Full text of "Higher English Grammar Translation And ...
Full text of "Higher English Grammar Translation And Composition"
/* @licstart The following is the entire license notice for the
* JavaScript code in this page.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see .
*
* @licend The above is the entire license notice
* for the JavaScript code in this page.
*/
window.__realDefine = customElements.define.bind(customElements);
customElements.define = function() {
try {
return window.__realDefine.apply(this, arguments);
} catch (e) {
console.warn(e);
}
}
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.icon-hamburger-1 svg.icon-hamburger {
display: block;
height: 4rem;
width: 4rem;
}
.icon-hamburger-1 .fill-color.icon-hamburger {
fill: #fff;
}.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button {
display: block;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: #ccc;
cursor: pointer;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button {
height: 100%;
width: 4rem;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button .fill-color.login-button {
fill: #999;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:active .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:focus .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:hover .fill-color.login-button {
fill: #fff;
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button {
border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background: #333;
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button .fill-color.login-button {
fill: #fff;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button {
display: none;
font-size: 1.4rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: #999;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button a.login-button {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
}
.login-button-1 a.login-button:hover,.login-button-1 a.login-button:active,.login-button-1 a.login-button:focus {
color: #fff;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.login-button-1 .logged-out-toolbar.login-button {
padding: 1rem 0.5rem;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button {
background: transparent;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button {
height: 3rem;
width: 3rem;
display: block;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button {
display: inline;
vertical-align: middle;
}
}.nav-search-1 input.nav-search[type="text"] {
color: #222;
}
.nav-search-1 input.nav-search:focus {
outline: none;
}
.nav-search-1 button.nav-search {
background: none;
color: inherit;
border: none;
font: inherit;
cursor: pointer;
}
.nav-search-1 button.nav-search:focus {
outline: none;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search {
padding-top: 0;
margin-right: 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
position: relative;
fill:;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 4rem;
bottom: 0;
left: 4rem;
z-index: 3;
padding: 0.5rem 0.2rem;
border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background: #333;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search {
display: none;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search {
background: #fff;
border-radius: 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
width: 100%;
margin: 0 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search {
height: 100%;
padding: 0;
margin-right: 0;
-ms-flex-item-align: center;
-ms-grid-row-align: center;
align-self: center;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
height: 3rem;
width: 3rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
padding-left: 1rem;
border-radius: 0.5rem;
border: none;
font-size: 1.6rem;
text-align: center;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search:focus {
outline: none;
}
@keyframes fade-in-nav-search-1 {
0% {
opacity: 0;
}
100% {
opacity: 1;
}
}
.nav-search-1 .fade-in.nav-search {
animation: fade-in-nav-search-1 0.2s forwards;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
display: inline;
width: 2.8rem;
height: 2.8rem;
vertical-align: -14px;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search path.nav-search {
fill: #333;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search {
display: block;
position: static;
padding: 1.1rem 0.2rem;
background: transparent;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search {
width: 13rem;
height: 2.8rem;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-webkit-box-direction: reverse;
-ms-flex-direction: row-reverse;
flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search {
width: calc(100% - 28px);
height: 100%;
padding-left: 0;
font-size: 1.4rem;
text-align: left;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
width: 2.8rem;
height: 2.8rem;
}
}.media-button-1 a.media-button {
display: inline-block;
text-decoration: none;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button {
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
padding: 0;
font-size: 1.6rem;
text-align: left;
background: transparent;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus {
outline: none;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button {
display: inline-block;
padding: 0;
font-weight: 400;
color: #fff;
text-align: left;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button {
display: inline-flex;
vertical-align: middle;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center;
-webkit-box-pack: center;
-ms-flex-pack: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button > svg.media-button {
height: 4rem;
width: 4rem;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button {
background-color: #333;
border-radius: 1rem 0 0 1rem;
}
.media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #999;
}
.media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #f00;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button {
width: auto;
height: 5rem;
color: #999;
display: inline-flex;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus {
color: #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button {
display: none;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
padding-right: 1rem;
font-size: 1.3rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: inherit;
}
.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
display: none;
content: "web";
}
.media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button {
display: none;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button {
background: #474747;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after {
color: #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button {
background: transparent;
}
.media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #ffcd27;
}
.media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #faab3c;
}
.media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #f1644b;
}
.media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #00adef;
}
.media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #9ecc4f;
}
.media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill: #aa99c9;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
display: inline;
}
.media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button {
display: none;
}
}.media-menu-1 {
outline: none;
}
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
z-index: -1;
top: -40rem;
background-color: #222;
margin: 0;
overflow: hidden;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
transition-property: top;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu {
position: relative;
line-height: normal;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-container.media-menu {
position: relative;
}
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
top: 0;
}
.media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu {
position: absolute;
z-index: -1;
top: 0;
left: 0;
height: 0;
width: 100%;
overflow: hidden;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
transition-property: height;
}
.media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu {
height: 40rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
display: block;
position: static;
width: auto;
height: 5rem;
transition-property: none;
}
.media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu {
font-size: 0;
}
}.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus {
outline: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav {
position: relative;
display: -ms-grid;
display: grid;
height: 4rem;
grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart search user';
-ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem 4rem;
grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem 4rem;
-ms-grid-rows: 100%;
grid-template-rows: 100%;
background: #222;
border-bottom: 1px solid #333;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav {
grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart user';
-ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem;
grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav {
display: flex;
user-select: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav {
background: none;
color: inherit;
border: none;
font: inherit;
cursor: pointer;
}
.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
position: static;
float: left;
padding: 0 5px 0 10px;
-webkit-transform: translate(0, 0);
-ms-transform: translate(0, 0);
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
display: flex;
justify-content: left;
align-items: center;
}
.primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav {
grid-column-start: hamburger-start;
grid-column-end: user-end;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav {
height: 3rem;
width: 2.7rem;
display: inline-block;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav {
height: 3rem;
width: 9.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav {
margin-right: 5px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav {
-ms-grid-row: 1;
-ms-grid-column: 1;
grid-area: hamburger;
padding: 0;
}
.primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
height: 4rem;
width: 4rem;
fill: #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
height: 4rem;
width: 4rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav {
fill: rgb(255, 0, 0);
}
.primary-nav-1 .sr-only.primary-nav {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
padding: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
-webkit-clip-path: inset(50%);
clip-path: inset(50%);
user-select: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav {
padding: 0;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
height: 4rem;
width: 4rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav {
fill: #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav {
position: relative;
z-index: 3;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav {
display: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav {
display: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
height: 3rem;
width: 3rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav {
display: none;
font-size: 1.3rem;
vertical-align: middle;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav {
color: #999;
padding: 0.5rem;
height: 100%;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav:hover {
color: #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav {
border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background: #333;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav {
display: block;
width: 3rem;
height: 3rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav {
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-flex;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) {
.primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav {
padding-right: 0;
}
}
@media (min-width: 906px) {
.primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav {
padding-right: 20px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo'] {
display: none;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.primary-nav-1 {
;
}
.primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav {
display: contents;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav {
display: block;
z-index: 4;
height: 5rem;
padding-right: 1.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo-mobile'] {
display: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
margin-top: 1rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav {
margin-right: 10px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav {
display: none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav {
display: block;
float: right;
vertical-align: middle;
height: 100%;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav {
height: 3rem;
width: 3rem;
margin-right: 0.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav {
padding: 1rem 0.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav {
background: transparent;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
margin-right: 0.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav {
display: block;
padding: 1rem 0.5rem;
float: right;
font-size: 1.4rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
text-decoration: none;
color: #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover {
color: #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
vertical-align: middle;
fill: #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav {
fill: #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav {
float: right;
margin-left: 1rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 990px) {
.primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav {
display: inline-block;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
max-width: 165px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav {
display: inline;
}
}.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu {
position: relative;
}
.search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus {
outline-color: #428bca;
outline-width: 0.16rem;
outline-style: auto;
}
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: 4;
padding: 0 4.5rem;
font-size: 1.6rem;
background-color: #333;
}
.search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu {
overflow: hidden;
transition-property: top;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
top: -1500px;
}
.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
transition-duration: 0.2s;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu {
padding: 1rem;
display: block;
}
.search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu {
text-decoration: none;
color: #428bca;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu {
overflow: visible;
right: 2rem;
left: auto;
z-index: 5;
padding: 1rem 2rem;
transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
font-size: 1.4rem;
color: #333;
border-radius: 2px;
background: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after {
position: absolute;
right: 7px;
top: -7px;
width: 12px;
height: 7px;
box-sizing: border-box;
color: #fff;
content: '';
border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor;
border-left: 6px solid transparent;
border-right: 6px solid transparent;
}
.search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
opacity: 0;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
}
.search-menu-1 .open.search-menu {
opacity: 1;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu {
padding: 0;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu {
padding-top: 7px;
}
.search-menu-1 a.search-menu {
padding: 1rem 0 0 0;
}
}.wayback-search-1 {
font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search {
max-width: 600px;
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-top: 0;
font-weight: 200;
}
.wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search {
font-weight: 500;
text-decoration: none;
color: #fff;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
padding: 0.7rem 2rem;
margin: 1.5rem 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
text-align: center;
border: none;
border-radius: 7px;
background-color: #fcf5e6;
box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97;
}
.wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search {
display: none;
}
.wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search {
width: 100%;
max-width: 215px;
max-height: 60px;
margin-bottom: 1.3rem;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search {
display: block;
width: 100%;
height: 3rem;
padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem;
font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
color: #858585;
box-sizing: border-box;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 2rem;
background: #eee;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus {
border-color: #66afe9;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
outline: none;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
position: absolute;
top: 2px;
left: 3px;
width: 2.4rem;
height: 2.4rem;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search {
fill: #999;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search {
display: none;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search {
margin: 0 auto;
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-bottom: 3rem;
font-size: 1.6rem;
text-align: center;
}
.wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search {
margin: 0;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
margin: 0 auto;
font-size: 0;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
display: inline-block;
width: 50%;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search {
text-align: center;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
width: 2.8rem;
height: 2.8rem;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search {
fill: #333;
}
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-bottom: 1rem;
font-size: 1.6rem;
text-align: center;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
padding: .5rem;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: none;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search {
padding-left: 3rem;
margin-top: .3rem;
font-size: 1.4rem;
border-color: #bca38e;
background: #fff;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder {
color: #8e8e8e;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
top: 50%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
display: block;
width: auto;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search {
margin: 0 1.5rem;
}
}.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
grid-column-gap: .8rem;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] {
width: 100%;
height: 3rem;
box-sizing: border-box;
border: 1px solid #999;
border-radius: .5rem;
color: #222;
font-size: inherit;
}
.save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] {
-webkit-appearance: none;
-moz-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
padding: .4rem .8rem;
font: normal 1.3rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: #fff;
border: none;
border-radius: 16px;
background: #222;
cursor: pointer;
}
.save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form {
display: none;
margin-top: .5rem;
font-weight: bold;
color: #ffcd27;
}
.save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form {
display: block;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form {
margin-top: 0;
font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
}.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
font-size: 1.6rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider {
text-decoration: none;
color: #fff;
}
.wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
list-style: none;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider {
padding-top: 1.5rem;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
margin: 0 0 1rem 0;
font-weight: 100;
}
.wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider {
font-size: 1.3rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider {
padding-bottom: .5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider {
padding-top: 0;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-slider-1 {
display: block;
grid-column: 1 / 4;
padding: 0 1.5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
margin-top: 0;
font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px);
grid-column-gap: 2.5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem);
grid-column-gap: 2.5rem;
}
}.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider {
padding: 0;
margin: -1rem 0 0 0;
list-style: none;
}
.more-slider-1 a.more-slider {
display: block;
padding: 1rem 0;
text-decoration: none;
color: #fff;
}.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav {
font-size: 1.6rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav {
text-decoration: none;
color: #fff;
}
.media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
list-style: none;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav {
padding-top: 1.5rem;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav {
margin: 0 0 1rem 0;
font-weight: 100;
}
.media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav {
font-size: 1.3rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav {
padding-bottom: .5rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav {
padding-top: 0;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
}
.media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav {
display: block;
width: 90px;
height: 90px;
margin: 0 auto 1rem auto;
border-radius: 45px;
}
.media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav {
margin-top: 0;
font-size: 1.8rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
-webkit-box-pack: space-evenly;
-ms-flex-pack: space-evenly;
justify-content: space-evenly;
text-align: center;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
display: inline-block;
width: 12rem;
margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
text-align: center;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav {
margin-left: 2rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav {
display: none;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-subnav-1 {
display: -ms-grid;
display: grid;
-ms-grid-columns: 40% 20% 40%;
grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%;
}
.media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column: 1;
-ms-grid-column-span: 3;
grid-column: 1 / 4;
}
.media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav {
display: none;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column: 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
padding-top: 3.5rem;
max-width: 16rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav {
padding: 0 1.5rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column: 2;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav {
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.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav {
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}
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display: grid;
-ms-grid-columns: 50% 3rem 50%;
grid-template-columns: 50% 50%;
-ms-grid-rows: (auto)[7];
grid-template-rows: repeat(7, auto);
grid-column-gap: 3rem;
grid-auto-flow: column;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) {
-ms-grid-row: 1;
-ms-grid-column: 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) {
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-ms-grid-column: 1;
}
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) {
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.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) {
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.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) {
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.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) {
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}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) {
-ms-grid-row: 7;
-ms-grid-column: 3;
}
}.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider {
position: relative;
}
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider {
display: none;
position: absolute;
top: 3rem;
right: 0;
left: 0;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
transition: height 0.2s ease;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 0;
left: 0;
padding: 0;
height: 31.9rem;
overflow-x: hidden;
font-size: 1.4rem;
background: #333;
}
.media-slider-1 .open.media-slider {
display: block;
}
.media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider {
display: none;
}
.media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider {
padding: 1rem;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider {
display: block;
height: 35.8rem;
left: 4rem;
top: 0;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider {
display: block;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider {
left: 0;
z-index: 3;
height: auto;
min-height: 21rem;
background: #474747;
transform: translate(0, -100%);
transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider {
height: 22rem;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider {
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
.media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider {
max-width: 100rem;
padding: 1.5rem 0;
margin: 0 auto;
}
}.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav {
position: relative;
z-index: 3;
padding: .8rem 0;
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.2rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
text-align: center;
background: #333;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav {
display: inline-block;
padding: 0 15px;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav {
text-decoration: none;
color: #aaa;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus {
color: #fff;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav {
width: 1.6rem;
height: 1.6rem;
vertical-align: top;
fill: #f00;
}.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown {
position: relative;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
z-index: 4;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.6rem;
background-color: #333;
transition-property: top;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
top: -1500px;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
transition-duration: 0.5s;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
max-width: 100vw;
overflow: auto;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown {
padding: 0.6rem 2rem;
margin: 0;
font-size: inherit;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown {
padding: 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0;
margin: 0;
list-style: none;
max-height: calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px);
overflow: auto;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown {
margin: 0.5rem 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #666;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
display: block;
color: #fff;
text-decoration: none;
padding: 1rem 2rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
font-size: 0.8em;
color: #999;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown {
position: absolute;
margin-left: 10px;
padding: 0 5px;
border-radius: 2px;
background: #fee257;
color: #2c2c2c;
font-size: 1.4rem;
font-weight: bold;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown {
display: flex;
justify-content: left;
align-items: center;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown {
fill: #fff;
margin-right: 1rem;
height: 1.4rem;
width: 1.4rem;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown {
overflow: visible;
top: 0;
left: auto;
z-index: 5;
transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
font-size: 1.4rem;
border-radius: 2px;
background: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after {
position: absolute;
right: 7px;
top: -7px;
width: 12px;
height: 7px;
box-sizing: border-box;
color: #fff;
content: '';
border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor;
border-left: 6px solid transparent;
border-right: 6px solid transparent;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown {
display: none;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown {
max-height: calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px);
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown {
border-bottom-color: #666;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown {
padding: 0.5rem 2rem;
color: #333;
transition: background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
padding: 0.5rem 2rem;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus {
color: #fff;
background: #428bca;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
opacity: 0;
transition-duration: 0.2s;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
opacity: 1;
overflow: visible;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown {
display: none;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
right: 33.5rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown {
right: 18.5rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 990px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
right: 40rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown {
right: 26rem;
}
}.ia-topnav-1 {
;
color: #fff;
font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus {
outline: none !important;
}
.ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav {
display: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: 3;
}
.ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav {
display: block;
}
.ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav {
position: relative;
z-index: 4;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav {
display: none;
}
}body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; }
body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: relative; }
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Full text of "Higher English Grammar Translation And Composition"
See other formats
HIGHER ENGLISH GRAMIRAR,
TRANSLATION & COMPOSITION
[ Intended For Classes IX & X ]
BY
DINESH CHANDRA GOS)»VAMI
B.A. (hohS.), M.A. (EOg.) B,
Headmasteft Kalyannagar Vidyapith,
{Higher Secondary Mdltipurpose School for Boys)
Kalyannagar, 24-Parganas ;
Ex-Headmaster, Bosepara High School ;
Lai Baba Vidyalaya, Belur ;
Soptetime Lecturer in English,
Surendiranath College for Women, Calcutta ;
Examirter, West Bengal hoifd 'of
Secondary Education.
J. MULUCK & BROTHERS
BOOKrSaaXXBM St PUBUSHBllS
57/1, COLLBQB STRBBT, CALCUTTAr9
'Published by ;
A. R. Mullick
57/1, Oollege Street
Calcu tta- 1 2
First FniriON 1958
Printed at :
(O Aurora Printers
57, Sree Gopal Nfullick Hane
Calcutta- 1 2
Sarvamangala Printing Works
1/lA, Baishnab SanuAilani Lane
Calcutta-6
PREFACE
This book has been written strictly in accordance with
the Revised Syllabus recently introduced by the West Bengal
Board of Secondary Education (1956).
Every care has been taken to make the book suitable to
our boys and girls for whom it is meant. Grammar, Translation
and Composition, taken together, form the entire syllabus.
1 have tried, within the limited scope of the book, to do justice
to each of them. English is a world language to-day, yet it is a
foreign tongue to us. This is a fact which should never be lost
sight of.
The treaties makes an attempt to meet all the requirements
of students for whom it is intended. Chapters on ^Articles” and
^‘Change of Voice” in /‘Grammar” have been presented in a
simple manner. Tabular forms, where ^lecessary, have been
added to enable the students to have a clear conception.
The lessons on Mode of Narration^ Punctuation, Use of Pre-
position, Transformation of Sentences, Group Verbs, and
Idioms have also been dealt with most carefully.
Particular stress has also been laid on the Chapters on
Trai^lation and Composition by introducing the modern methods
of Free Translation, Comprehension, Summery-Letter-and^
Paragra ph-writing,
1 shall deem my humble labours amply rewarded if
the young learners, for whom the book is meant are really
benefited by it.
