In Class Exercise: Projections - CHRISTINA FRIEDLE



1 Lab 4| Intro to Map Design

Introduction

This lab will introduce you to GIS techniques for symbolizing and fine-tuning both the visualization of your geographic data as well as the overall map layout.

Instructions

Based on the assigned readings for this week, answer questions in Part I of this lab. Then proceed to the next Parts and complete the hands-on exercises. Before working with the lab data, copy it from the course website onto your flash drive.

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and produce the required outputs. Your lab document should be typed, well organized, and submitted based on the “How To” guidelines provided in the course syllabus.

PART I – Assigned Readings

Textbook – Bolstad (Chap. 4, pgs. 131-140)

1. What type of information is shown on each of these map types?

a. Feature maps

b. Choropleth maps

c. Dot-density maps

d. Isopleth (contour) maps

2. Which are the larger-scale maps?

a. 1:24,000 or 1:100,000

b. 1 inch equals 1 mile, or 1 inch equals 5 miles?

c. 1 inch = 1 mile, or 1 inch = 1 kilometer?

3. Why do all maps include some level of generalization?

Textbook – Brewer (Chap. 2)

4. What is the recommended number of fonts to use on a single map?

5. On computers with the Windows operating system, where are fonts files stored?

6. What is the minimum type size you should use to ensure map legibility?

7. In the context of map type design, what is “leading”?

8. Why should callout effects be used sparingly on maps?

9. When are shadow and halo effects useful in map design?

Textbook – Brewer (Chap. 4, pgs. 90-97)

10. What is an example of a color hue?

11. Should color lightness be used to represent qualitative or quantitative data?

12. What is color saturation?

Textbook – Brewer (Chap. 6)

13. What is a pictogram?

14. What point symbol visual variable is often used for weather symbols?

15. What is line casing?

16. In ArcMap, what does the area pattern for a swamp look like?

PART II: Designing & Creating a Map

Important Reminder

If you remember nothing else from this lab, remember to SAVE YOUR WORK OFTEN!!!

Instructions

This part of the lab is intended to familiarize you with the tools available in ArcMap to label and symbolize data, and to create layout maps. Spend time during each step to explore all the possibilities and options for changing labels and symbols.

You are going to recreate the following map. All of the files for this part of the lab, including an overview JPEG file, a map file (Alabama.mxd) and associated shapefiles, are located in the Lab 4 data folder.

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Labeling and Symbolizing Data:

• To see what your final product will look like, start by opening the Final Map example JPEG (Alabama_Cancer_Rates_and_Agriculture.jpg). Use a picture viewer program, such as Windows Picture Viewer.

• Next, open the Alabama.mxd map file in ArcMap. There should be 2 data frames (one named “Alabama Reference” and the other named “Cancer & Farms”). Each data frame should contain three data sets.

“Alabama Reference” Data Frame

• Let’s work with the “Alabama Reference” data frame. Make sure that this data frame is activated – in the Table of Contents, right-click on “Alabama Reference” and scroll down to select the “Activate” option.

• Notice that there are currently more cities visible for the “Cities” shapefile layer than what are shown on the final map version. You need to show only the five (5) largest cities in Alabama.

• Open the Layer Properties window for the Cities layer, and select the “Symbology” tab. In the left-hand column, select “Categories > Unique values”.

• Find the “Value Field” drop-down menu and select “NAME”.

• Find the “Add Values…” button, and use it to add the 5 largest cities in Alabama (Birmingham, Huntsville, Mobile, Montgomery, and Tuscaloosa) to the list of features to be symbolized. If one or more of the cities are not present in the “Add Values” window, click on the “Complete List” button and search again.

• Uncheck the checkbox for “”. This makes invisible all features that are not included in your list of values.

Selecting Feature to Symbolize through Unique Values

This method is used to represent only a selection of features from a data set. It does not eliminate them in any way other than for visual representation. It is a helpful tool for cartographic purposes and keeping unnecessary data out of your map presentation.

• Next you need to change the symbol for each of the 5 largest cities. Click on the “Symbol” column heading and choose “Properties for All Symbols.” Here you can change the symbol type, color and size for these features. For the Cities layer you want the symbol type “Circle 3”, color “Seville Orange”, and Size “8”. When finished, click OK to apply the new settings.

