list again. Click on Format. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter. Click on None. Click on OK. Alternate Method -- Numbering using the Icon. Highlight the list you typed. Click on the Numbering icon? on the Formatting toolbar. Your list should now be numbered. To remove the numbering: Highlight the list again. Click again on the Numbering icon?. Bulleting Highlight the list you typed. Click on Format. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter. Click on the Bulleted tab, if it is not in the front. Several styles are available to you. Click on the style you want to use. Click on OK. Your list should now be bulleted. To remove bulleting: Highlight the list again. Click on Format. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter. Click on None. Click on OK. Alternate Method -- Bulleting Using the Icon Highlight the list you typed. Click on the Bullets icon? on the Formatting toolbar. Your list should now be bulleted. To remove the bulleting: Highlight the list again. Click on the Bullets icon? again. Undo & Redo You can quickly undo most commands you execute by using Undo. If you then change your mind, you can use Redo. Exercise 2 Type Undo example. Click on Edit. Highlight Undo Typing. Press Enter. The typing should disappear. Click on Edit. Highlight Redo Typing. Press Enter. The typing should reappear. Highlight "Undo example." Press Ctrl-b to bold. Click on Edit. Highlight Undo Bold. Press Enter. The bolding should be removed. Click on Edit. Highlight Redo Bold. Press Enter. Your text should be bold again. Alternate Method -- Undo & Redo by Using Keys Type: Undo example. Press Ctrl-z. The typing should disappear. Press Ctrl-y. The typing should reappear. Highlight "Undo example." Press Ctrl-u to underline. Press Ctrl-z. The underline should be removed. Press Ctrl-y. The underline should reappear. Save File Save your file by following these instructions: Click on File. Highlight Save As. Press Enter. Specify the correct folder in the Save in field. Name your file by typing lesson6.doc in the File Name field. Click on Save. Don't exit Microsoft Word. File Close Close your file by following these instructions. We are going to open a new file for the next exercise. Click on File. Highlight Close. Press Enter. Open New File Click on File. Highlight New. Press Enter. Click on OK. Printing After you have finished typing your document, you will want to print it. While preparing to print, you can specify the number of copies you want and the pages you want to print. Exercise 3 -- Print Your Document Click on File. Highlight Print. Press Enter. Click on OK. Alternate Method - Printing by Using the Icon Click on the Print icon? on the Standard toolbar. Help If you need more information on executing a Microsoft Word command, you can receive help at any time by pressing F1 or by clicking on Help on the Menu bar. ................
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