1 owe a debt of gratilude to Professor Ganesh Saha^
Department of English, Lai Baba College, Belur, whose
valuable suggestions have been of great use of to me in the
preparation of the book.
Antlior
SYLLABUS FOR BNGUSH
( CoYeriBg aasM IS * K )
I. Prose Selection ... * IS Madln.
A. Poetry Selection ... 15 MaA».
N.B. There should be 20 pages of reading material m
Prose in Class IX and 40 pages in Class X. Students
are expected to read 150 lines of verses in each of
the two classes. Short questions should be set lo
test the pupirs general understanding of the meaning
of the pieces prescribed. Questions on explanatloi^
critical appreciation, or historical background,
should be avoided.
3. Grammar — 15 Marks.
Use of prepositions, use of articles, punctuation, trans-
formation of sentences, change of voice and mode of
narration, group verbs, idioms.
4 . Translation ... 15 Marks
(Rendering of simple narrative passage from mottisr
tongue into English.)
5. Composition ... 30 Masks
(Summary, Comprehension, Letter-writing, Paragaaph-
writing.)
•ONTENTS
I. CRAMMAR
tessoH
Pages
Cbspter I.
Use of Articles
1-t
•M
n.
Voice
9-30
»•
III.
Use of Prepositions
31-62
IV.
Group Verbs
63-81
V.
Direct & Indirect Speeche?
82-99
M
VI.
Transformcition of Sentences
100-104
♦ J
VII.
Punctuation
107-114
■ss
vin.
Idioms
116-128
U. TRANSLAnON
Revision of PRfvioi s Lessons
CHAPTER I
Lation
1. Sentences ••• 1*4
2 Articles & Nouns ••• S-T
3. Common Nouns & Articles 7-f
4. Collective Nouns & Articles *“ 9-11
5. Material Nouns & Articles *>* It
4. Abstract Nouns & Articles ... 13-14
CHAPTER n
Pagei
Lesson : Tenses :
1. The Present Tense
...
14-22
2. The Past Tense
23-28
3. The Future Tense
• ••
29-33
4, Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
• ••
34-36
.s. Simple and Causative Verbs
• ••
37-38
Chapter III. Moods
• ••
38-43
Chapter IV. Voice
• ••
44-46
Chapter V. Cases
47. sn
Chapter VI. Translation of Passages :
A. Introduction ; Narrative Passages
Worked-Out ... 51-53
B. Passages for Translation
ra. COMPOSITION
Chapter VII. Comprehension Test
(Answering Questions From An
Unseen Passage)
Chapter vnii Summary- Writing
Chapter IX. Letter-Writing
Chapter X. Paragraph- Writing
71-80
81-92
93-120
• ••
HIGHER
English Grammar, Composition & Translation
CHAPTER I
USES OF ARTICLES
I. ‘A*, ‘An* and ‘The* — these three words are called
‘Articles’, though they are actually adjectives.
(i) Articles are of two kinds : Definite and Indefinite
{ Tl )
(ii) ‘The* is called the Definite Article, and 'A' and ‘^n’
are called the Indefinite Articles.
(iii) ‘The’ is called the Definite Article because it refers
to a particular person or thing ^ as, the man^a particular
man ; the picture = a particular picture.
(iv) ‘A’ and ‘An’ do not refer to any particular person or
thing. Hence they are called Indefinite Articles ; as — a
boy — any boy ; an umbrella = any umbrella.
(v) Articles are generally used before a Common Noun
in the singular number j as — a cow ^ a book \ an ox ; an
apple ‘ the pen • the book j the cow.
But the Definite Article {The) is also used before a Common
Noun in the plural number^ when it is particularised ^ as—
The. boys are playing in the field.
Here we mean those hoys who have already been referred
to, or who are present before us. Hence hoys have
been particularised here. But when we say, ^'Children are
fond of sweets,*’ we refer not to particular children, but to
children in general. Here the ohildr^ have been generalised.
N. B. No singular Common Noun is generally used without an
artiole. Thus, we cannot say, *^Cow eats grass**’ The correct form
should be : ^The cow, or a cow eats grasSi
2
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., OOMF. AND TRANSLATION
(vi) A and An differ not in their meaning, but in their
uses; as — a boy — one boy, an eye = one eye.
JI. Uses of the Indefinite Article ‘A’ :
*A’ is used before : —
(i) A consonant ; as — a man ; a dog ^ a*tree • a pen.
(ii) The vowels sounded as ‘yw’ ( ^ as— a unit, a
university, a European, a unique success, a
eulogy, etc.
(iii) ‘O’ sounded as ) ; as — a one-rupee note ;
a one-eyed man ; such a one, etc.
III. Uses of the Indefinite Article ‘An’ :
‘An’ is used before ; —
(i) A vowel ; as — an apple, an ocean, an elephant, etc.
(ii) Single consonants beginning with a vowel sound ;
as — an M.L.A., an M.B., an I.C S., etc.
(iii) A silent ‘A’ ; as — an hour, an heir^ an honour, an
honest man, etc.
(iv) An aspirated ‘fe’ ( 'h ' ),
when the accent is laid on the second syllable ;
as — an historical event, an hotel, an heroic
action, etc.
N. B- (i) Sometimes ‘A’ or *Ari is used to denote a or c/ajj :
as — A camel is a beast of burden. A student should learn his lessons
attentively. An owl is an ugly bird. ( Generalising ‘A» and 'An* )
(ii) 'A* is sometimes used as a preposition ; as — Bam Babu went a-
hunting (a=on)
(iii) 'A* is also used to indicate an individual sense ; as, A boy came
to see me yesterday. ( Individualising ‘A* )
Uses of the Indefinite Article ‘A’
( at a glance )
‘A’ is used :
1. Before a
consonant :
a horse, a man, a tree,
a hook, a word, a place,
4^ worm, a boy,
a letter, etc.
2. Before the
vowels sbunded as
‘yu’ :
a univarsity, a unit,
a European, a owe,
a useful book, etc.
3. Before ‘O’
sounded as
‘wa’ («Tn) ;
a one-eyed man,
a one-way tralbo,
a one-man Commission,
a one- rupee note, etc.
USES OF ARTICLES
3
Uses of the Indefinite Article 'An’
( at a glance )
‘An’ is used :
1. Before a
Vowel :
an old man,
an Off}*, an ins#^ct,
an Indian, an
Plnglishmau, an
owl, an apple, an
idiot, an oaglc,
an artist, etc.
2. Before single
consonants :
when they
begin with a
vowel sound :
an A., an M.P.,
an M.D., an
T.C.S.. an :m.L.A., '
an l.AF.S., etc.
.3. Before a
silent ‘h’ :
an heir, an hour,
an honest man,
an honorary
post, etc-
' 4. Before an
aspirated ‘h’
‘h’ '• :
an hotel, an
historical event,
an heroic action,
an hypothesis etc-
N.B. Though *A’ 13 f^flnerally iisocl before singular Common Nouns,
it is also used before plural Oommon Nouns when they are preceded by such
few Jiundred, thousand \ As-afew \)oy^, a hiindved boys, a thou-
sand hooks, etc.
IV. Uses of the Definite Article ‘The! :
*The’ is used :
(i) Before a Singular Common Noun to indicate a
whole class or species as — The cow is a useful animal.
The horse can run fast.
This is called 'Generalising ‘The’.
(ii) Before Singular nouns having no plural forms, as —
the sky, the earth, the east, the sun, the moon etc.
(iii) Before nouns to refer to a person or thing known or
already mentioned , as— I attended the meeting. He entered
into the temple. Hari gave the beggar a rupee.
This is called Familiar ‘The’.
(iv) Before an adjective with a plural sense, when it
denotes a class of persons, as— Tlie rich (---rich men) should
not hate the poor ( = poor men). All respect the pious (=the
pious men).
(v) Before adjectives in the Superlative degree and other
words used in a Superlative sense : as —Lila is the fairest of
the girls of this village. Ram is the head boy in the class.
4
•EIORBR mo. ORAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
(vi) Before some Singular Common Nouns and Adjectives
to express an abstract idea ^ as — Ail the mother (motherly
feelings) rose in her. The future (futurity) is uncertain.
King Lear was groping in the dark (darkness).
(vii) Before Commm Nouns separately delink by adjectives,
adjectival 'phrases or clauses \ as — He had plucked the white
lotus. The boy whom you ^aw the other day is ray brother.
Rabindranath, the immortal poet, commanded universal
respect. The way to be happy is sacrifice.
(viii) As an adverb before comparatives : as — The earlier,
the better. The more he gets, the more he wants.
This is called ^Instrumental The'
(ix) Before the names of oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, rivers,
straits, groups of islands, mountain ranges, descriptive
geographical names,, the names of holy books and famous
works, newspapers and journals, noted public places and
remarkable historical events as mentioned below
respectively ; —
the Pacific Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal,
the Persian Gulf, the Ganges, the Palk Straits, the Andamans,
Himalayas, Punjab, the Geeta, the Iliad, the Amrita
Bazar Patrika, the Modern Review, the High Court, the
French Revolution, the Reformation, etc.
(x) Before the name of a nation or community to denote
all its people in a plural sense ; as — the French, the English,
the Japanese, the Bengalees, the Hindus, the Muslims, etc.
(xi) As a substitute for the possessive adjective before
a common noun ; as— The robber struck the traveller on the
(his) head. He looked me in the (•« his) face. Pull him by
tte(=hia)ear. *
(xii) Before an adjective to mean a particular part of a
thing; as — He entered into tte ( — midst) of the forest.
Ramesh likes the yellow ( ) of an egg.
(xiii) Before a noun to denote a profession ; as — He is.
desirous of joining the bar.
USES OF ARTICLES
(xiv) Before a proper name to indicate a fj/pe ; as —
Baukimohaiidra is the Scott of Bengal. Michael is the
Milton of Bengal.
(xv) Before some adjectives qualifying proper names ;
as — Akbar the Great was the Emperor of India. George (he
Third was the King of England.
(xvi) Before the dates of months ; as — the 26th January,
1973.
V. Omission of Articles :
(i) Articles are never used before Proper, Material or
Abstract Nouns unless they are particularised ; as — Milton
(but, Michael, the Milton of India) gold (but, the gold of this
ring) ; rice (but, the rice of Barisal) ; beauty (but, the beauty of
Nurzahan).
(ii) No article is u§ed before a Common Noun in the
plural number^ except when it is particularised j as— Students
should respect their teachers (but, The students of this school
are respectful to their teachers).
(iii) Articles are also omitted :
Before a Common Noun used in its widest sense ; as —
(a) Man (in the sense of mankind — ) is mortal.
(b) Man, bird or beast — all are mortal, (c) What kind or sort
of book is this ?
(iv) Before the nouns father and mother when they mean
my father and my mother ; iis— Father loves me dearly
( « My father loves me dearly). Mother is exceedingly glad
at my success. (Here, mother ^my mother)
(v) Before the noun God (in the sense of the Supreme
Being — ) ; as— God is merciful.
(vi) Before Common Nouns qualified by pronominal^
distributive or numeral adjectives ^ as — each boy, every man,
several books, no girl. etc.
(vii) Before the name of a single mountain or single
island ; as — Everest, the loftiest peak of the Himalayas ;
Java, Ceylon, etc.
6
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
(viii) In many idiomatic phrases ; as — by train, to set foot
on, to send word, from top to bottom, on earthy at nighty by
day, etc.
(ix) Before the a) names of languages, (b) the names of most
streets and (c) the names of most diseases j as — (a) Bengali,
English, Sanskrit, French, (b) Amherst Street, Cornwallis
Street, (c) fever, etc.
(x) Before titles used as nouns in apposition to Proper
Nouns either before or after them ; as— Qaecw Elizabeth ;
Elizabeth, Queen of England ; Emperor Ashok ; Ashok, Emperor
of India ^ etc.
(xi) Before Common Nouns indicating some rank^ occupa-
tion, etc., when they are used as complements ; as — (a) He be-
came king, (b) They elected him Chairman, (c) He M^as
appointed Principal of Serampore Missionary College.
(xii) Before Common Nouns used in pairs : as — From
country to country, husband and wife, hand in hand, arm in
arm, etc.
(xiii) Before Common Nouns in the Vocative Case ; as —
Come to me, brother. Believe in God, friend. What do you.
want, boy ?
VI. Repetition of Articles :
When two or more nouns, joined the conjunction and,
refer to diflFerent persons or things, the article is to be repeated
before each j but if they refer to the same person or thing,
the article should be used before the first \ as —
(a) The Headmaster and the Secretary have decided it.
( two separate persons).
The Headmaster and Secretary has decided it ( one and the
same person).
(b) Lila has plucked a white and a blue flower ( two
different flowers, one white and the other blue).
'Lila has plucked a white and blue flower ( one and the same
flower which is partly white and partly blue).
USES OF ARTICLES
7
Tabular Forms
of :
L Some important uses of the Indefinite Article,
•A’
Generalising ‘A’
A cow is a useful
animal,
A horse can nm
f fast.
A lamb is .i meek
animal.
A camel is a beast of
burden.
I Individualising ‘A
A boy came to see mo
yesterday.
A shoe^makcr made
my shoes.
A peon delivered this
letter to me.
A Icrmit was bathing
in the Ganges.
*A’ used as a
Preposition
Hari Babu went
a-himting ( a--on) the
other dayv.
Jadu earns eighty rupees
a month ( =per )
Ho walks five miles
an hour ( ^-in an hour) or
(-per hour)
His wage is ten rupees
a day (a»in a day, i.e.
per day).
2. Some important uses of the Definite Article,
‘THE’
• ( at a glance )
Familiar ‘The’
Generalising
‘The*
Defining ‘The*
1 have got back
the pen that I
lost yesterday.
The cow thatl
bought that day
is missing.
immortal
Ealidas was the
greatest poet of
his time.
Contentment
shows /Ae way
to be happy.
The earth moves
round the bud.
I attended the
conference.
He entered into
the forest.
Jadu gave the
beggar a pice.
Ram is swimming
in the lake.
He remained in the
temple.
The cow is a
quadruped.
\ The dog is a
I faithful animal.
! The mason builds
I our houses.
The carpenter
makes our
furniture.
The weaver
i sapj^ies us with
oloUies*
Instrumental
The more, the
better.
The sooner
you do it, the
better for you.
The more you
read, the more
you will learn.
The more ho
gets, the more
he desires.
s HIGHER BKG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
III. Other Uses of ‘The’ :
Possessive ‘The’
‘The* used before an
adjective to denote
an abstract idea
*l‘he* used before
nouns to express an
abstract idea
The policeman struck
the thief on l/ie head.
I pulled the naughty
boy by t/ie ear.
He stared me in
/he face.
The future (futurity) is
quite uncertain.
He is groping in
the dark*
Rabindranath was a
lover of the beautiful-
All the mother
(motherly feelings)
rose in her heart.
The father in him could •
not bear the sight.
The poet in him
saw the vision.
Exercise 1
1. Put suitable indefinite articles before the following :
cow, Englishman, University, heir, ewe, M. D., I. C. S.,
heroic action, honourable minister, tree, boy, elephant,
umbrella, lion.
2. Correct the errors in : —
(a) I have read Geeta. (6) I know a boy who came
to you yesterday, (c) Virtuous are happy, (d) The cows
oat grass, (c) Ram Babu is the M. A. (/) The English
is a rich language, {g) Book that I bought yesterday has
been lost, (fe) He is an European, (i) The honesty is
the best policy, (j) Jadu is a honest man; (h) Nobody
loves liar. (1) Amal is very good boy. (w) We. drink ^the
water, {n) He speaks truth, (o) Paresh tells lie. (p)
Everybody wants the happiness, (q) Goodness of the boy
is praise-worthy, (f) There is an University in Calcutta,
(tf) A idle man cannot prosper in life, (i) Active men
attain the prosperity in life.
3. Pill in the blanks with suitable articles : —
(0 He is — old man!" (u) Paresh lives in— capital
city of Delhi, (m) Everybody hates — liar. (»v) —Ganges
is a sacred river to — Hindus, (v) He is — M.L.A. (vi)
— one-eyisd boy came to me the other day. {vii) — umbrella
is lying on the floor, (viii) The owl is — Hgly bird, (fa)
He is a lover of — beautiful. (*) — cow is a usefjd animal.
CHAPTER II
v6icb
A
I. What a Voice is : The particular form of a verb which
shows in a sentence whether its subject acU (i.e., does
'something), or is anted upon (i.e. something is done to the sub-
ject), is called Voice.
II. Voice is of two kinds :
The Active Voice and The Passive Voice
{a) Active Voice : When the subject of a sentence
does something, the verb is said to be in the active form ;
as — Hari tvriies a letter. Lila 'pliLcks flowers.
{h) Passive Voice : When the Fubject does not act, but
is acted upon^ the form of the verb is said to be passive ;
as — A letter is written by Hari. Flowers are plucked by Lila.
1IL Rules for the change of the the Active Voice into
the Passive Voice :
{a) The object of the verb in the Active Voice becomes
the subject in the Passive Voice ; as —
Active
Passive
He loves me.
I am loved by bim.
Hari reads a book.
A book is read by Hari.
Jadu tells a story.
A story is told by Jadii.
I eat rice.
Rice is eaten by me.
(h) The subject of the verb in the Active Voice
becomes the object in the Passive Voice, usually preceded
by the preposition by j as —
Active
Passive
I buy a pen.
Haren beats u dog.
A pen is bought by rm.
A dog is beaten by Haren.
(c^ The verb in the Active Voice is changed into its
Past Participle form in the Passive Voice and is preceded by
10
HIGHER ENG. ORAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
stjme form of the verb "to be\ according to the nesr subject
(in the Passive Voice) ; as —
Aetive Passive
Amala sinffs a song. A song is sunff by Amala.
i know him. He is known to me ( =by me).
Exercise 2
Change the Voice of : —
(a) Jadu brings a picture, (b) Hari writes a poem,
(c) They know me. (d) He plays football, (e) Ramesb.
likes meat, (e) Shila draws a picture, (g) Rabin recites
a poem, (i) Everybody hates a liar.
B
IV. When a verb having itoo Objects in the Active Voice
is changed into the Passive Voice, either of the two objects
becomes the subject, and the other is retained as the object
which as called the Retained Object ^ as — T gave him a pen.
Here the verb ‘gave* has two objects :
(i) Pen (direct) and (ii) him (indirect).
So, the Passive Form should be as follows : —
Active
Passive
I gave him a pen.
A pen was given him by me.
or
He was given a pen by me.
V. Quasi-Passive Verbs : There are some transitive verbs
which are active in form, but passive in sense. They are
partly active and partly passive, and are, therefore, called
Quasi- Passive Verbs (Quasi = half) : as —
(a) The mango sweet = The mango is sweet when it is
tasted.
(b) It /eels hard » It is hard when it is felt.
(c) The book is printing book is being printed.
(d) The flower smells sweet — The flower is sweet when it is smelt.