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• (Note: Later, you will add labels to the Cities features in the Layout view. But we will come back to that later.)

• Go to the Symbology tab for the “Interstates” highways layer. This time, we want all features to be displayed on the map, and all in the same way. Using the “Features > Single symbol” option, symbolize highways using “Autunite Yellow” and Width = 1.

Adding Dynamic Labels

This allows you to turn on Labels for a layer automatically. This method is not as flexible as interactive labels, but it is quick and easy. To turn on dynamic labels, you can either right-click on the layer and click on Label Features or go to the Label tab under layer properties.

• To add Dynamic Labels to the Interstate highways layer, go to the Layer Properties “Labels” tab.

• In the “Method” dropdown list, select “Define classes of features and label each class differently” (shown below). Notice on the final map JPEG that only a few of the Interstate highways are shown. By defining classes for labels, you can write a “query” to label features differently on the map. (Note: we will learn more about queries in Lab 5). This technique will let you identify only the few features that you want labeled.

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• You want only the following highways to have labels: Interstates 65, 20, 59, 10 & 85. In the Labels window, a new section called “Class” is now visible. Click on the “SQL Query…” button; the SQL Query window should open. In the SQL Query window, type in the following phrase exactly as written here:

"NAME" in ('10', '20', '59', '65', '85')

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• It is crucial to type the query exactly as provided. Click on the “Verify” button to make sure that the phrase was entered correctly. Click OK.

• Make sure that the checkbox “Label features in this layer” is checked, then Click the “Apply’ button. Labels should appear on the map for only the 5 Interstates highways that you had indicated.

• Next we will get the highways to have the appropriate Interstate symbol shown on the final map. Under the “Text Symbol” section, Click on the “Symbol…” button and scroll down until you find the “U.S. Interstate HWY” symbol (as shown below). Change the Size to 7, click OK to close the Symbol Selector window, then click the OK or Apply button to apply the changes.

• But wait - the highway symbols are oriented in various directions! We are very close to making the labels look exactly like what is shown on the example JPEG. Under the Label tab called “Other Options”, click on the “Placement Properties…” button. On the “Placement” tab, under the “Line Settings” section, set the Orientation to “Horizontal”. Then under the “Duplicate Labels” section, select the “Place One label per feature” option. Click OK to close the Placement Properties window, then the OK or Apply button to apply the changes.

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• Your Interstate highway labels are now complete!

• Next, let’s symbolize the Counties layer. Go to the Layer Properties Symbology tab for the Counties layer, and symbolize all the features the same way (use the “Features > Single symbol” section). Symbolize using Fill Color = “Gray 70%”, Outline Color = “Gray 50%”, and Outline Width = “0.40”.

• This completes the symbols and labels for the Alabama Reference data frame!

“Cancer & Farms” Data Frame

• Activate the “Cancer & Farms” data frame. Make sure that the layers are drawn in the Table of Contents in the following order: Farms above the Cancer above Rural. Turn off the “Rural” and “Farms” layers for now.

• Open the Layer Properties window for the Cancer layer, and go to the Symbology tab. We want to create a choropleth map representing the rate of cancer deaths per county. As part of this process, we need to “normalize” the cancer deaths by the Total Population of each county.

• Open the attribute table for the Cancer layer. Find the column named “CaDeaths” - this represents the number of cancer deaths per county. Also find the column named “TotalPop05” – this represents total population per county in the year 2005. Close the attribute table.

Normalizing Data

Sometimes raw data can be misleading. For example if you are looking at population of states it would be no surprise that Texas has a greater population than Rhode Island, because it has a much greater area for people to reside. It is hard to compare population between the two states if you do not consider size. In this example, it would be more appropriate to map Population Density, which normalizes raw population data by size (state area).

• In the “Quantities” section, select the “Graduated colors” option.

• In the “Fields” section, set the “Value” option to the “CaDeaths” attribute field, and the “Normalization” option to the “TotalPop05” attribute field. Selecting these fields allows you to represent “cancer death per population per county”, i.e. cancer death density per county. (I realize that this is not the happiest thing to think about).