(e) Rice is sdling in the market — Rice is being sold in the^
market.
(f) The water in the pot M boiling=:Tbe water in the pot is-
being boiled.
VOICE
It
VL Intransitive Verbs in tbe Passive Voice : An Intransitive'
Verb cannot, as a rule, be changed into the Passive Voice. But
when it takes a Cognate Object ( ) or
becomes transitive by adding a preposition to it, it may be
changed into the Passive Voice ; as —
Active
Passive
He fought a good fight.
(cognate object)
A good fight was fought by
him.
Hari dreamt a dream.
(cognate object)
A dream was dreamt by Hari.
He laughed a hearty laugh
(cognate object)
A hearty laugh was laughed
by him. »
They laughed at the lame man.
(Group verb)
The lame man was laughed nt
by them.
He acted unon (Group verb or |
Prepositional verb) this
rule.
This rule was acted upon by
him.
I cannot rely on (Group verb)
him.
He cannot be relied on by
me.
VII. Passive Forms of Imperatives : A verb in the Imperative
Mood in the Active Voice is changed into the Passive Voice
generally by using the word ‘let’ at the beginning of the
sentence ; as —
Active
Passive
Do it.
Tell him to come here.
Inform your father of it.
Let it be done
Let him be told to come here.
Let your father be informed
of it.
Let him do it.
Let it be done by him.
Chart showing the rules for changing the Active Voice
into the Passive Voice :
VOICE
IS
VIII. Reflexive and Factitive Objects can never be used
as Subjects in the Passive Voice ; as —
(a) The Reflexive Object :
Active
Passive
He hurt himself.
He was hurt by himself
(not, Himself was hurt by him).
You befooled yourself. I
You were befooled by
yourself.
(not, Yourself were befooled
by you.)
(b) The Factitive Object :
Active
1 Passive
They elected him President
1 He was elected President
1 by them.
The Governing Body of
the College appointed him
Principal.
I He was appointed Principal
by the Governing Body of the
College.
Miscellaneous Examples
of :
The Interchange of Active and Passive Voices :
Active
Passive
Everybody respects a
learned man.
A learned man is respected
by everybody.
He k»pt his word always.
His word tms always kept
by him.
14
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Voice ( Miscellaneous Examples )
Active
Passive
Hari is learning his lessons
attentively.
His lessons are being learnt
by Hari attentively*
The boys were playing
football.
Football wets being played
1 by the boys.
He has done the work
smoothly.
1 'J'he work has been
j done smoothly by him.
They have been doing the
work for two hours.
! The work has been being
do7ie by them for two liours.
Hari hadfi7iished his writing
before Ram came.
His writing had been
finished by Hari before Kara
came.
Naren ivill buy a pen.
A pen will be bought by
Naren.
Jadu will be tea ling the
book.
The book will be being read
by Jadu.
I shall have done the work
before Hari comes.
The work xvill have feecw
done by mo before Hari comes.
Ramen tvill have been doing
the work for five days.
The work will have been being
done by Ramen for five days.
Write the letter at once.
Let the letter be written at
once (by you).
Let Ram sing a' song.
Let a song be sung by Ram.
Gopal gave me a watch.
A watch urns given me by
Gopal, or, I was given a watch
by Gopal.
Who has done the work ?
By whom has the work
b^n done ?
Will you pluck flowers ?
Will flowers be plucked by
you ?
1 do not know who ha^
done the work.
It is not known to me by
whom the work has been done.
voios
15
A Summary of the Buies of the change of Voice :
Buie /. If the Principal Verb in the Active Voice
is used in the Indefinite form of any Tense it is changed into
its Past Participle form in the Passive Voice and some form
of the verb ‘to he^ is used before it according to the requirement
of the subject : as —
Present Indefinite
Active
Passive
Ganesh loves Haresh.
Haresh is loved by Ganesh.
Amal writer a letter.
A letter is written by Amal,
Past Indefinite
He helped the man.
The man was helped by
him.
Madan sang a song.
A song was sung by Madan.
Future Indefinite
Paresh will read the book.
The book will be read by
Paresh.
Nani will take tea.
1
Tea will he taken by
Nani,
Rule IL If the Principal Verb in the Active Voice is used
in the Continuous form of any Tense, it is changed into its
Past Participle form in the Passive Voice and the same
continuous form of the verb ‘to be*, f^uch as *is being\ 'was
hting\ ^will be being^ etc. are to be used according to the
requirement of the Subject y as —
Present Continuous
Active
Passive
He is writing a letter.
A letter is being written
by him.
16
BIQHBB SNG. OBAM., COHF. AND TBANSLATIOH
Past Contionous
He waB writing a letter.
A letter was being written
by him.
Future Goutinuous
He will be writing a letter.
A letter will be being
smitten by him.
Rule III. It the Principal Verb in the Active Voice be
used in the Perfect form pf any tense, it is changed into its
Past Participle /or /w in the Passive Voice and before it, such
forms of the verb ‘to be’ as Vhas been^ ^have been\ 'will have
beenf 'shall have been,^ etc. are used according to the require-
ment of the Subject ; as —
Present Perfect
Active
Passive
Hari has done the work.
The work has been done by
Hari.
They have seen the saint. ; The saint has been seen
j by them.
Past Perfect
Jadu had done the work
before Madhu carne.
The work had beea done by
Jadu before Madhu came.
Future Perfect
I shall have done the work
before he comes.
^ The work will have been
done by me before he comes.
He uill have learnt his
lesson before Jatin goes away.
His lesson wiU have been
learnt by him before Jatin
goes away.
VOTCB
17
Jiule IV, If the Priueipal Verb in the Active Voice be used
in the Perfect Continuoue form of any tense, it is changed
into its Past Participle form and before it such forme
of the verb ‘to be' as been being f 7iave been being\ *had
been heing^ are used according to the requirement of the
Subject ; as —
Present Perfect Continuous
Active
1
Passive
liamesh has hef^n doing
sums for two hours. ‘
Sums have been being dune
by Ramesh for two hours.
Past Perfect Continuous
Kamesh had beau doing the
work before (iopal wiino. j
The work had. been being
done by Ramesh before (ippal
came.
Future Perfect Continuous
\
Ramesh will have been
performing his duties before
Karen arrives.
His duties vnll hive been
being performed by liamesh
before Karen arrives. '
Bxercise
Change the Voices of the following
1. Kam reads his books, very attentively.
2, Paresh is not "known te them.
3^ Inform your father of the matter.
2
HIOHBB ENG. GRAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
IS
4. Jadu is takiag his breakfast.
5. Lot Jatin pluck the flower..
6. Amaresh is not doing the work seriously.
7. Do the work at once.
8. Pratibha has learnt her lesson very well. ^
9. Jatin had been working out sums for one hour.
10. Jadav and Madhav played football.
11. They were learning their lesson attentively.
12. Hxren did not do the work properly.
13. Write a letter fo him.
14. Sound him about the matter.
15. Ho does not listen to my words.
16. Wo talked about the matter for an hour.
17. Move the table from here.
18. Warn him against bad company.
19. Bear this in mind.
20. Paresh sang a nice song.
21. Tapati and her younger sister shared between them-
selves all the oranges.
22. The Magistrate committed the case to the sessions.
[ Examples from 'Selections From English Prose ]
( Worked out )
Change the Voice of ; —
1. The sundial marked all the famous moments of
Isaac’s life.
2. He possessed a wonderful faculty \of acquiring
knowledge by the simplest means.
3. T have now finished my anecdotes of Isaac Newton’s
boyhood.
'4. Isaac was the first that found out the nature of light.
5. Did you never hear the story of Newton and his
tittle, dog Diamond ?
vorcB
19
6. Almost any man would have sent the dog to
'immediate death.
7. He cared little for earthly fame and honours and felt no
pride in the vastness of his learning..
S. All that he learned only made him feel how little he
•knew in comparison to what remained to be known.
9. How the personage haunted my dreams 1 need
scarcely tell you.
10. T remember him as if it were yesterday.
11. Mostly he would not speak when ho was spoken to.
12. T would see him in a thousand forms and in a
thousand diabolicn.l expressions.
13. Though I was so terrified by the idea of the seafaring
man with one leg, I was far less afraid of the Captain himself
than anybody else who knew* him.
14. [f you do not put that knife this instant in your
pocket, I promise, upon my honour, you shall hang at next
assizes.
15. He was only once crossed (hiring liis stay at the inn.
Answers to the above
1. All the famous moments of Isacc’s life were tnarhed
'by the sundial.
2. A wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge by the
simplest means was possessed by him.
3. My anecdotes of Isaac Newton’s boyhood have now
6een finished by me.
4. Isaac was the first hy whom the nature of light was
found out
5. Was not the story of Newton and his little dog
Diamond ever heard by you ?
20
HIOHBB ENG. CrRABf., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
(>. Tfie dog woM havfi. been sent to immediate death bjr
almost any man.
7. Earthly fame and honours irere, little cared for by him
and no pride in the Viastness of his learning ivas felt by him.
8. He was made by iill that was learnt b^^ him ‘to’ feel
how little was known to him in comparison to what remained
to be known.
9. You need scarcely be told by me how my dreams v^rro
haunted by that personage.
10. He is remembered by me as if it were yesterday.
11. Mostly lie w(mld not speak when anybody .'^pohe
to him.
12. He wo^ild he see7i- by me in a thousand forms and in
a thousand diabolical expressions.
13. Though the idea of the sea-faring man with one leg
so terrified me, 1 was far less afraid of the captain himself
than anybody else to whom he 7vas known,
14. If that knife is not put by you this instant in your
pocket, upon my honour, it is promised by me that you shall
he hanged the next assizes (or, that you shall be hanged, at the
mxt assizes as promised by me,
15. Somebody crossed him only once duiing his stay at
the inn.
CHAPTER HI
PREPOSITION
1. Definition :
A \\ord which is placed hoi'ore a noun or a pronoun to
show its relation to some other word i)i the sentence is called
a Preposition : as —
Put the book on the tabic. Ho is going to school.
Note : The Noun or its equivalent which is preceded by
a Preposition is called its Object which it governs : as —
Hari is sitting on a *chair\ Here the word is a
preposition^ and the word ^chair^ is its object. Thus, we find
that a preposition is placed before the object which is governed
by it. But Prepositions are also used after their objects in the
following cases : —
(a) When an Interrogative Pronoun or Adverb is
used as an Object (to a Preposition) ; as —
What is Agra )ioted for ? fVkere has the man come from ?
* (b) 111 the case of the omission of the Relative
Pronoun or when the word that is used as a Relative
Pronoun j as —
The land we live in is called India. This is the book I
spoke o/ yesterday. (The land we live-in = The land in which
we live. The book I spoke of — The book that I spoke of).
Here, the Relative Pronouns \vhich* and Hhai* (or ^ which* ) have
been omitted. Similarly, The man that you refer to is my
teacher.
N,B. Prepositiom are also used sometimes after whom or
which in adjective clauses ; as —
The boy 2 vhom you spoke to, has stood first in the H. S.
Examination this year. The country which the English live
in is called England.
22
HIGHER ENG., OBAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
IT- Prepositions are of different kinds ; namely —
(i) Simple, (ii) Compound, (iii) Participial (iv) Double,
(v) Disguised, (vi) Phrase Prepositions or Prepositional
Phrases, etc.
(а) Simple Prepositions : At, hy, after^ in^ icith^ to, out,
under, from, out, throuyh^ over, etc. are
Simple Propositions.
(б) Compound Prepositions are generally formed by
prefixing simple prepositions to nouns, adjectives, or adverbs ;
as — beside (by + side), within (with + in), behind (by + hind),
amidst (on+ midst), around (on + roiind), about (on + by + out),
etc.
[JV.P. be ( — by), a ( — on).]
(c) When present and past participles are used as
prepositions, they are called Participal Prepositious ; as—
Regarding Ram, I know nothing. The two friends went 'past
the village.
(d) Double Prepositions are formed by writing two
simple prepositions for the expression of a sense ; as —
Nobody responded to my call from within the room. The
man took out a picture from under his pillow.
(e) When the prepositions, of and on, are used in their
shortened forms as 'o’ and 'a’ they arc said to be Disguised*
Prepositions ; as — Hari’s income is fifty rupees a Aveek
(a=oti). Ram Babu went a-hunting yesterday (n = ow).
They arrived at 5 O’ clock (0*^of).
(/) When tw^o or more words are used together ending
in a preposition^ or with the force of a single preposition^
they are called Phrase Prepositions or Preposional Phrases ;
as, — by dint of, according to, in spite of, in respect of, mving
to, etc.
Appropriate Prepositions
The Prepositions which are, in a sense, appropriate to
certain words, are called Appropriate Prepositions $ as —
Abide by ( ) a decision — A teacher always
abides by the decision of the Managing Commitee.
PREPOSITION
Abide with a person, in or at a place — How long will you
abide with him in Delhi ?
" Abound in or with ) :
Tigers abound in the Sundarbans. The Sundarbans abound
vnth or in tigers.
. Absent from — The student was absent from school, (a
place)
Absorbed in something ( C^tWl )— He was
absorbed in meditation.
> Abstain from ( <|^ ) — Paresh abstained from.
drinking.
^ Access to a person or a place ( C^PtWl
) — We have no access to him. They had free
access to the meeting.
Accede to — Our Chairman is accessible to all (
).
^ Accede to a request — I/cannot accede to your request (
Acceptable ( ) to — His offer of money was not
acceptable to me.
' Acquainted ( ) with — He is not at all acquainted
with me.
" Accompanied by (a person), with (a thing) — I went to Puri
accompanied by Bam ( ). Jadu is attacked with
fever accompanied with dysentery.
" Accord to, with — Vour plan almost accords with mine.
(Accord with— )
(Accord to— ^ ^^1)— The University accorded
recognition to the College. A warm reception was accorded
to the Prime Minister.
Acquit o/-^( cm ^ f
The judge acquitted him of the charge of theft. (
).
Accused ( ) o/— He was accused of murdW.
Accustomed ( ) to — I am accustomed to early-rising.
^ HIQHKK ISNG. OBAll.^ OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
Account ( Cf'Qfll, C?«^1 } /or —As Secretary of
the club,/ Jadu must account for every pice spent by him. You
‘Will have to account for your negligence of duty
Adhere ( ^T‘41 ) to— I must adhere to
my own principle.
Addicted ( ) to — Anil is addicted to drinking (
). [always used in bad /tense].
Admit of — His fault admits of no excuse (
Admit (one) to, into (a place, class, etc.) — Ho was admitted
into the Presidency College. I got my son admitted to
Class VI.
Afraid ( ) of — Hari is afraid of me.
Adjacent ( ) to — Jadu’s house is adjacent to mine.
Agree to ( a proposal ), toith (a jjerson), on (a point) — I
eannot agree to your proposal* I cannot agree with you on
this point.
AlBx ( Wt(^!r1 Cif'QIIl ) to or on — The peon affixed a stamp
to or on the envelope.
Aim ( 91^1 ) at— We must aim at doing good
to our country. The fowler aimed at the swan.
Afflicted ( fif|, ) toith — He is afflicted with grief.
Nabin is afflicted with asthma.
Alarmed ( ) at^ by, for — Bam Babu was alarmed at
(or, by) the report. His mother is alarmed for the safety
of his journey.
Aloof from — He keeps aloof ( )/rom evil company.
Allot to — We should properly perform the duties allotted
< ) to us.
Ambition ( ) /or — He has ambition for higher
oduoation.
Ambitious ( ) «/ — Gopal is ambitious of
a scholarship.
Amazed ( ) at — Everybody was amazed at his
bravery.
Amonut (verb) to— 'The total cost amounts to fifty rupees.
AmouQt (noun) of — 1 paid him an amount of thirty rupees.
PREPOSITION
Amased ( «n/A— Kverybod}' was amused
*at his caricatures.
Amenable ( ) to — Selfish people are not
amenable to reason.
Angry ( ) with Father is angry tnith me.
,, for for my inability to do the work.
,, about or at He is angry about or at our defeat
in tlie football tournament.
Annex ( C*f A co])y of
•character certificate has been annexed to the application.
Annoyed ( with a person at something — I was
annoyed loith him at his rudeness.
Answer ( Cf^eTH, CWm) ) for, fo— Hari had to
answer for his conduct. The studeids answered to the
roll-call.
Anxiety ( ) for, about — Motlier was in great anxiety
for iny safely. Wo are ir anxiety about his rcwsult.
Anxious ( ) for, about — He is always anxious
for monetary gain. Wo are all anxious about his result.
Appeal ^^1) tOyfor, a^/a/nc^/— Shakespeare's dra-nias
have a direct appeal (noun) to the heart. I appealed to him
/br considering the case favourably. Ho appealed against
the judgement of the low'er court.
Apologise ( ’spm ) f^o a person for some offence —
The student appologised to the teacher for his misbehaviour.
Appetite ( ) for — He has no appetite for food.
Apply ( '^^1, ) to, /or— I applied to the
Secretary of the school for the post of a teacher.
Appoint ( ) to—^We appointed him to the post of
a clerk.
Appointed ( ) to — He was appointed to the post
of a supervisor.
Apprise ( ^1 *i*s^t*^ Cir6ll1 ) o/— I shall apprise you of
the matter in due time.
Appropriate ( ) to — His action was appropriate
*to the occasion.
26 niOHBB ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Approve ( ) of — They all approved of my*
action.
Approve, is also used as a transitive verb without
using the preposition of ; as — I approved his action,^
Apt ( ) at or in — He is apt at or in music.
Aptitude ( ) for — He has an aptitude for-
painting.
Arrive ( ) at a place, in a country — He arrived
at Puri. He arrived in India.
Ascribe ( — I do not like to ascribe any
motive to his sincere activity.
Ask (a person) /or something — I asked Ram for a book.
Ask (something) o/ or /rom a person-— I asked book of,
or from Ram.
Aspire ( ) after, to—Ko aspired after
(or, to) fame.
Aspiration ( ) after, for — He had no aspiration
for (or, after) fame.
Ashamed ( etf%^ ) of — I am cTshamed of your conduct.
Assign ( ) to — We must properly perform the^
duties assigned to us.
Assent ( — noun ) to — He has assent to my proposal.
„ ( verb )— He assented to my proposal.
Associated ( ) with, in — He is associated ‘ with
many an organisation. Jadu is associated with Ram in the*
matter.
Assure ( ^^>11 ) of — I cannot assure you of the job.
Assurance ( ifR ) of — He gave me assurance of
his help.
Astonished ( ) at — I am astonished at the boldnesS'
of the boy.
Atone ( ) for — He atoned for his sins.
Attach ( ) to — He attached a certificate to the-
appli cation.
PREPOSITION
27
Attacked ^ ) bif, with — The traveller was attacked
by miscreants ( ). He has been attacked inth diarrhoea
( ).
Attain (to) — He attained ( ) to glory in life.
[Attain is also used as a transitive verb without to ]
Attend ( CFOUl firV, ) fo— Attend to
your studies. The student att(‘nded to his teacher’s
instruction.
Attend ( ) on or upon — The inirso attended on or-
upQ7i the patient.
Attribute ( ^^1 ) to — His failure^ may be
attributed to his illness.
Authority [ (i) '8rf«ri^4, (ii) (iii)
(iv) 41t*I1*fI 1 for, over, of, on — (i) What authority have
you for this y (ii) Ho has no authority over his brother,
(iii^ He acted on the authority ff/' tJie Government circular,
(iv) He is an authoritj^ on chemistry.
Avail ( ) oneself of someth ing-rHe availed
himself of the opportunity. Itarn availed himself of the-
morning train.
Available ( ) to— The
books are not available to us.
Averse /o or /row — tShyama! i ; averse (o or from labour.
( ).
Avenge ( 3£(R5C“ft^ ) oneself on somebody — He
avenged himself on the murderer of his father.
Aware ( ) of — Pratap is fully aware of the-
matter.
Awake to — The Premier is awake ( ) to our needs.
Bar ( '^t^l ) to — Idleness is a bar to success.
Bare o/— This tree is bare of leaves ( ).
Based ( ) on — This news is not based o» truth.
Beg ( ) /or, of— I . begged him for
money. I begged money of him. I begged for his help.
Behave ( ) towards ^ mth — Behave gently
towards all. He does not know how to behave with a.
gentleman.
2'S IIIGHBB ENG. GUAM., COMP. AND TRA>JSLATION
Begin fr<m, with, upou~{i) They bogaii from the first
chapter, (ii) Let us begin with the first, (iii) We should begin
■upon our first task now.
Believe i»— He does not believe in ghosts ( ^ Hi
HI HFM HI ).
Belong to — (i) This propertj' belongs to me (^fi|
HTfsiHf Hi ’sitHtH )• (u) He belongs to Patna
( fHHtH )• (iii) He belongs to the Communist Party
( l^fH ).
Bent ( H'^i ) ow — He is bent on doing this.
Beneficial ( ) to — Early rising is beneficial to health.
Bereft of — ^The woman is bereft of children ( ).
Bestow ( TflH ^H1 ) on— (iled bestows His ble.s.sings on all.
Be.set ( CH1&^ ) with — The path of glory is besot with
dangers and difficulties.
Beware ( Hi HtHHt'H lf«Hl } o/— Beware of the danger.
Bias ( o(^*rt'5, C^tHf ) <0 or towanh—An upright man has
no bias to (or, toioarda) anylrody.
Blind ( 'si^, ) of, or in, to — Ho is blind of, or in
one eye. He is blind to his friend’s faults.
Blessed with, j'n— He is blessed with oratory ( Hl^*!^,
•HtRl^1*lt^ HMS ). He is blessed in his children (
)•
Blush ( ) af, /or — He blushed at his own
faults. I blushed with shame for him at his foolishneM.
Bom ( ) of, in — Jatin wa.s born of poor parents. He
was born in a poor family,
Boast ( ^H1 ) of— Do not btoast of your health.
Borrow o/ or /ro»t— He borrowed fifty rupees from or of
•me ( CH '■TtHtH )• '
Burdened ( 1 burdened wUh a huge
•expenditure ( HHI )•
PREPOSITION
29 -
Burst ( ) out, into — On hearing his funny story,
tliey burst out laughing. The poor man burst into tears at
this evil news.
Busy ( ) at, in, about— I am now Imsy at work.
Ram is busy in doing sums. Everyone here is busy ivith
his own selfish end. Jadu seems to be busy about nothing.
Buy a thing of a person, from a sh(»p— I bought a pen of
him. He bought a soup from the shop.
Callous ( ) to — Don’t bo calloiifi to the suffering
of others.
•ft
Capacity ( ) for — Nabin has no capacity for writing.
Capable ( ) of — Naresh is capable of liardship.
Care (noun) o/, /or — He does not take care of his health.
His father takes special care for him.
Care ( ) for, about — Naren does not care (rerb)
for his enemy. He cares little for money. I do not care (verb)
about vreeXih.
Careful ( ) of, about — Kamesh is always careful of,
or about, his duties.
Careless ( ) o/, ahoMf — Jatin is c areless of or about
his health.
Cautious ( ) of — He is cautious of the danger.
Caution ( ) against — He took proper cantion (noun).
against theft.
Caution ( (igaimt — He was duly rautioned
(fjainsf theft.
Cause of, for — What is the cause of his delay { The man
has no cause /or anxiety.
Change for, into — This is a change for the better. The
sage changed the mouse into a tiger.
Charge of, against— They brought a charge ( ) of
theft against Amal.
ChuTge with, arjainst, for,to—'SLe was charge 1 (verb) with
(or, against) murder ( ). He charged
imthing for this extra work. They charged this expense to
my account.
30
HIGHER ENa. OBAM., CQMP. AND TRANSLATION
Catch ag — ‘A drowning man will catch ag a straw.’
Cheat of — They cheated the man of bis «11.
Claim on or upon, againati to — He has a claim ( ) on,
or upon your giatitude ( ). I have every^ claim to the
..prpperty. He has no claim (tgainat me. His claim for
compensation was rejected.
Clear of — His path was clear ( ) of all obstacles.
Cling ( ) /o — Cling to your own principle (
Minder all circumstances.
Close ( adv. ) to — Tbeir house is close to ours.
Close (verb) with — iJam Babu closed with \ accepted —
) the oflFer.
Clothed in, with — She was clothed ( ) in a
fine dress. The chairman was clothed with shame (
).
Clue ( ) to — They found out a clue to this robbery.
Coincide ( f5(«T ) f('ith — Their views do not coincide
with mine.
Comment ( ^^1 ) on — He made no comment ( noun )
.on my action. He did not comment (verb) on my action.
Commence ( ) on, with — Our examination
will commence on Wednesday next. The meeting commenced
'vnth a song.
Communicate ( ) to, vnth — He
communicated the news to me. I communicated with him on
the subject.
Commit to — He committed the poem to memory ( c»f
Common ( ) — Death is common to all living beings.
Compete ( ) with, for — I shall compete with
you for the prize.
Compare ( ?F4l1 ) tvith ( ), to
( )— Ram can be compared with Shyam.
The earth can be compared to an orange.
Complain ( ) against, to, o/— He complained
against me to the Headmaster. 1 have nothing to complain of.
rBEPOSJTION
31
nr against your conduct. They always complain of your
•mismanagement.
Compassion ( ) Jor^ on — They have no
compassion for me. I crave ( ) your compassion
(M me.
Compensate ( ) a person with something /or
a loss — I shall compensate you for the Joss of your watch
with money.
Comply ( ) with—l shall
comply with your request.
Composed ( ) of — This ])oem is composed of five
stanzas.
Conducive to — Morning walk is conducive fo health.
Conceal ( ^^1 ) from — He concealed the matter
front me.
Congratulate ( ) a person on his sucess —
He congratulated me on my success.
Connive ( ' C?^1, ) at-rl must not
connive at the faults of my son.
Concerned in, /or, about^ at — I am not at all concerned
( ) in the matter, I am greatly concerned for my son’s
safety ( ). We arc much concerned
( ) at your failure. Why are you so much concerned
' about the result ?
Concession ( ) to — There will be no concession to the
price of the book.
Condemn ( if'Q C*fe^1 ) to — The murderer was condemned
to death ( ).
Concur ( ) loith a person in something or on
a point— Jadu concurred with me in this matter, or on this
point.
Condole ( ) with a person
in his sorrow — We condoled viith him in his bereavement
Confer ow, with f about — The Government of India conferred
»( Jft«l him the title of ‘Bharat-ratna*. The
32 UIGHER UNO. OBAM., COMP, AND TRANSLATION
President conferred mih the members of tb^ Committee about
the matter ( W ).
Confess ( ) to— Ho confessed to this
fault of his.
Confession o/ — This is a frank confession of hib defect.
N,B, ^Confess* may also be used as a transitive verb •, as — He confessed
his fault at last.
Confide ( ^^1 ) in, to—L cannot confide in u
a man like him. We should not confide ( )
our secrets io an unreliable man like Judab.
Confident ( ) of— We cannot 1)0 so cofi-
dent of success.
Confined ( ^^1^^ ) in, to — The convict is confined
in Jail. He has been confined to bed ( ) for a couple
of days ( ). The essay competition is confined
( ) to the students of class Vlll only.
Conform ( ) to, with — You must conform to the
rules ( ). Their views conform with
mine ( ^tC%’ ).
Conformity with — He acted in conformity ivith rules (
Confuse ( C^al1 ) wt7A — Liberty should not be
confused with unbridled licence
Congenial to — The climate here is not congenial ( )
his health.
Consist of, in — A football team consists ( ) of eleven
idayers. Happiness consists ( ) in sacrifice.
Consistent ( ) with, in — His actions are not
consistent y^ith his words. We must be consistent in our
statements.
Consequent o/i — Consequenron his illness (
), he could not appear at the examination (
5|lt ).
Conspicuous for, by , — Ganesh Babu is conspicuous ( f^f%l )
for his simplicity. Kamal is conspicuous ( X
by his absence.
USE OF FBEP081TI0K3
33
Consult ( ) with a person about it thing— He con-
sulted tmih me ahovi the matter.
Contact ( ) u4th — He came in contact iviih
scholars. 1 have no contact with him.
Contemporary ( ) with^ of — He is contemporary
(adj.) with me. He is a contemporary (noun) of Hari Babu.
Contest ( ^^1 ) loith a person for
a thing — He contested vnth me far the prize.
Contented ( ) with — Everyone should remain conten-
ted with his own position.
Contiguous ( ) to — Their house is contiguous to ours.
Contrast #o, hrAwerji, with — i) A striking contrast ( )
lies between the two brothers, ii) Ham’s character is a great
contrast to Shyam’s. iii) Contrast the character of Aiirangzeb
•with that of Akbar.
Contrary ( ) to — His actions are quite contrary to
his words. He acted contrary to the rule.
Contribute ( C*f ^41 } — He contributed a large
sum to the relief fund.
Control ( ) o/, over — The man has no control over
his son. Ham has no control of (or, over) himself.
Converse ( ) ii>ith a person
about a matter — He conversed y/ith me about the matter.
Conversant ( ) wiih—Ue is
thoroughly conversant with politics.
Converted ( ) to, into^The sage con-
verted the mouse into a oat. Nab in was converted to Islam
( ).
Convict (verb) o/— He was convicted of theft (
Convince ( ^tiai ) of— We all
are convinced of Jadu’s sincerity.
Cope ( ) mth — 1 cannot cope with him in music.
Correspond ^ ’ Correspond with
him about the matter. Your words do not correspond (
^ ) to facts. Gopal’s views correspond with mine.
G.— 3
34
UIOHER ENG. ORAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
Count upon^for — They count ( ) much upon your
help. Shyamal’s advice counted for nothing (
Covetous ( ) of — Don^t be covetous of riches
Crave /or— He craves ( )for fame.
Craving ( ) for — He has a great craving /or wealth.
Credit ( Sr:si1 ^"<1, c^m) ^1 verbj to, with—
(i) I credited fifty rupees to his account, (ii) The success of the
play was credited to Ram. Bam was credited with the success
of the play ( ).
Cure ( '-^^1 ) o/ — I can cure (verb) you of jour
dysentery ( ).
Cure ( )/or — There is no cure for this disease.
Curiosity ( ) /or, about — Naresh has a great
curiosity for the subject. He has no curiosity about the matter.
Dawn on — At last, good sense dawned on him (
C ?<(1 ).
Dead to — He is dead to all sense of shame ( c>f ).
Deaf ( ) to, of or in — He remained deaf to all our
entreaties. The boy is deaf of, or in one ear.
Deal in, with — He deals in paper ( ).
He deals politely loith all ( ). He
dealt with the subject in detail
Deal Ottf ( ) — He dealt on^ the mangoes to all
present in the hall.
Debar from — Madbu was debarred from Government
Service 5T?Cl? ?I1
Decide on (or, upon), for, against ( ) —
He is yet to decide upon the^ system of work. The case has
been decided /or Babin, but against Jatin.
Dedicate ( ^^1 ) to — He dedicated his life to the
service of the country.
Deduce J^^O/roni— The truth may be deduced /row
the premises.
USB CF PREPOSITIONS
35
Defend ( ) from, against — Defend your country
from the enemy by all means. Defend your country against
all attacks of the enemy.
Deficient ( ^t51 ) in — Our country is deficient in
food. He is deficient in English.
Defer ( m ) to— Don’t defer anything
to the future.
Die of a disease, from the effect of something, hy a weapon
or poison, etc. — He died of heart-disease. He died from
excessive labour. He died by poison or by a sword.
Differ /row, with, about, on (a point) in — This book differs
from that ( ). I differ toiih him on this point. The
jury differ in their opinions about the case.
Deliberate ( ai1csit5ii1 •*^1, f5«1 )
upon — They deliberated upon the subject for a couple of hours.
Delight in — He takes (or, finds) delight in music (
).
Delighted at, with — Rahman is delighted at his success. The
boy is deiightod ( ) with his new dress.
Deliver from, to— He delivered his country
from foreign domination ( ) The Peon delivered
the letter to the addressee.
Demand (verb) something of, or from a person — Hemeh
demanded the money of, or fro7n Ram (
?tr^ ). He demanded of Jadu
what he wanted. There is a great demand of people for David
Copperfield ( ) {demand —
Dependent ( ) on or upon — He is dependent upon
(or, on) none but himself.
Depend on or upon — He depends entirely upon (or, on) his
elder brother.
Deprive ( ) of — He has been deprived of bis
legitimate right ( grT^j ).
Derive ( ) from — We derive no benefit
from this book.
36
HIQHEB EEO. GRAU., OOMF. AND TBANSLATIOX
Derogator}’ ( ) to— Such an act is derogatory to his
.dignity ( ).
Descend ^51) /ro>n— He
descended from the mountain. They descended from an
ancient king.
Deacendent ( ) of — They are descendents of a king.
Deserving ( ) of — He is deserving of this post.
Devolve .upon, to — The responsibility of the business
• devolved upon him ( ).
Ham Babu devolved, the charge of, the oflScc on Shyam Babu
( '*(^‘1 ). On the
, death of Rahim’s father, the property devolved to or upo-n him.
Devote to — He devoted his life to the service of humanity
( 3rfJI5iaftr'S?l ). He
does not devote adequate time to his studies ( c»j '3t^t9
<2fwtf d »i>ni c??r in ).
Diflference between, from — There is no difference bettoeen
the two pictures (^fsi ijcsfj Rlt). The dilference of
a triangle from a quadrilaterat is obvious.
Different ( ^ ) /row— This book is different
r/trot» that.. ,
Diffident ( C»ft59IT>ltil ) o/— He is diffident of
passing the examination. ,,
. I , Dhiappoint.ed at, of, in, ioi/At— H e was disappointed (
oi this reply from you. I was disappointed of
the prize. , I was disappointed in the prize (
i?1 ). I am disappointed with my
eldest son.
Disagree with — He disagreed ivith me in this matter (
Disgusted ( ) with, dt, for — Father is disgusted with me
at my failure. I was disgusted with him for his inactivity.
Dispense 2 vith fo— His services have been dispensed vHth
( C*f Equal justice is dispensed
to one and all by God.
C«E OF PREPOSITIONS
37
Displeased at, for, icith — I tun 'displeased dt my son’s
idleness. I am displeased with my son for his idleness.
Dispose ( C?'«’91, ) o/— He disposed
of his furniture. The Magistrate disposed of the case. 'ittiey''
disposed of their quarrel. ' *
Desire of ^ for ( ) — He has a great desire /or (or,
of) fame.
Desirous of ( ) — He is desirous' o/fame.
Desist /rom f ) — He ha.s desisted /row sin.
Despair of ( ^1 ^'6^1 )— Hari despaired of sube'ess
ill the examination.
Destined to (M?ffv5^ ^fi[«tf^),/or All things-
on earth are destined to decay. Abdul is destined for the post.,
Destitute of — He is destitute of any property ( ).
Destructive ( ) to, o/— Over-eating <
( ) is destructive ,«o (or, for) health. ' ' - ? m
Detatch ( ) from — Ho has been dotatched /row,
the organisation. * l
Deter ( ) /row— Nothing can deter him from
going there.
Determined ( ) o»--Jadu is determined on doing
this. if
Detrimental ; io—Vfc should do nothing detrimen- *
tal lo the interest of the country. - .*
Deviate ( ) from — You must not deviate from
the right path.
Devoid of — He is devoid of c,ommon sense (
). r , ,
Detract ( Jt*! ^<11 ) />■<»» — This lapse on bis part detracts;
/rom his reputation ( )^ . ;
Design ( ) up<m — The criminal h^d a ‘desigp
Shjamal Babu’s life. ; > :
Designed ( ?| 'SffeC'Sl^ ) for — This Grammar is|.
designed /<»■ the students of classes V and VI.
Derogate ( |t*T ) Jfom — This is sure to derogate from
your dignity. •
38
HIOHEB ENO. GBAM., COMP. AND TBANSLATION
Distinct ( ) /row — This book is quite distinct from
its former edition.
Distinction ( ) beiwem^ from— There is a striking
distinction between the two books. There is no ^distinction of
this from that.
Distinguish ( ^1 ) between, from, by—
I cannot distinguish between the two words. The two brothers
can be distinguished /ro/;?. each other only by their voices.
Distrust ( ^1 ) of — Your distrust of so good a
neighbour as Bam Babu is not at all desirable.
Divert /row, to ( ^^1 )— The
temptation of wealth ( ) diverted his mind from
the right path to the vicious one.
Divide between, among, into — I divided
rupees ten between the two workers. Divide the mangoes
among the five boys. The property was divided into four
shares.
Dominate ( ) over — He dominates# over all.
Doubt ( noun ) of, ob^mt — There is no doubt of or
about his arrival.
Doubtful ( ) o/— Nobody is doubtful of his sincerity.
Due ^0— A sum of thirty rupees is due to him. Tho
success of the dramatic performance ( ) is due
to him ( due to him = ^t^t^^ ).
Disqualified ( ) for, from — He is
disqualified for the post of a professor. Paresh is disqualified
from taking part in the competition.
Dispute ( ) with a person about something —
I have no dispute with him about the matter.
Dissent ( ^^1 ^/row— He dissented from my
views on the subject.
Dissimilar ( ) to — This book is dissimilar
to that.
* Dominate is also used as a transitive verb ; as— Ho Dominates
us all.
USE OF FBSPOSITIONS
39
Dissnade ( ) from — I dissuaded him from
doing this.
Dull 0 / hearing — Jamini is dull of bearing.
Dull something — He is dull at painting.
Dwell in ( ) — He dwells in a cottage.
Dwell upon ( )— Jadu Babu dwelt upon the
problem of unemployment in the meeting.