• The “Classification” section should by default use the “Natural Breaks” classification type and 5 classes. (Edit if needed.) Change the color ramp to use the light to dark grayish-green shading (the last choice in the color ramp dropdown list, and shown below). Click OK or Apply to apply the changes.

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• Now we want to compare data for farm density per county with the data for cancer deaths per county, to see if any relationship might exist between them. Overlaying the two layers can provide a clear visual picture. We will represent the farm data using a Dot Density type map.

• In the Table of Contents, make the Farms layer visible again. Open the attribute table for the Farms layer, and find the column named “Farms” - this represents the number of farms located in each county. Close the attribute table.

• Go to the Symbology Tab of the farm layer. Using the “Quantities > Dot density option, go to the “Field Selection” section. Click on the “Farms” attribute field in the list and click on the top arrow so that Farms moves to the box on the right.

• Double-click on the “Farms” symbol to change the symbol type to “Circle 1”, Color to “Electron Gold” and Size to “4”. Check to make sure that in the “Background” section, the fill color is set to “No Color”.

• Under the “Densities” section, change the “Dot Value” to “20”. This means that each dot on the map will represent 20 farms.

Map Layout:

• Switch to Layout View.

• Under the File menu, select “Page and Print Setup” and set the Page size to 8.5 x 11 inches and Page orientation to Landscape. Click OK.

• The first thing we will do is set Guides so that we can ‘snap’ our data frames to certain locations. To create a guide, see notes below.

Guides

You set a guide by going to the ruler at the top and side of the layout view frame and click. A cyan-colored dotted line, the guide, will appear with a white arrow at the end of the line along the ruler. If you click and drag the white arrow, you can move the guide. To clear a guide, right click on the white arrow and select “Clear Guide”.

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• Along the top ruler, place vertical guides at 0.2, 5.5, and 10.8 inches. Along the left-side ruler, place horizontal guides at 0.5 and 7.2 inches.

• Arrange the data frames so that they both extend vertically between the 0.5 and 7.2 inch guides (on the left-hand ruler). Extend the left data frame horizontally between the 0.2 and 5.5 inch guides (on the top ruler), and the right data frame between the 5.5 and 10.8 inch guides.

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• Change the scale for both data frames to 1:3,500,000 using the scale menu (shown below).

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• Change the background color and border for the “Alabama Reference” data frame - open the Data Frame Properties window and click on the “Frame’ tab.

• Set the “Border” type to “” and the Background color to “Grey 40%”. Repeat the same steps for the “Cancer & Farms” data frame.

Adding City Labels

• Note that the labels for the Cities layer still need to be added. Start by following the same steps to “Define classes of features and label each class differently”, as you did for Interstate highways. Type in a SQL query to label the 5 cities shown on the map, using the following expression exactly as written:

"NAME" In ('Birmingham', 'Huntsville', 'Mobile', 'Montgomery', 'Tuscaloosa')

• Click the “Verify” button to verify that the query was entered correctly, then click the OK button to close the SQL Query window.

• In the “Text Symbol” section, click on the “Symbol…” button to open the Symbol Selector window. Use the options in this window, as well as those accessed by clicking on the “Edit Symbol” button, to apply the following settings: font family “Georgia”, size “10”, color “white”, and Character Spacing “10”. Click OK to return to the Layer Properties window.

• Make sure that the “Label features in this layer” checkbox is checked on, and click OK or Apply to apply the changes.

• Now let’s convert the labels from Dynamic Label format to Annotation (Interactive label) format. Right-click on the Cities layer and select the “Convert Labels to Annotation” option.

• In the “Convert Labels to Annotation” window, under the “Store Annotation” section, set annotation to be stored “In the map”. Click the “Convert” button.

• Move the individual annotation around to match the placement shown in the Final Map example JPEG. To do this, first make sure that the “Alabama Reference” data frame is Activated. Then click on one of the annotation text boxes. Once you see the striped outline around the text box (see image below), you are able to click and drag the text box around to a new location.