Divested ( ; divest ) o/--King Lear was
divested of all his powers (by bis two elder daughters).
Eager ( ) /or, aftej\ about — Bara is eager
for {or, after ) fame and prosperity ( ), I am not
eager about the mat ter.
Eligible ( C^t^J )for — Only graduates are eligible
for the post.
Easy of — This work is not easy of ‘performance’ ( ).
Elicit ( ^^1 ) from — T failed to elicit any reply
from him.
Emerge ( ?6in ) from— A great deal
of trouble emerged from it. A jackal emerged from the bush.
Enamoured of — He is cnaraoured ( ) of the charming
scenery. The young man was enamoured of the girl’s beauty.
Encroach ( <51^515 ^'<1 ) on or uyon one’s land,
rights, or time, etc. — He encroached upon ray land (or, rights
or, time).
End ( '<11
^^1 ; verb) : Extravagance ( ) is sure to end
in misery.
Endowed ( c^tCJll Tf^l ) mth—lBoac was
endowed urith a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge
by the simplest means.
Enjoin ( fSfrtn CifO?l1, W ^^1, )
on (or, upon) — This act is enjoined on us all. Good sense
enjoins on us that we should be just and honest.
Enraged ( ) unih a person at his conduct, or for
40
HIGHBR ENG. ORAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
doing something — I was enraged with him at his behaviour.
Bam is enraged with Shyam for not going there.
Enter ( ) into, upon — Hari entgred into the
dense forest. The actor then entered upon the stage. He
has entered upon his career of a lawyer.
Entertained ( ) by, with, at—
They were warmly entertained hy the workers with a dramatic
performance at their factory hall.
Entitled ( ) to — Bam is entitled to the benefit of
provident fund.
Entrust ( ) to^ with—1 cannot entrust
him with such an important task. T cannot entrust such an
important task to him.
Envious ( ) of — Jadu is always envious of me.
Envy ( noun ) of at — A contented ( >1^1 ) man
has envy of none. He has no envy of oi at anybody’s prosperity.
Equal ( ) to, with, in — This book is equal to
that in value. He was equal to the occasion. A worker or a
clerk is not equal in rank with an officer.
Equivalent ( ^ ) to — This word is equivalent
to that.
Escape /row, o/— There is no escape — noun) of Bara
from this danger. The convict ( ) escaped
( )/row the prison.
Essential /o —Education is essential to a nation.
Exact ( ^^1 ) from — They exacted illegal money /row
the people.
Excel ( C^tr^l Rcnm*! ) iw--“The blind man
excels in music.
Exception to, ( with the exception of ) — An exception
(^Tf%3FV) to this general rule also exists. The teacher punished
all with the exception of Bamani.
Exchange withy for, of — ( In exchange for = ) : I
exchanged ( ) my pen for his. Exchange of views
USB OF PREPOSITIONS
41
with others adds to one’s general knowlcge. I gave him nothing
in exchange for his books. ‘
Exclude ( Cif'6111, ^SF ) /ro/w— He has
been excluded /rom the list of successful candidates.
Exclusive of ( ) — He draws a salary of five
hundred rupees exclusive of allowances.
Excuse /or, from — There is no excuse ( **J*5I1 ) for
your delay. He may be excused from the payment of fine.
Exempt ( ) from — We cannot exempt you
from the admission fee.
Expect of, from ( ) — Such a rude behaviour is not
expected of a boy like him. I expect this favour from you,
(or, of you).
Expert ( f^^«| ) at, in — Hari is expert, or an expert
( ) at violin. J«‘idu is expert in music.
Expose ( )— His true ^
nature has been exposed to all by Gopal. Do not expose this
medicine to heat. Ho is easily exposed to cold (
).
Exposure ( ) Vo—He is
suflFering from influenza owing to exposure to cold. The
exposure of his hypocrisy to others was made by Jatin.
Exult { ) m, over, a«— He
exults in his success. Don’t exult over anybody at or in his ‘
danger.
Faith ( ) in^ idth — He has firm faith m him.
I did not expect that he would break faith with you (
Faithful ( ) ifo-^This serv^ant is very « loyal and *
faithful to his teacher. '
False ) : <o ’Nobody should b© false to his friend.
Familiar ( ) with^ to- ‘Anil is familiar
fjoith Sunil. This plabe is familiar to me. • '
Fatal ( )"fo— An^ Operation without '»»ehIoroform '
ds often fatal to a patient. ^ . t
42
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Favourable ( )/or, to — The calmness of the Ganges^
was favourable for our journey by boat. Hari’s action waa
favourable to Karim.
(In) Favour of ( ) — His remarks iv^re not in
favour of me.
Favourite ( ; noun) of — He is a favourite of
Ram Babu.
Favourite ( — He is favourite (adj) with
Ram Babu.
Fear ( ) o/, from — He has fled away for fear of life.
He was in constant fcar/rom this dangerous man.
Fearful ( ) of — Paresli Babu is fearful of
unknown dangers from robbers.
Fearless ( ) of — Jadu is fearless of any consequence
of the action.
Feed oa, -The mother is feeding her child with milk
( ; trans. verb). We feed on rice and bread
( 'Q ; intr. verb).
Feel ( 5:^ ^^1 ) for, in — A real friend always feels
for his friend in his misery ( ).
Fight ( ) with, for, against — Netaji always fought
with or against the foreign rulers /or the freedom of India.
Fire at, upon ( isfSf ) — The hunter fired at the deer.
The Police Commissioner ordered firing upon the unruly mob.
Fit ( ) for — He is not at all fit for the post.
Fix ( ) on,
to, up, at — The tiger fixed its eyes on its prey. The peon fixed
the slip to the file. The memory of the sight remained
fixed in his mind. The date of the conference is yet to be
fixed up. His salary has been fixed at Rs. 200/-.
Fond 0/— Cats are fond of milk ( ). Gita hag no
fondness for meat.
Foreign to— Such treachery is quite foreign ( ) to *
his disposition ( ). This is foreign to me (
USE OP FBEPOSITIOES
4a:
Forgetful ( ?1 f filial ) of—
Naresh is often forgetful of his own amenities ( ^1 )•
Free ( ) /rom, of — He is now quite free from all fears.
I gave him the book free of cost. He freed (verb) me from
the danger. You should not be so free of your money.
( ^1 ).
Frown at^ on — Fortune frowned on him (
). The village school master often frowned at
( ^^15 ) the young boys of the school.
Glance ( ’5-3J ) of, over — Ram glanced'
at me while I was passing by their house. I glanced over his
writing. He had a glance (n ) over my application.
Glory ( ) in — Parents glory in the success of
their children.
Grateful ( You should remain grateful to him for
what he has done for you. '
Greedy ( ) o/— Anup is always greedy of money.
Shyam Babu is not at all greedy of wealth.
Greed ( )for — Asim has no greed /or wealth.
Guard /rom, Gopal is the only boy who guards
( ^^1 ) me from or against all dangers. Be on your guard
against pick-pickets.
Guilty ( ) (/—They are guilty of theft.
Hanker ( ) cifter — He never hankers after
money.
Hatred ( ^«ri ) of, for — I have no hatred of or for Ram. He
has a great hatred of conspiracy ( ).
Heedless ( ) o/~Heis heedless o/ his parents’
instructions.
Heir ( ) to^ of — Hari is the heir of his maternal
uncle. Jadu is an heir to this property.
Hesitate ( ) at — Why should you hesitate
at this ?
•44
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Hint ( ) aU against — I have' already hinted at
their conspiracy against yon.
Hopeful (T5lWf%^) o/-He is hopeful o/,his brother’s, victory.
9
Hopeless ( ) of — Abani is hopeless of his success
in the examination.
Hostile ( ) to — ^They are hostile to us in all affairs.
Identical with — Their views are identical with
ours.
Ignorant ( ) of — I am quite ignorant of tho matter.
Til o/, with — Jadu is ill of ( or, toith ) fever ( ).
His opposition to my action will go ill with him (
).
Immaterial ( ) to — Your idea is imma-
terial to our scheme ( ).
Immersed ( ) in — His lavishness immersed him in
debt. The imago of the goddess ^vas immersed (
) in the Ganges.
Impart to — The teacher is impartiiig instructions ( f»f^1 <^1
^*TC*r*f ) to his students.
Impatient ( ) of ^ for- — His father is impatient
of his long silence. He is impatient for the prize.
Implicated ( ) hi — flam is not implicated in the
conspiracy.
Import into (a country) from (another) — Food grains are
now imported into India from Canada.
Impose ( ) on or upon — A new tax has been
imposed upon the people. Don’t impose such a heavy task
on me.
Impress ( ^T<*f ) (something) upon (one’s
mind), (one) with (something) — The charming scenery was
impressed upon his. mind. The teacher impressed his student
with lofty ideas.
Impute ( ) to— Vie imputed all the blamie to
Bam.
USE OF PEEPOSITIOKS
45 ^
Incentive ( ) to — Your inspiration will serve as an
incentive to his activity.
Include ( ) in — His name has not been included
in the list. ’
Inclusive ( ) o/— I have to pay ‘ a house rent of
Ks. 80/ inclusive of electric charges.
Inculcate ( ?1 ) (an idea) in or npon
(one’s mind)— Our Headmaster inculcated the idea of social
service u'pon ( or, in ) my mind.
Indebted ( ) to — You are indebted \o him for his active
help ( ) to you.
Independent ( ) — India is now independent o/
foreign domination ( ).
Indifferent ( ) to — Jle js indifferent to our weal or
woe ( ).
Indignant ( ) with (one) at (one's conduct) — I am
indignant mth him at hii^ ill-treatment.
Indispensable ( ) to — This book is indispensable
to me.
Indulge ( (2f!2tir mUh--I>oi\\ indulge in idleness.
I never indulge my children with my silence in their faults.
Indulgent ( is never indulgent to his.
children.
Infected ( — The whole village is infected
with cholera. ^ ’
Infested ( ) with — This forest is infested with tigers.
Inflict ( Ff'Qiftil ) on— A severe punishment was inflicted
07i him.
Influence ( noun ) with, over, upon— He has great
influence over (or, with) his students. The instruction had a
great influence upon Jadu’s mind. . . . , ;
Inform ( ) a person of something—
1 informed him of the matter.
Infuse ( ) twip— The leader
infused the spirit of self-sacrifice into bis followers.
46
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Inherent ( ) in — The spirit of benevolence is inherent
in him.
Initiated into — He was initiated into Christianity.
Innocent ( ) of — He is innocent of the q^ime.
Inquire (Enquire) of, about, into — He inquired of Ram
'( ) about the matter. The police inquired
• (or, enquired) into the matter.
Insensible ( ) to — Jatin is insensible to all sense of
humiliation ( ).
Insist ^^1) on— Don't insist on his
going there.
Inspire ( ) witb^ into, in — The Saint’s instruc-
tions inspired them loiih the noble spirit of benevolence
( ). He inspired the spirit of benevolence on or inio us.
Instill ( ^^1 ) into — You instilled moral courage
inJto their hearts.
Intent ( ) on — I am intent on doing this.
Interest ( ) in — He takes great interest
in gardening. I have no interest in his personal affairs.
Interested ( ) in — He is highly interested in
music.
Interfere ( ^^1 ) with, in — I do not like to interfere
with or in others’ affairs. Why should you interfe e with him
in his personal affairs ?
Intimate ( adj. ) with — He is most intimate with me.
Intimate to (verb) — Intimate cif'GUl) this news to me.
Introduce ( ) to — I introduced him to our
\
Headmaster.
Intrude upon, into — Why should he intrude upon my
valuable time ( ). I don’t like to
intrude into his reading room.
Invested ( ) with — The prince was invested mth
royal powers.
Invest ( fet^1 ) in — He invested five lakhs of
.rupees in the business.
TTSB OF PREPOSITION'S
47
Invite ( ) to— He was invited to the
■' function.
Involved ( ) tn— Ram is involved in the matter.
.'He is involved in debt ( ^<| ).
Jealous ( ) of — Don’t be jealous of others’
, prosperity ( ).
Jeer ( ) at — You should not jeer at the lame man.
Jest ( ) at — Nobody should jest at an elderly man.
Judge ( ?P^1, '^'tt'9‘1 ) hy—k man
should not be judged hy his outer form ( ^1
).
Justification ( ) for, of — There is no justifica-
tion /or, or of your action.
Key ( ) to — Perseverance is the key to success.
Lack ( ) of — He has no lack of money. I am lacking
in real friends.
Lament ( ^41 ) oven, /or -He is
lamenting over ( or, for ) the loss of his property. (Lament is
also used as a transitive verb).
Laugh at ( <F41, ^§1 )— One should not laugh at
a lame man.
Lavish ( adj.) of (money), in expenditure.
My elder brother is lavish (adj.) of money. ‘ You must not
be lavish in your expenditure.
Lavish ( verb) on or npon— Ram Babu
lavished his praises upon him.
Lean ( ^4 4*^1, ci*l Cif'e^t, C?«5b
*t^1, ) on or upon him for help. The old woman
leaned upon her staff. The boy stood leaning against the
wall. The judge leaned to the side of the poor woman*
Liable ( ) to, for— The cashier is liable to
punishment for misappropriation ot money. Jadu was
responsible for this loss of money.
Libel ( ) on — The pamphlet
served as a libel on his fair name.
48
HIOHSB ENG. GRAAf., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Likeness ( ) to — The boy has great likeness to bis
elder brother.
Liking ( ) for — He has a great liking for
the boy.
Liberal ( ) of, to — Jadu Babu* is liberal of‘
advice. He is liberal to the poor.
Long ( ) for, after — There is none but longs
for (or, after) happiness.
Lost in, to — The saint is lost in meditation (
). The young man is lost to all sense of decency.
Loyal ( ) to — The dog is very loyal to its master.
Made of — This table is made of teak wood (
Martyr ( ) to — He embraced death as a martyr to-
liberty ( iSCl ).
Match (noun) for — Hari is no match for Ram ( ^
sni ).
Match (verb) tcith ( f3(i?( ) — His dress
matches loith his appearance.
Meditate ( ^^1 ) upon — Hari Babu is meditating
upon his past activities.
Meet ( mth an accident ) — He met with a bus accident on
the way. Ram met with no difficulty (
^ ) on the way.
Mindful ( ) of — Jadu is always mindful of
his duties.
Mix ( C3l*t1 ) in (society), with a person — He never mixes
in bad society. Don’t mix with a dishonest person.
Mourn ( cH\^ ) for — Everybody mourned for
his loss ( >2f^H ).
Moved ( ) with (pity), by (entreaty), to (fears)—
Ram Babu was moved with pity at the sight of his miserable
condition. He was moved to tears at the sight of the-
pitiable condition of the poor man. A cruel man like him
is never moved by any entreaty.
US® CF PREPOSITIONS
Murmur ( 'srf%C5lt’f ?1 al<FH ^1 ) at, against. The
employees of this ofScc murmur at their low scale of pa}".
The people are murmuring against reduction of the rationed
quantity of rice.
Natural ( ) to — Attachment to their children
is natural to all mothers.
Necessity ( ) o/, /or, to — What is the nacessity
oj going there ? There is no necessity for these articles.
This book is a great necessity to me.
Need (n) /or, (in) need of — I have no need for money. He
is in great need of money.
Neglect o/, in — He was punished for neglect of duty.
Kam was punished for neglect in doing his duty.
Negligent of j neglectful of — He is negligent ( )
of (or, neglectful of) duty.
Object ( ) to — 1 object to your going there.
Objection ( — I have no objection to
going there. He has no objection against (or, ^o) the scheme
( ).
Oblige ( ^^1) («* person) with or by
doing something — Hari Babu obliged me vdlh a favourable
»
response to my prayer. He obliged me by supplying the order
in time.
Obliged ( ) to (a person) for a thing — 1 am obliged
to you for your kind help.
Obstacle ( ) fo-»-Want of money is an obstacle
to the success of his plan.
Occupied ( ) with, in — He is occupied with
gardening. Hari is occupied m writing books.
Occur fo— An idea occurred to his mind all on a sudden
Offend ( ) againM (some rule), with (a person)
at (something) — He has offended against 'politeness ( ).
Hari Babu was offended ( ) with you at your opposition
of his proposal.
Offence dfV^) against^ aJ— His action was an
offence against morality. Don’t take offence at his words.
G.— 4
50
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Offensive ( — Your action is
offensive to the authorities. Wine is offensive to my stomach.
Officiate ^^1)~Sudhir Babu is officiating
for Bam Babu in the post of Headmaster.
Open ^0 — The function is open to all.
Opportunity ( ) /or, of — There is no opportunity
for his studies. I have no opportunity of doing this.
Opposed ( ) to — He is opposed to my proposal.
Opposite ( ) to — His views are quite opposite to
mine.
Opjjosition ( ) to — Tliere was a strange opposition
to his proposal.
Originate ( ^vQin ) with (a person),
in or from something — The Durgea Puja festival originated
with Sree Bam Chandra. This law suit originated in (or from)
their internal disputes.
Overwheliped ( ) with^ at — He was overwhelmed
with grief at his father’s death.
Owe ( ) to — I owe five hundred rupees to him
Parallel ( ) to, with — These 'two straight lines are
parallel to each other. The laws made by the Government
must run parallel with moral laws.
Parody ( ) on, or of — This poem is a parody
on (or, of) me.
Part with, from — He cannot part mth ( ) that
book. The two friends parted ( ) from each other
with tearful eyes.
Partake ( ^'^^1 ) of — They partook of some sweets.
Partial ) io— Hari is not partial to anybody.
Partiality ( T f<^ — partiality for his
brother.
, y^artiouliir ( ) about, in — Hem Babu is very particular
is duty. Lila is very particular in her dress.
pitiable in ( ) — He participated loith
is never - ..
46 function.
USE OF PfiBPOSiTIONS
51
Passion ( ) for — Shila has a passion
for painting.
Patient ( ) of (suffering), under ( diflSculties) — Ram is
patient of hardship. He always remained patient U7ider
difBculties.
Patience ( ) with — I have lost all patience with you.
(At) Peace with — They always live at peace ( )
with one another.
Peculiar to — This dress is peculiar to him.
Penetrate ( ^^1 ) through^ into — The hunter
penetrated into the dense forest through an opening.
Penitent ( ) for — He is penitent /or his folly.
Persevere ( ) in— He per-
severed in achieving his object.
Persist ( c®?? ) i7i — The boy persisted in entering the
room.
Pity ( if5l, )for — Paresh Babu feels pity for beggars.
Play city on — They are playing at dice ( i ).
He is pLaying on a violin ( ).
Pleased ( ) wlth^ at — He is pleased with you at your
good conduct.
Plead ( ^ ) ivithy for, or against
— Ram pleaded 7 vith Shyani for justice (or, against the injustice
done to him).
Plunged in, into — Hari Babu is plunged ( f^3l4 ) in deep
thought. Jadu plunged into the Ganges.
Point out, at, to — He pointed out ray defects ( cifl^
1%eT ). The fowler • pointed ( ) his arrow at
the bird. Jadu Babu pointed to the defects of the plan.
Polite in, to ( ) — We should be always polite in our
dealings loith others. He is always polite to his superiors.
Ponder over, on — He is pondering ( ) on or
over the matter.
Poor ( ) in — He is very poor in moral courage
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Popular ( ) with, for — Jadu is popular with all
for his politeness ( ).
Possessed of, with, by — He is possessed of immense wealth
( C»T ^ ). He was possessed uith a bright idea
( ) Jadu was
possessed by devil ( ).
Precaution ( ) agamst — Ho took necessary
l)recaution against influenza.
Prel’er ( ^?|l ) to — T perfer reading to writing.
Preferable ( Learning is pre-
ferable to riches.
Preference to^for — He has particular preference for Pam to
all other candidates.
Prepare ( ^6111 )for, against — The boys prepared w'ell
for the examination. They are preparing against any future
danger.
Preparatory ( ) to — This leave is preparatory
to his retirement.
Prejudice against — I have no prejudice against
Muslims.
Prejudicial ( ) to — He has done nothing
prejudicial to society.
Present C?'Q!Il) (something) to (a person), (a person)
with something — He presented a pen to me. He presented me
tvith a pen.
Preside ( ^^1 ) over, at — Naresh Babu i>resided
over (or, at) the function.
Prevail on or upon, against, over, with — I prevailed upon
him to attend the meeting ( ). He jjrevailed
oi;er (or, against) all obstacl^ )•
Virtue prevails' over vice in the long run ( )• His
arguments failed to prevail ( ) with him.
Prevent ( ^^1 ) from — I prevented him
from doing this wrong.
Previous to ( ) — I received a letter from him previous
to this.
USE OF PREPOSITIONS
53
Prey to — He was a prey to various ailments (
^ Pride (noun) in — He takes pride in liis wealth.
Pride (verb) w— Ho prides himself on his wealth.
Proud of-^He is proud ( ) of his wealth.
Prior to ( ) — T met him prior to my departure.
Proceed ( ) ivith, to, from, arjainst — He
proceeded with his work in the teeth of all opposition (
). At last, he proceeded to (or towards) Delhi
from Agra. He proceeded against Ram (
) in the High Court.
Proricient ( ) on, at — lie is proficient in Sanskrit
literature. Jadu is proficient in (or, at) painting.
Profit ( 99^1 ) by — Thave profited a great
deal by his advice.
Profitable ( ) to — This business is not at all
profitable to me.
Prompt ( ) in, at — lie is always prompt in
everything. Hahirn is prompt at figures.
Prohibit ( ) fro7n — I prohibited him
from doing tJiisi
Prone ( ) to — The man is prone io idleness
( ).
Proof against — Hem is i>roof against any iillureincnt
( ).
Proportionate ( ) to, (In) proportion to- His
intellect is proportionate (or, in j)roportion) to his age.
Protect ( ) against, from — He protected me from
(or, against) all dangers.
Protection ( ) against’-Ho took proper protection
against influenza.
Provide ( ^^1 ) against (the evil day) for
(children), (a person) irith (something), (something) to (a
person) : Wo must provide against the rainy day. You
must provide /or your children. I provided him ivith a book
(or, provided a book to him).
54
HIGHER ENO. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Provision ( ) /or —I should make provision for my
children.
Pursuant to, (In) pursuance of ( ) — You must do
everything pursuant to (or, in pursuance of ) your father's
instruction.
Qualified ( C^t^T ) /or— Ram Babu is qualified /or
the post of a Headmaster.
Quick ( ) o/, ai— Jadu is quick o/* understaii
ding. He is very quick at figures.
Quarrel ( ) with (a person), about or for or over
(something) — The two brothers quarrelled irith each other
abotU (or, for or over) their paternal property.
Ready ( ) with, at, for — We have come ready with
the necessary money. He is ready at figures. We are
always ready /or this action.
Roasau ( ) for — There is no reason for your
doing this.
Reason (verb) 2 rith (a person) about (something) — He is
always in the habit of arguing with me about everything.
Rebel ( ) against — The people rebelled
against the cruel king.
Reconciled loitJi, to — The two brothers were reconciled
( ) with each other at long last. He has
reconciled (intransitive verb) to his fate (
fHWC? ).
Recover ( ^^1 ) from — Hari has recovered
from, illness.
Reduce (v. ) to — The sage reduced the tiger
again to a mouse.
Reduced to ( )— The manuscript papers were
reduced to ashes { ). They have been reduced to
poverty ( )•
Refer ( ) — He referred the matter to the
Chairman. Jadu Babu referred to me in his speech.
Refrain ( ) from — Ho refrained from drinking
at last.
USK OF PREPOSITIONS
55
Regard ( et^l, noun )— I have profound regard for him.
(In or with) Regard to — Wo know nothing in or with
regard to the matter.
Regardful of ; Regardless ( ^1 )
of — He is regardful of hi.'^ own interests. Ram is regardless
of his own welfare.
Rejoice ( ) at, in, over. My
mother rejoiced at my success in the examination. It is
inhuman to rejoice over others* misfortunes.
Relieve ( ) frotn, of— lie has been
greatly relieved of his troubles by his brother. This drug
has relieved him from (or, of) pain.
Relation with, to, of, between — There is a friendly relation
( ) o/Ram with Shyam. I have no relation to (or with)
him. There is a friendly relation between the two brothers.
Relate to — This matter, does not relate to his failure
( <4^ C^tCTI ).
Related to : Ram and Sliyam are related ( )
to each other.
Rely ( ^'51 ) o?i — You can’t rely on him in such an
important matter.
Relieve ( ^•31 ) of, or from — This medicine is sure to
relieve you of (or, from) your ache. He was relieved of the
charge of theft ( ).
Relevant ( ) to — What he says is not at all
relevant to the point of our discussion.
Remind ( ) of — He reminded me of the matter
in due time.
Remarkable ( ) /or— Jadu is remarkable
for his ready wit.
Remedy ( ) for, or against — A remedy for (or,
against) this national degradation must be devised.
Repent ( ^^1 ) of — He repents of his past misdeede.
Repentant ( ) o/— Amal is repentant of his
arrogance ( ).
56
HIGHEA ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Kepentance { ) for — He has no repentance for
his misbehaviour.
Responsible ( ) to (some authority — ) for (some
action) — You are responsible to the Managing Committee of
the school /or your action.
Respect ( ) for — He has great respect for liis
parents.
Respectful ( ) to — Ram is respectful to his superiors.
Itespond ( ) to — He responded to
the call of the country.
Rest ( on or upon — To grant, or not to
grant his application rests with the SecTetary. You must not
rest ^ipon his assurance for help.
Resort ( 'STfafU C*l'6iri, 4^1 ) to — Don’t resort to
unfair means in the examination.
Restore (
) to — Jadu restored Madhu’s money to him. The
electric current was restored to normalcy ( )
after two hours.
Result ( ) Qf — What is the result of your examination ?
Result ( ^6^1 ^1 ^ verb) from (a cau.se)
in : Many a disease results from over-eating ( ).
Over* eating often results in serious illness.
Retire ( ^^1 ) from, lo — He retired from
service at the age of 08. They retired to bed at 1 a.m.
Restrict ( ^-^1) to — The eligibility of this post
is not restricted to caste and creed.
Revenge ( noun), ( ) on, /or—
— Ratan took revenge on Madan for his conspiracy against
him. Ratan revenged himself^ on Madhu for his conspiracy
against him.
Rich ( ) in — India is rich m natural resources
< «ttf )■
Reward ( ) mth, /or—He was rewarded toWt a
medal for his artistic skill { )•
USB OF PREPOSITIONS
57
Rob ( ) (a person) of something —
The miscreant ( ) robbed him of Ins money.
Safe ( ) from — ]labin is now quite safe from
all dangers.
Save ( ) from — O fJod ! Save me from this
danger.
Satisfactory ( ) to — His result is not satisfactory
to us.
Satisfied ( ) wilh^ of^ at — Nobody is satisfied wiih
him at his behaviour. Ho is satisfied (convinced) of my
honesty.
Satisfaction ( ) aty wit/ty in — I have great satisfaction
at (or, ivith) his result in the B.A. Examination. He finds
satisfaction in social work.
Sanguine ( ) of — Ram is sanguine of success.
Sensible ( ) o/—! am sensible of the impending
danger ( ).
Sensitive ( ) to — Kamtsh is sensitive to
■censure ( ).
Search (noun) for — Wc made a thorough search (
) for the letter.
(In) Search of ( ) — They wont out in search of food.
Sentence ( If C? 6^.11 ) to, for -The culprit was sentenced
io death for murder.
Shame ( ) at, for — Wc feel shame at (or for) your
rudeness (
Short of — I am, at present, short of money (
Shrink ( ^1 ) from— lie always shrinks
from performing his duties.
Side with— I shall always side with you (
Sick of, for— I am sick of ( ) this town life. He is
sick ( ) for hdme.
Similar ( This sum is similar to that.
58
HIOHBB ENO. OBAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
Similarity ( ^ lTj»lT ) o/, between — There is similarity of
this book with that. There is similarity between the two
brothers.
Slave ( ) to, of — Nobody should be a slave to
his passions. You must not be the slave of your passions.
Slow ( ) at, in, of — Ram is slow of speech, but
not at accounts. Jadu is always slow in his decision.
Smile upon, at — The goddess of fortune smiled upon him
( ). Jadu smiled at Jatin’s
boast of learning ( )
Smell (verb) of — This water smells of Kerosene oil (
).
Sorry ( ) at, for — He became sorry at your remark.
He is not at all sorry for his rude behaviour with Rahim.
Stain ( noun) upo7i — This is a stain upon his fair
name.
Stain ( verb) with — The battle-field was stained
with blood.
Stare ( — Ram stared at Kasem.
Ram stared Kasem m the face.
(To be) Startled ( ) at — He was startled at the
roar of the cloud.
Stick to ( )— Always stick to your
own principle.
Stick in ( ^"9^1 ^1 )— The car stuck in
the mud.
Stick at ( ) — Ho sticks at nothing to carry out his
own selfish end.
Strange to ( ) —This word is strange to me.
Subject (noun) of, for — Unemployment problen
is the'fsubject of (or, for) our diseq^sion ( ).
Subject (adjective and verb) to — All things on earth are
subject ( ) to decay ( ). We are subjected ( )
to a lot of troubles here.
Submit ( ^t*11 ) to — We should, on no.
account ( ), submit to humiliation ( )•
USE OF FBBFOSITIOKS
ry9’
Subordinate ( ^ ) to— I am subordinate to him
in rank.
Subscribe to ( Sfifl CW'Q^I, ff-sill,
*lTrf^ ?l ) : He subscribed to the flood
relief fund. I subscribe to the Amrita Bazar Patrika. Hircn
subscribes to my opinion.
Subsequent to — He joined the bar subsequent to his marriage
( ).
Subsist on (c^tta[1 f%l '3’P‘I ^tFl).
The Bengalees subsist mainly on rice.
Succeed in, to — He succeeeded (
examination. Karim succeeded ( ) to his
father’s property. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, to
the throne of Delhi.
Sufficient ( ) for : This food is sufficient for us.
Suffer ( Cat’ll, ) froniyfor — He has been suffering
fro?n fever for five days. You will have to suffer in the long run
( ) for your idleness.
Suitable ( ) to, for — This room is not at all
suitable /or, or to me. The arrangement was suitable to the
oociision.
Suited /or, to — He is suited ( ) for lectureship. The
lecture delivered by him was suited ( ) to the occasion.
Supplement (noun), supplementary (adj.) to ( ) —
This examination is supplementary (or a supplevient) to the
previous one.
Supply ( ) a person with something j
(supply something) to a person — I shall supply you with a pen.
I shall supply a pen to you.
Sure ( ) of — He is sure of brilliant success in the
examination.
Surprised ( ) at, by — We were surprised at (or by) his
unexpected success.
Suspect ( ) o/— Nobody suspects him of his.
honesty.
Suspicious ( ) of — We are suspicious of his honesty.
HIOHBE ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Susceptible ( ) to — He is easily sus-
ceptible to heat and cold.
Sympathise ( ^^1 ) with — Vidyaaagar always
sympathised with the poor.
Sympathy ( ) with, for — We have no sympthy/or,
(or, with) this rogue ( ^5% ).
Taste ( ) for — I have no taste for painting.
Taste of ( )— We have already
had some taste of famine ( ). An idle man is
sure to taste of ultimate misery ( ^f^sr ). This water tastes
of salt ( )•
Testify ( C?GTl1 ) to- — I am ready to testify to his
honesty.
Thankful (grateful, ) to^ for — We are ever thankful
to you for your generosity ( ).
Thirst (noun and verb) fot^ after — He has an ardent
thirst /or or after knowledge ( ). There
is no man but thirsts for, (or after) happiness.
Tide oyer— ) : He will not be able
to tide over this difficulty.
Tired of with ( ) — I am tired of warning him
against spelling mistakes. He is tired with hard labour.
Tolerant ( ) of — Akbar was tolerant of all religious
creeds ( JjW ).
Touch at a place), ivith (pity), upon (a subject or point) —
Th ' ship touched ( ) at Ceylon. Everyono present
was touched ( ) with pity at the sight of his deplo-
rable condition. The speaker ( ) touched upon (
) the point in his speech.
Trade Indiii trades with foreign countries
in raw materials ( ).
Treat 0/ (a subject ), (a person), to (some feast) — This
book treats of philosophy ( 0*)^ ).
He does not know how to treat ( ) with a gentleman.
He treated ( ) us to a grand feast.
USB OF PREPOSITIONS
61
Trespass ( ^^1,
^ 511 )— in, on, agaimt — Trespassing in this
X)rotected garden is punishable by law ( ).
I do not like to trespass on your valuable time. No student
should trespass against the rules of the school he rends in.
Triumpli ( y>8\n ) over — Abdulla triumplied over al!
obstacles ( ).
True to, of — Naren Babu is true in his word (
). What is true of Ram is also true of Shyam i
T-’P >1^T, >|vST ).
Trust in, to, with-r-Tnint in (Jod ( ).
Trust to ( ) to your x^^^rcnts’ decision. We cannot
trust him irith money. (
).
Tyrannise ( ) over — A cruel king tyrannises
over his i)ooi)lo.
Unequal to — Jadu is unequal to the task ( ).
United ( f5|f%^ ) wUh — We are united with them.
Kam was united in marriage ( ) (vith Sita.
Urge ( ) npon — We urge it wpon the
people to contribute to the flood relief fund.
Use ( c2Jc?lt«rit, ) of, for, in — There is no use of these
things at present. I have no use for this pen. There is no
use in doing this.
Useful ( ) to, for — The cow is very useful
to us for her valuable service (to us) in many ways.
Vain ( ) of — Haren is vain of his wealth.
Vary ( ) from — This book varies from
that. (At) variance with — I am at variance with you on
this point.
Versed ( He is well versed in
philosophy.
Vest ( ) with, iw— He was vested
the power of a Magistrate. The ^ power of a Magistrate^
was vested in him. ^
Victim ( ^fSi, ) to — He fell a victim to hia
own misdeed.
«2
HIOHBB ENG. GBAM., COMP. AND TBANSLATION
Vie ( ) with—1 am unable to
vie with him.
(Inj view o/( ) — In view of his tender age the
boy may be pardoned this time.
(With a) view to — He went to Delhi with a view to
(participating in a conference ( ^Ufrl'9 ).
Void (Devid) of — He is void of common sense.
Vote ( c«lS ) /or, against — The members voted for
.Ram against Shyam.
Wait /or — I waited for him at the station.
Wait wpon ( CKA] '<] )— The servant is
waiting upon lijs master.
Want ( 'Sf ) of, wanting m — They have no want (noun)
of money. They are wanting in common sense.
Warn ( ) o/, against — He was duly warned of
the ‘ianger. 1 warned him repeatedly against drinking.
Weak ( ^t5l, of — He is very weak in English.
Shyamal is not weak of understanding ( )•
Wink at ( ^Tl Cf^t, )— He winks at
his son’s faults.
Wish ( <|1 ^^1 ) for — Most people wish for
wealth.
Wonder ( ) at — Everybody wondered at
his failure.
Wonder to — It was a great wonder to all.
Worthy ( ) of— A brilliant scholar like him
is worthy of praise.
Yield ( ) ^o— The rebellious
subjects of the king yielded to him in the long last.
Yearn ( ) for — A sojourner ( ) ardently
yearns for his homeland.
Yearning ( ) — A man ^living in a foreign country
has a great yearning for his native land.
Zealous ( ) for, in — They were zealous for
liberty. He is zealous in social work.
Zeal ( ) for — He has zeal for painting.
CHAPTER IV
Group Verbs
1. Act :
Act against ( -^<11 ) — The boy acted against the
•will of his parents.
Act u]} to ( C‘^tWl )— You must act up
io your father’s instruction.
Act under — He atted under the orders of the authorities.
Act npon (or, on) — Acting upo7i (or, on) my suggestion
'( ), he succeeded in his attempt.
2. Bear :
Bear away ( stf^CTltf»t\S1 Sit'S )— Poet
Rabindranath bo7*e away the Nobel Prize.
Bear down ( ) — The prince bore down all his
foes.
Bore off ( «?ft^ ^^1 ) — Ram bore off the first prize.
Bear up ( ) — Hope bore him up in his misery.
Bear w7/t ( )— Flesh and blood ( ■tffn )
cannot bear with such an insull.
Bear out to confirm) — His words beur out Ram’s
statement.
Bear on or upon — His remark does not bear on (or, upon)
the question.
3. Break :
Break away ( ) — Tlie culprit broke away
from the jail.
Break down ( ) — His 'health has broken down
owing to serious illness.
Break forth ( ?Jt«« ^tf^^ C?«11 Cf«1l1 )— The bear
broke forth from the jungle.
64
HIGHBB ENG. OBAU., OOMF. AND TBAKSLATION
Break in ( C'<F^1 ^1 4fC^n ^51 )— The-
thieves broke in the door and entered the room at dead of
night ( ).
Break into ( ) — The robbers liivke into the
house at midnight.
Break in upon ( Cif'6^1 C^]m]
) — The police broke in upon the robbers when
they were dividing their booties.
Break off { ) — Ram broke off in the middle
of his story.
Breakout ( ^ pf^Bi )— An
epidemic broke out in the city. The ruffian broke out oF the
jail.
Break through ( cm )-~The burglars
broke through the rear gate of the house.
Break up ( C^fm] )— Our school breaks
up at 4-30 p. m. The police broke up the meeting.
Break with ( )— Friends should
not break with each other.
4. Bring :
Bring about ( ) — Their own folly brought about
their ruin.
Bring doum ( ^^1 )— His defeat
brought down ( ) his pride. It is the duty of the Govt,
to bring down ( ) the price of essential food-stuff.