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Converting Labels to Annotation

Using annotation allows you to have more control over where a label is placed on the map. Once converted into annotation (text), there is no way to “undo” this function, so it is best to do this towards the end of your labeling work. Text stored as annotation is editable, which means you can select each individual label and move it on the map as well as change the display properties. There are benefits to using annotation as opposed to adding a text box:

- If you move a feature, the annotation for that feature moves with it.

- If you delete a feature, the annotation is also deleted.

- If you change an attribute of a feature on which the annotation text is based, the annotation text changes.

Adding Legend, Title Bar, Subtitle, North Arrow, and Scale bar

• Following the links found on the “Insert” menu, add the following to your layout:

o Title: Georgia (font) 30 (size), Black (color), Bold

o Subtitle (use Insert > Text): Georgia (font) 20 (size), Black (color), Italics

o North Arrow: ESRI North Arrow 59

o Scale Bar: Alternating Scale Bar 1, Adjust number of divisions (When resizing), Miles (Division Units), 50 mi (Division value), Show one division before zero (checkbox on), after labels (Label Position), Gray 80% (Text and Bar Colors), Perpetua (Font), 10 (Text and Bar Sizes)

Adding Text

• You can add text using a few different methods – as you have seen, one way is from the Insert Menu. Another way is to use the Draw toolbar, typically displayed at the bottom of the ArcMap window. If it is not displayed, go to the “Customize” menu > Toolbars, and make sure that the “Draw” toolbar item is checked. On the Draw toolbar, use the “New Text” tool (highlighted below) to add text for the following map elements:

o “Data Sources…”: Georgia (font) 10 (size), Black (color)

o “Map Created by [Your Name]”: Georgia (font) 10 (size), Black (color)

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• Make sure that your name is typed into the “Map Created by …” text box!

• Use the ruler guides that you created earlier in the lab to line up all the map elements as shown on the final example JPEG map.

Adding a Picture:

• To add a picture to your map layout, use the Insert menu > “Picture…” option.

• Select and add the cotton.jpg file that is stored in your Lab 4 data folder.

• Resize the image and place in the appropriate location on your map layout.

Adding a Legend:

• To add a legend, activate the “Cancer & Farms” data frame and select the Insert menu > “Legend” option.

• Using the “Legend Wizard” window, add the necessary layers to the legend (Cancer, Farms) and continue through the wizard. Delete the word “Legend” in the Legend Title. Continue with the defaults for the remainder.

• After the legend has been added, you can go back and refine its appearance. Right-click on the legend and select the “Properties” option. In the “Legend Properties” window, select the “Items” tab.

• In the “Legend Items” section, you can change the order in which layers are listed in the legend by selecting a layer name, then clicking on the up-arrow or down-arrow buttons.

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• Also in the “Legend Items” section, select the “Cancer” layer name and click on the “Style…” button. In the “Legend Item Selector” window, change the legend type to “Horizontal Single Symbol Label Only”. Click on the “Properties” button and then the “Label Symbol” button. Change the display properties to: Georgia (Font) 10 (Size), Black (Color). Apply changes by clicking OK multiple times.

• Again using the “Legend Properties” window > “Items” tab, apply the same display properties to the “Farms” layer.

• To change the layer names in the Legend, you must edit the corresponding layer names in the Table of Contents. Soft-click on the layer names, and change them to match the final example map JPEG.

Adding a Shape Graphic for Title and Subtitle Background:

• Let’s add a rectangle shape to serve as a colored background for the Title and Subtitle text boxes. To add a graphic shape, return to the Draw toolbar and select the “Rectangle” tool. A cursor appears that allows you to draw a shape.

• Draw a rectangle in the area covering the title and subtitle. Snap the edges to the guidelines you created earlier, above the two map data frames.

• Right-click on the rectangle and go to properties.

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• Under the Symbol tab, change the “Fill Color” setting to “Olivine Yellow”, and the “Outline Color” setting to “No Color”.

• If the newly-drawn rectangle covers up the Title and Subtitle, right-click on the rectangle and select the “Order > Send to back” option.

1. Double-check your map to make sure it looks identical to the example Final Map JPEG (with the exception of your name). Export your map as a JPEG and insert into your lab document.

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