Bring forth ( ^^1 )— She brought forth
a male child. A good tree brings forth fresh leaves.
Bring on ( )— Unwholesome ( ) food
brings on disease.
Bring out ( ^T% ^^1 )— The old edition of the book
being exhausted, a new edition has been brought out.
The investigation brought out ( ) his conspiracy
( ) against his brother.
Bring round ( ^tWtnJ )— The medicine brought the.
patient round.
GROUP VERBS
6 &
Bring under ( to subdue, ) — The unruly boy was
ultimately brought under by the Headmaster.
Bring up ( ) — His aunt brought him %ip.
Bring forward ( ^t^ll ijl&W ; to bring
to view or notice ) — He brought forward a strong argument in
the meeting.
Bring over ( fe'ffwsll )— At last, he was
brought over to our side.
5. Burst :
Burst forth ( )— Tears burst
forth from her eyes. A bear btirst forth from the bush.
Burst into (tears) — He burst into tears at this
Burst
) — The moon burst out from the cloud8.r
He burst out crying. Jadu burst out laughing cat this.
Burst upon ( to fall upon suddenly^
i )
— The rufSans burst upon him in his lonely room. A terriblo
sound burst upon our ears.
6. Call :
Call at ( C^\i{ )--He called on me at
my house yesterday.
Call on or upon ( WU'\Z^^ ]—He called
071 me yesterday. We call upon the people to contribute
their mite to the Flood Relief fund.
Call /or )— The authoritie s call for an
explanation of his conduct.
Call /ortt ( )— This task
will call forth all his energies.
Call in (to send for, )—
He caUed in a doctor for his brother’s treatment.
Call off ( ^181, )— The sound
called off my attention. The workers caUed off their strike.
G— 5
66 HIGHER ENG. ORAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Cull out ( )— The boy called out
^‘thief I thief in fear. The general called out to his soldiers,
“March.”
Call over ( )— The teacher
has called over the names on the roll.
Call to ( ) — He called to me from the garden.
Call up [ ) — Nobody here could call up the
name of the man.
7. Carry :
Carry about ( 5^) )— He always carries
about a pistol witli him.
Carry awai/ ( )— (i) The
spoon was carried away by a crow. The ant was being carried
away by the current of the river.
(ii) The eloquence of the orator ( ) carried away the
audience.
Carry off ( «»^in 4it*l 5l1n )—
(i) The robbers earned offM her ornaments.
(ii) The epidemic carriel off a large number of people,
(iii) They carried off the goods to the ship.
Carry on ( ) — They are carrying on their
business well.
The clerk is carrying on his duties properly.
Carry out ( ) — He always carries out my orders.
8. Cast :
Cast away
Cast aside > C«f'6^1 ;
Cast off J
— ^He has cast away (or, cast aside^ or cast off) his old shoes.
Cast doum ( ^^1 )— His failure in the
examination cast him down.
Cast out ( ) — He was cast out of the Brahmin
society. '
GROUP VERBS
67
Ciist )— He catit iip the
atone at ease. The silver coin was cast up by the boy.
9. Catch ;
Catch at ( 0581 )
— A drowning man wili caich at a straw.
Catch on ( ^ j ) — Tl.e book hs'^ anajht on popular
•afaoi nation i^or, fancy).
Catch up ( tii<5^1 ; to pick nj) quickly; ;
He caught up the gold coin from the ground.
Catch up idtii ( ^T^IM
“5(fi;£i5i, 'is'-sil ) — The policeman chased the thief, but tailed to
catch up with him. A lorry caught up trith another on the
Circular Hoad.
10. Come :
Como about ( to take place) — 1 do not kijow how it
came about.
Comei across (5^1^ >\\^-\\ — We came across that
man on the way.
Come by ( ] — Wliere did you come by this nice stone ?
Come dotm ( m «?!')— He
came down from the roof. The price of rice has not
come down.
Come o/ ( — He comes of a respectable family
( * 151 ^ ).
CoiDe off ( 5'«11 ^§1, to take place ) — The
examinatioif comes off to-morrow.
Come out ( )— A new edition of
the book will soon come out.
Come round ( ) — The patient
has come round.
Come over ( *tC^ ^t«1, 5
Ti[m^ C^tC^n ^1 ^C5? )— He
will never come over to our side. A sudden change came over
him after his marriage.
<58
HiaHBB Btro. QBAM., COUP. AND TEANBLATIOK
Gome to ( •ifssitc'f to amount to ) — The expenditure
will come to twenty rupees.
Come upon ( »it^K *lt’«5I1 )— I came upon the man
on the way.
Come up to (one’s expectation)— iJis result in the exami-
nation has not come up to our expectation. (
11. Cry:
Cry doom ( 5P511, ^*<11 ^5l1, to depreciate )— His
opponents cried down his activities.
Cry to ( wt^tWI, Stt'f-Rl ^511 )— The refugees cried to
the Government for relief.
Cry /or ( to desire, ^91 ) — The beggar cries for an
old piece of cloth.
Cry up ( ^5fr TMtll ^*I1, )— Every shop-keeper
cries up his own articles.
12. Gut:
Cut down ( ^1091 ^95 )— The wood-
cutter cut down the tree with a sharp axe. I can, by no means,
( C^tPII 913^ 5l1, 3PCT^»!1 ), cut down my expenditure
( «I95 ).
Cut off ( f|a ^91, fiB ^91 )— The
murderer cut off the head of the man. He has cut off all
connection with me.
Cut up ( 97<n Cir'«9l ; «l'9 ^<9 )— Ram’s cri-
ticism cu^ him up. The servant cut up the loaf.
18. Deal.
Deal in ( ) — He deal^in rice.
Deal out (^9*1 9^91 ; to distribute) — Deal out the mangoes
among the boys.
Deal twfh ( 9T99t9 ^9l } f<9CT C9|91 9l 991 )
—He deals well with me. This book deals viA polities. This
clerk deals u/ith oases of the promotion of menials.
OBOCTP TBBBS
69
14. Do:
Do away with ( ^f5ni ^^1, to abolish )— The
oustom has been done away with.
Do for ( C^'TWI )—
(i) This piece of cloth will do for bis turban, (ii) He has been
done for owing to the failure ( 5'e?il ) of his business.
Do into ( )— He did the poem
itUo a piece of prose. The passage was done into (
) English.
Do over ( ^t<f ^^1 ) — I am unable to do it over.
Do on ( ’ISl ) — He has done on his shirt.
Do off ( CJp9l1 )— He has done off his shirt.
Do up ( ^TC»n *!t5rtWl j 3Ff% C?t«f ?|f4l )— She has done
up her hair ( ). I am quite done up (
) with the labour of my office.
Do wiUi ( Kt^l )— I have not yet
done with him. I have nothing to do teith them ( >llif
'artsHH C^tWI JItt )• What will you do with this ? (
^ ? ).
15. Draw :
Draw aside ( ) — We drm aside to let
the oar pass by.
Draw neor ( ) — Our examination is drawing
near.
Draw back ( trt'syj )— Yon must not draw back from
your promise.
Draw OM< ( ?tf?? »f411 ) — They can draw out wine
from the juice of the vine. He drew out his sword to kill bis
opponent.
Draw off ( ^'6111 )— The army drew off from the
battle-field.
Draw to ( ^ -We drew his attention
to the matter. I drew to him at the first sight ( 'STtft ■
70 HIGHER ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Draw up ( ^^1 )— The general drew , tip the
soldiers in battle-array. He drew up (drafted) an application.
16. Drive :
Drive at ( ^^1 )“-*I cannot make out what
he is driving! at ).
Drive away, ( CifGVl ) — He was driven away from
the school.
Drive out ( ) — The boy was driven
out of the school.
17. Fall:
Fall away ( )-~All his companions have
fallen away in his adversity. I have much fallen away
recently.
Fall hack ( ) — Their enemies have falle/n back.
Fall back upon ( )— He has nothing
to fall back upon now.
Fall in with ( )— I fell in ivith
the man on the way. I cannot fall in with you on this
point.
Fall oflF ( 5f»l )— His hair is falling off. The
number of students of this school has fallen off.
Fall on or upon ( )— The robbers fell upon the
traveller.
Fall out ^^1) -They are falling out with one another
over their father’s property.
Fall through ( ^>QV1 )— Their plan has fallen through
for want of money.
Fall to ( )— The hungry beggars
fell to eating (the food given to them).
18. Get :
Get about ( viitf ^ C^iptWI )— Haren is unal?le to
get about owing to illness.
QSOUP VBBBS
71
Get at ( C^tWl ^1 C^tC^I U% *rt« •
At last, wo get at the truth.
Get amay ( escaf>e ) — The culprit tried to
get atvay from the prison, but failed.
Get down ( )— He got down from the
running train.
Get off ( escape ) — The thief got off unhurt.
OetoH ( to progress) — He is getting on veil
with his studies.
Get out ( ^'^^1 ) — He got out of the room.
Get over overcome) — He got over all obstacles
( ).
Get through ( c»l^ finish, ^51 )— IJo has ^ot
through the book twice. He h;is got through the examination
with credit.
Get to ( reach ) — He got to tlie place at dusk.
Get up ( rise) — I gist up from bed earlj^ in the morning.
19. Give :
Give away ( ffsi )— He gave away money to the poor.
Give in ( ) — Diider no chcumslarices, will
he give in.
Give off{ emit )— This rose gives off sweet smell.
Give out ( divulge, Don’t give out
the secret.
Give over ( ) — The thief was given over (handed)
to the police.
Give up ( *^^1 ) — He has given up his bad habit of
drinking. .
Give tvay ( yield )— He will never give way
to his enemy.
20. Oa :
Go about ( move about ) — He is in the habit
of going about. Go about your own business ( ^sr fWI )i.
72 HIOHBB SNO. GRAM., COMF. AND TRANSLATION
Go abroad ( ^t'9111 )— He weM abroad
for higher studies.
Go against ( JJT'SSI j )— I cannot go
against yon. I cannot go against my mother’s 'will* .
Go beyond ( ^>11 ) — Nobody should go ■ beyond
his limits.
Qo by ( ’5r5*i'9«f follow )— Go by the advice of your
parents. Bamesh toent by a false name there.
Go down — His evidence did not go dotm ( >l^T ^‘fT
) in the court. They reached there after the sun had
gone dotm (=set).
Go for ( to be regarded ) — The scoundrel
went for a saint there.
Go in/or ( Tl ^^1 )— He
is unable to go in for the T. A. S. Examination this year
owing to illness.
Go o/f ( *|'v(s ) — The marriage ceremony ivetU off
smoothly.
Go on (continue, «lt^1 )—Go on
with your studies. The play was then going on.
Go ovt — The light went out ( cfis\ ) unexpectedly
( ).
Go over ( ) — I have no time
to go over (look over) the papers. He will never go over to
their side from yours.
Go through ( finish ; siVT f^lll =11
) — I have gone through the book thrice. He has
gone through a lot of difScnlties.
Go up ( *rt'9ll1 ) — The price of food-stuff has gone up.
21. Hand:
Hand down ( )— Tables are handed
down from age to age’.
Hand tn ( )~He handed in the letter
at the post office. Vidyasagar handed in his resignation
At once.
GROUF VERBS
73
Hand over ( )— The ruffian was
handed over to the police.
22. Hang:
Hang oftotrf ( C^TWI TtW^ )— Touts
^ ) often hang about (loiter about) a court
of law.
Hang back ( pig )— You must not
hang back from your path of duty.
Hang down ( )— The man hung down
his head in shame.
Hang on, or upon ( Hold fast, ;
c^tWI fit'®? ).— Hair always hangs
on (sticks to) its own point. He hangs on his brother for his
subsistence ( ).
Hang over ( postpone)— The suit has been
hung over.
Hang Mp ( ) — He hung up a picture on the wall.
23. Hold:
Hold back ( flftl )— You must
not hold it back from your father. You should go on
advancing instead of holding back.
Hold by ( 9fTf?f5l adhere to ) — HtM by your friend
in your danger.
Hold in ( ) — He could hold »n his temper even
in times of excitement.
Hold off{ ; ?|RI «rt^1 )— Always
AoW off from evil company. 1 shall go there if the rain
holds off.
Hold on ( ) — We held on our course of action
Sri the teeth of opposition.
Hold out ( 4r*ltf^ flVl? )--They held
out their helping- hand to me. Don’t hold out for two weeks.
Hold over ( )— The ease has been hdd over.
74
HIGHBB ENG. GRAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
Hold to (stick to, <<1^1 ) — Always hold ta^
your own principle.
Hold up ( )— ffo/d up
ycfur head. All work has been held up for a month. He
held up his spirit under all circumstances.
HoJtl tvHh ( ) — I cannot hold tnlh you on
this point.
24. Keep :
Keep at ( )— If you keep at your
work, you will shine in life.
Keep aicay ( ) — The boy is in the habit of
keeping away from school.
Keep hack (conceal, csft*l5i ) — Keep hack nothing from
your bosom friend.
Keep in ( ) — Always keep in your passions.
Keep in with ( )— J am unable
to keep in with such a selfish man.
Keep off — He always kept off from evil company.
Keep on ( ) — He kept on singing.
Keep to ( ) — He always keeps to his own
principle.
Keep up ( )—Try to keep up the
good name of your family. Ram kept up the whole night ( ^t>r
)
Keep 5f1 c?Giri )—
He shut all the doors and windows of the room to keep out
the cold, ;
Lay aside )— He laid his clothes aside.
Lay by { ) — Try to lay by something for the
future.
Lay doum ( )— He laid
down his life for the sake of his country. These rules were laid
down by a sage. The rebels laid down their arms at last.
Lay in ( *l^?[ store up ) — Ants always lay in food for*
the future.
OROUP VSBBS
Lay up with ( ^'<3^1, to bebed-ridden ) — He has beeiTi
laid up with fever for five days.
25. Look :
Look about He is lookhig about in fear.
Look after ( <) )— The old man has
none to look after him.
Look down upon ( ^^(1 ) — The rich should not look down
upon the poor.
Look /or ^ W )—He is looking a job.
We anxiously looked for his arrival.
Look forward to ( < <11 )— We looked forward
to his arrival.
Look into [ enquire into, ) — Kindly look into
the matter and do the needful.
Look upon ( "SITM <|1 )- Hi* looks upon me as
his brother.
Look out for ( -^^^1 ) — He is looking out for an oppor-
tunity.
Look over ( ^^1 ) — He looked over the accounts.
Look through ( C?^1 ^
f® ^-5 f?^1 C^r^l ) — He looked through my writings. I looked out
through the window.
Look to ( c^f'^^il— attend to ; depend on) —
Look to your own business. Loofe to^Ood for help.
Look up ( find out ^ ^41 ) — Look up the word in the
dictionary. He looked up ( )•
Look up to ( ^ci, ) — Look up to God for help..
I look wp to ( - look upon ) him as my brother.
26. Uake :
Make after ( chase ) — They made after the-
thief.
Make away with ( kill ) —The servant made awajf'
with his master.
7C) HIGUKR JBKG., OBAM., COMP. AND TBANSLATiON
Make /or— This ship will make for ( ) the port
■of Bombay.
Make off ( )— The miscreant ( ) made off
i^’ith his costly umbrella.
Make out ( understand, ) — I am unable to make out the
meaning of his speech.
Make over ( )— He made over charge to Bam.
Make up for (compensate for, ) — This will
make up for the loss of the money.
Make up ( )— Try to
make up your defects. He made up his loss. They made up
their dispute. He made up his mind to do the work.
-27. Pass :
Pass away ( die ■
disappear ) — He passed away at the age of eighty*. All
his obstacles have now passed away.
Pass by ( overlook ; f^CTT )— Such
-defects cannot be passed by. We passed by ( walked past )
his house.
Pass /or ( ) — He passes for a scholar in
that uncultured village.
Pass off ( ) — Don’t try to pass off this false coin.
Pass on (proceed ; hand on) — They passed on to another
wbject. They passed on the letter to me.
Pass ihrmgh ( C^cstl 5«(I %t )— I
had to pass through great obstacles.
28. Put:
Pat down ( )— The boy put down what his teacher had
'dictated.
Pat forth { 4tc*t»f ) — We should pul forth all our energy
for the welfare of oar country.
Put in ( ifttt VH11, »IW )—
He put in an application. Bam put in a claim to the property.
Jadn put in a word for me. '
GROUP VERBS
77
Fntoffi C^«I1 )— Don’t put
off anything for the future. Ho put off' his shoes.
Put on ( wear) ^Put on your dress.
Put out ( CTGUl ) — I asked him to put out the lamp.
Put up ( )— He puta
up in a boarding house. The shop-keeper put up a sign-
board.
Put tip with(^^ tolerate) — I cannot pti^ up ivith
such an insult.
29. Run :
Run after pursue ) — He always runs after
riches.
Run ai attack) — A cat ran at a mouse.
Run army ( ) — ^The thief has run away with
his bag.
Run into— Re has run int^ debts ( ).
Run off ( )— The thief ran off at the
sight of the police.
Run out ( ) — All his property has been rtiti out.
Run over ( ^?1 ) — A dog was run over by a car.
Run through (waste, sit ^^1 )~He has run through all hia
fortune.
30.
See into (know) — We cannot see into the future.
See off ( *lCf f»ni1 f^ipt*
elf's?! ) — We saw him off at the station.
See through ( c?ftC^t Ft^ltfV ?! Tt?! )— Panna
MW through the evil design of Banabir.
See to ( c?ilCSH Cif?1 )— Kindly ««e to
this appeal of mine.
31. Set:
Set abot/i ( ) — He eei about hie work at o.nce.
Set aside ?f?1, ?WHrTbe Supreme
78 HIGHER ENG. GBAM., COMP. AND TBANSLATIOIf
iJoart sei aside the judgement of the Calcutta High Court.
Ram Babu sef aside (or, apart) a portion of his income
for charity.
Set. down ( subdue) — Ho wa^ setm doimi by me
for his insolence. He did not set down ( ) my
objection in his report.
^et forth ( ; ^tarl ^^1 )— He could not set forth
his views properly. They then set forth on their journey.
Set i/i — The) rainy season will soon set in (^15^
).
Set off ( eit'lil ) — They set off for Patna yesterday.
Set on ( C?^^1 ) — They set a do:.' on the
pasaor-by.
Set out ( ^^1 ) — They will set out for Bombay.
Set to ( ) — They set to work at once.
Set ) — Vidya,8aga,r set up a High School in
his village.
52. Sit :
Sit /or (appear at an examination, ) — He is
going to sit for his examination this year.
Sit ow or ttpow ( i
C?^^1 ) — The weight will sit heavily on him. The
crow sat on its eggs ( = incubated its eggs, ).
Sit up ( ^(5^1 )— He could not sit up owing
to an attack of fever. He sat up the whole night to nurse
the patient.
53. Stand :
Stand against ( RlWtRrsI #^1 ) — There was none to stand
gainst him.
Stand by ( ^ ) — I shall always stand
by you.
Stand /or ( Tl ^'eni ; )-^VMy
few people stand for the poor.
OBOX7P VISBBS
79
The sower in the parable stands for Jesus Christ.
jStand off ( )— He stood off (kept aloof) from the
disturbance.
Stand over ( ) — Let the matter stand over for
a few days.
Stand to (stick to, ) — You must stand to your
own principle.
>tand up ( ^"5^ defend ) — Ho stood up for
the refugees.
34. Take :
Take after ( resemble) — Children take after their
parents.
Take back ( withdraw) — You must not take
back your promise.
Take down ( CiT'6?t) — He took down notes from
the book.
Take /or ( ^1
^^1 ) — I took him for a lawyer.
Take in ( ^^1 j )—They will not be able t.>
take him in. I cannot take in what he says.
Take off ( tpfUl C^5|1 ) — Take off your shoes.
Take over ( ) — He took over the charge
of the office.
Take to ( adopt j to be. addicted
to ) — Never take to unfair means. He took to begging, at last.
Bam has taken to smoking.
Take up ( ) — He took up the burden or responsibi-
lity on his own shoulder. Jadu Babu took up the cause of the
r^efugees.
Take upon — I have to take upon myself the burden of our
family.
Take up with ( )— He is taken up the task
writing a book.
80
HIQHBR BKO. GRAM., OOMP. AND TRANSLATION
86. Tell:
Tell against ( ) — ^Your action tells against him.
Tell upon--{ affect ) — Over-eating tells upon one’a
health.
36. Turn :
Turn aside ( deviate ) — Never turn aside from
the path of virtue.
Turn away ( ^^^1^ ^^1 ) — The manager turned away a few^
workers.
Turn down ( )— Thej>^ tur^ied down my offer.
Turn to or into ( )—Turn this,
passage into English.
Turn out ( *^^1 )—The boy was turned^
out of the examination hall. The factory turns out a lot of
aluminium articles.
Turn off ( dismiss, ^^^1^ )— The servant was turned'
off by his master.
Turn over— He turned over a new leaf — ( c*^
).
Turn up ( ^'e^l ) — ^Ram turned up in time.
Tom up (one’s nose) — Haresh turned up his nose at-
his offer.
Turn to ( ffC^ ) — We should turn to God for
help.
37. Work :
Work at sptw — He is toorking at the table.
Work on ( ^file's «(t^1 ) — worked on till midnight.
Work upon { )— The leader of the Unioa
knew how to work upon the fdhlings of the workers.
Work out (a sum) — ^iHe could not work out the sum (
7%^ *t1C^ *11^ ). l?he machine has been worked out
( ) and is, therefore, onservioeable.
Work on { some principle )— -He always worked an his owa
principle (i.e. according to his own principle ),
OBOTTP TBBBS
81
Work up ( ’(Til, excite ) — The eloquence of his fierjr
speech worked up the audience against the policy of the-
British Oovernment.
Let :
Let down ( to drop, CT'SH ) — The woman Ut
down the bucket into the well to draw water from it.
Let in ( allow one to enter into a room, etc. —
Cif'enl ) — ^The naughty boy wanted
to enter into the Headmaster’s room, but he was not let «».
Let into ( C^tRI cr«I1 )— An
unreliable man like him must not be let into the official secrets.
Let off ( ftf^1 Cf'BTl, ^ ^1, let one go away ) — They
let the ruffian off after giving him a sound thrashing.
Let out ( ^71*1 )— The ^ecrets of the house should not
be let out.
^151 CY'6?1 — This flat is to let out.
6—6
CHAPTER V
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHES
I. Definitions :
1. Direct Narration
When a speech is directly reported by quoting the
actual words used by the speaker, it is called the Direct
Narration or Speech *, as—
Bam says, ‘7 read the Oeeta^^*
Hari says ‘7 tcent to Delhi
2. Indirect Narration
When the speech of a person is reported indirectly by
another person in his own words by giving the substance
of the words used by the speaker, without changing their
meaning, it is called the Indirect Narration or Speech ; as —
Bam says that he reads the Oeeta.
Hari says that he went to Delhi.
H. Beporting Verb and Beported Speech :
(a) The Verb that is used to report a speech is called
the Reporting Verb, and the speech which is reported is
called the Reported Speech.
vc) The actual words of the speaker which are quoted
in the Direct Speech are put within inverted Commas
and a Comma ( , ) is used after the Reporting Verb ^ as —
He says, am goifig to school.”
Amal says, **Bonesty is the best policy.
Note : The Comma used after the Beporting Verb, and
the Inoerted Commas within which the actual words of the /
speaker are quoted in the Direct Narration, are omitted ^ i
in the corresponding Indirect Narration.
OISBOT AND INDIBBOT SDNOEXS
83
III. General Roles tor ehangiog a Direct Form of Speeeh
into an Indirect Form : —
I. Assertive Sentences :
(a) In the case of an Assertive Sentence the Conjuno*
tion that is generally used before the reported speech ; and
the tense of the verb of the reported speech remains
unchanged, if the reporting vorb is used in the present or
future tense; as —
Direct* :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Jatin says, ‘-‘I rise early in the morning.*'
Jatin says Ouit he rises early in the morning.
Hari will say, “I cannot go there.”
Hari will say thoA he cannot go ther^.
He says, “Naren will come to-morrow.”
He says that Naren will come to-morrow.
Haren has said,^*! shall go there.”
Hari has said thcA he will go there.
You will say, “I am poor.”
You will say that you are poor.
(b) The following changes take place in the Indirect
Speech, when the reporting verb is used in the past tense ;
(i) The present tense in the reported speech is changed
into the corresponding past tense ; as —
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indireet :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct
Indireet :
Bam said, ”I can do it.”
Bam said that he could do it.
Sudhir said, *T go there.”
Sudhir said that he teeni there.
Madhu said. “I am reading.”
Madhu said that he was reading.
Hari said, "I have done it.”. .
'Hari said, that he had done it.
Harerii said, niay go there.”
Batesh said that he might go thdre.
84
HIOHBR KNO. OBABI., TBANS. AND COMPOSITION
(ii) Tbe fatore tense in the reported speech is changed
into the corresponding future in the past tense, as—
Direct : Mahim said, “I shall go to Delhi.”
Indirect : Mahim said that he would go to Defhi.
Direct : Paresh said, “1 shall not do it.”
Indirect : Paresh said that he would not do it.
Direct : I said, shall read the book.”
Indirect : I said that I should read the book.
(iii) The Past Indetlnitive Tense in the reported speech
is changed into the corresponding Past Perfect tense ; as —
Direct : Sasil said, ‘*1 went there.’*
Indirect : Sasil said that he had gone there.
Direct ; He said, “I did the work.”
Indirect : He said that he had done the work.
Direct : Amar said, “I saw him.”
Indirect : Amar said that he hod seen him.
(iv) The Past Continuous Tense in the reported speech is
changed into the corresponding Past Perfect Continuous
Tense ; as—
Direct i Shyam said, “I was then reading a book.”
Indirect : Shyam said that he had been reading then.
Direct : Bamen said, “Hari was doing the work.”
Indirect : Bamen said that Hari had been doing the work.
(c) The tense of the Verb of the reported speech • is
unchangeable, if it (the reported speech) refers to some umvsr*
sed truth or habitual fact ; as —
Direct : ' Our teacher sai4, "The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect : Our teachet said that the sun rises in the east.
Direct : Qopal said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect : Gopal said that the earth moves round the sun.
Direot : Bamesh said, “God is all-powerful.”
Indiieot 3 Bamesh said that Ghxl'Midl-powerfol.
SIKBOT AND INDIBXOI 8N8SOHBS
85
Direct : Hiren said, “HonMty is the best pohoy.”
Indirect : Hiren said that honesty is the best policy.
Direct 9 Xaresh said, “Forgiveness is the noblest revenge.”
Indirect ; Naresh said that forgiveness is the noblest revenge.
(d) The Persons of Pronouns and Verbs in the Indirect
Speech must correspond to the persons of the individuals
referred to in the Direct Speech ; as —
Direct : He said to me, “You may go there.”
Indirect : He told me that / might go there.
Direct : He said to me, “You are idle.”
Indirect : He told me that you were idle.
Direct : I said to him, “You will be able to do it.”
Indirect : 1 UM him that he would be able to do it.
Direct : You said to me, “You cannot go there.”
Indirect : Yon tcdd me that I could not go there.
VT'
N.B. Students are instructed to write “told me”, “told yon,”
. “told him”, etc. before “that” in the Indirect Speech
in places of “said to me,” “said to you”, 'said to him”
used in the Direct Speech as shown in the above
examples.
Exercise
I. Change the following into the Indited Form of Speech
Bam said, “I am going to Delhi.”
Hari said, “I shall not do the work.”
- Jadu said, “Jatin oaimot do the sum.”
Ha(ren said to Naren, “Yon are my bosom friend”.
Paresh said to Mahesh, “Dod is almighty”.
Faritosh said to Mahitosb, “Virtue saves the virtuous.”
You said to him, “I shidl see you to-morrow.”
Nabih Said' t'> y(Ai, “You will not be able to do it.”
He said to me, “You will be rewarded.”
86 HIOHSB BKO. OBAH., OOMP. AB0 TRANSLATION
Harish said to me, “I have done the work/*
Amal said to him, "You did not go there.”
Shyamal said to me, *‘Foa were absent from school
^ that day.”
1 said to him, *‘You committed a serious blunder.”
Hari said to me, “Qod is the creator of the universe.”
Aparesh said to him, will not go there, if you do
not go.”
Pulak said to him, ‘‘The Headmaster was angry with
you.”
He said to you, “You were wrong in doing so.”
Father said to me, “God is all-merciful.”
I said to him, “You are ill, so you cannot go there.”
II, Turn irUo the Direct Farm of Speech : —
1. I said that I could do the work easily.
2. Haren said that he had gone to Delhi.
3. Paresh told me that as he was ill, he could not attend
the meeting.
4. Naren said that honesty is the best policy.
5. Mokareni said that God is all in all.
6. Pranab told Madhab that he would wait for him at the
station.
7. He told me that he would not go to our house.
8. Ramesh told NAresh that he (Ramesh) would be glad if
he (Naresh) did it.
9. I told him that the sun does not move round the earth,
but the earth moves round it (the sun).
10. He told you that you would pass the examination, but
he would fail in it.
11. Indubala told Shymal that she would not go to Patna
with him.
snueoT ADD htdibbot wsboAbb
87
II. Interrogative Sentences :
t e reported speech is an Interrogative Sentence, the
interrogative form should be converted into a statement by
ohanging the reporting verb into aeh or enquire folloved by
the conjunction wheOier^ or if, in the case of the ans\rer of
the question being either yes or no ; but whether, or if should
never be used in oases where the questions are introduced by
InterrogaUve Pronouns or Adjectives or Adverbs, such as who,
what, which, where, when, how, why ; as —
I
Shyam said to me, “Do you know it
Syam asked (or, enquired of) me if (or, whether)
I knew it.
Naren said to him, “Are you going to school
Naren asked him if he was going to school.
He said to ydti, “Will you go there
He asked (or, enquired of) you whether you would
go there.
II
Direct : He said to Ramen, “When will you do it ?*’
Indirect : He asked Bamen when he (Bamen) would do it.
Direct : I said to him, “What do you want V*
Indirect ; I asked him what he wanted.
Direct ; You said to him, “Where are you going ?”
Indirect : Yon asked him where he wcw going.
Direct ; I said to Jadu, “How have yon done it ?
Indirect : I adeed Jadu how he had done it.
Direct : He said to me, "Why do you do so 1“
Indirect : He asked me why I did so.
Direct ;
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
N.B'., in cases o/^Interregatthre Senteneee the Con^m^im
“tint* is iievsr used.
88 HtOHBB liro., OBAll., TSAMS. AITS OOHFOSmOH
Exercise
. 1. Turn into the Indirect Form of Sjpeech : —
(a) Amal said to me, "What will you bring for me from
Delhi f
(b) Paresh said to him, “Where will you get it 1 ”
(0) Naresh said to you, “How did you do the work ?”
(d) Harish said to them, “When shall I meet you I”
(e) Pijush said to Madhu, “Why have they become so
sorry ?”
(f) Karim said to Rahim, “Which of the books do you
want ?”
(g) Kanai said to Balai, “Shall I wait for you
(h) They said to me, “Will you not sit for the examination V*
(1) She said to my sister, “Do you attend school regularly I”
(j) I said to them, “Have you passed the examination
2. Turn into the Direct Form of Speech —
(a) I asked the man who he was and from where he had
arrived (there).
(b) Nabin asked me whether I bad done my duty.
(c) Joydeb enquired of him how he worked the sum out.
(d) Durgesb asked Bahmat if he (Bahamat) bad recognised
him (Durgesh).
(e) The teacher asked the boy what he was late for.
(f) Jasim asked Abdulla why he had done the work.
(g) Ali asked Kasem when he (Ali) would meet him (Kasem).
HI. ImperaUve Sentences :
►
If the reported speech is an impwative sentence, .the
reporting verb should be changed into some such verbs as
requeet, beg, command, entreat, tett as the case may be
aeooiding to the sense of the speech, and the Inqwratlve
Mood should be converted into the Infinitive Ifood 4 as -
DIRECT AED lEDlREOT SPEECHES
89
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect r
Direct :
Indirect ;
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect ;
Direct :
Indirect :
The master said to his servant, * 'Bring me a glass
of water.”
The master orde.red his servant to bring him a glass
of water.
I said to him, “Do not go there.”
1 told (or, ordered, or, advised) him not to go there.
He said to me, “Please teach me English.”
He requested me to tmch him English,
I said to him, “Be kind to me.”
1 entreated or begged him to be kind to me.
The general said to the soldiers, “Fight to the
last.”
The general commanded (or, ordered) the soldiers
to fight to the last.
Jadu said, “Madhu, come here.”
Jadu told Madhu to go there.
The speaker sfiid, “Friends, listen to me,”
Addressing them as friends, the speaker requested
them to listen to him,
“0 God, have pity on me,” he said.
He prayed to God to have pity on him.
He shouted, “Be off, scoundrel.”.
He ordered the scoundrel to be off.
or, He shouted to the scoundrel to be off.
or, Calling the person (oP, fellow) a scoundrel, he
ordered him to be off.
The clerk said to the ofScer, “Kindly grant me
three days’ leave. Sir”.
The clerk respectfully requested the Officer to grant
him three days' leave kindly.
III(A). Imperative Sentences with 'Let’,
a) If the word, “let”, occurs in the reported speech to
express ■ a proposal or suggestion, the word 'shouW is
substituted for Ui, -and the reporting verb is changed into
^propose or suggest ; or as—
90
HIOHBB BKO. XJBAH., TBANS., AND OOMFOamOK
Direot
Indireot :
Direot :
Indirect :
Ganesh said to me, *'Let us do it'*.
Ganesh proposed or suggested to me ihat we should'
do it.
I said to him, Let us have a walk by j>he riversido.
I proposed or suggested to him that we should have
a walk by the riverside.
(b) If let is not used to express a proposal or suggestion, the
words might, or might be (Mowed, or some other word or words,
such as clearly expresses the sense implied by *let' should be
used ; as —
Direot : Jadu said, “Let him say what he knows”.
Indirect : Jadu said that he might (or, might be (Mowed to)
say what he knew.
Direct : I said to him, “Let me go there”.
Indirect : I requested him that I might be allowed to go
there, or, I requested him to (Mow me to
go there.
Direot : He said, “Let me take a little rest”.
Indirect : He wanted that he might take a little rest.
Exercise
1. Twm into the Indire<d Form of Narration (Speech) : —
(a) Bam said to Shyam, “Come to me”.
(b) Hari said to me, “Tell me what to do”.
(0) The teacher said to the students, “Don’t make a noise
in the class.”
(d) She said to Amal, “Do not run in the sun’*.
(e) Father said to me, “Alwa(^s learn your lessons attend
tively”.
(f) Jadu said to you, “Brother, don’t be displeased with me”..
(g) ^lak said to Dipab, “Let me do the work alone”.
(h) I said to him, “Bring me a glass of water”.
(1) Haresh said to tiie lady. “Mother, kindly let me go ^ere'*’
DIBIOOT AND INDIRBOT 8PBBGHB8
n
(i) The officer said to the clerk, ^ ^Attend office punctiially,
or necessary action will be taken against yon”.
(k) He said to the manager, ‘^Kindly grant me three da 3 n 9 ’'
leave'\
2. Turn irUo the Direct Form of Narration
(a) Jatin told me to help him in the matter.
(b) I requested him to accompany me to the station!
(c) He ordered his .servant to bring him a cup of milk.
(d) The general commanded the soldiers to march on.
(e) We proposed to them that we should pay a visit to Puri.
(f) He suggested to me that we should avail ourselves of the-
morning train.
(g) Ram begged his father that he might be allowed to do
the work.
(h) The beggar entreated the ricli man to give him a piece
of cloth,
(i) Shyamal told me the boy might do whatever he liked.
%
Note : ^Vhen any confusion arises about the use of the appro-
priate verb for the introduction of the reported speech
in an imperative sentence, it is safe for students to
use tell in the Indirect speech m*%he sense of request^
order, command, etc.
IV. Optative Sentences :
In the case of an Optative sentence, the optative f6rm is
transformed into a statement by changing the reporting verb
into some other verb expressing wish^ or prayer^ as required,
by the sense of the reported speech : As for examples,
Direct : Mother said to me, *'May you live long.”
Indirect : Mother prayed (or, wished) that I might live long._
or, Mother wished me a long life.
^2 HIGHBB BNG. GRAM., TBAN8. AND COMPOSITION
Direct : I said to her, “May you live in peace.”
Indirect ; I unshed (or, prayed) that she might live in peace.
Direct : May God bless you”, said father to me.
Indirect : Father prayed that God migU bless mp.
V. Exclamatory Sentences :
If the reported speech in the direct form is an exclamation^
it is turned into a statement by changing the reporting verb
into such other verb as expresses the sense of ezdamation^
wish or prayer^ etc. as well as by introducing some new word,
or words for the completion of the sense.
In such cases there is always the omission of interjections
and interjectional phrases : e. g.,
Direct He said to me, “How happy you are f’
Indirect He told me that I was very happy.
Direct He said, “Alas f I am undone !”
Indirect He exclaimed with sorrow (or, grief) that he was
undone.
Direct Hari said to mo, “Good-bye, brother.”
Indirect Addressing me as a friend^ Hari bade me good-bye.
Direct Ram said, “Hurrah f We have scored a goal.”
Indirect Ram exclaimed with joy that they had scored a goal.
Direct He said, "‘Bravo, my brother has secured a
scholarship.”
Indirect He exclaimed with delight that his brother had
secured a scholarship.
Direct He said, “Upon God f I did not do it.”
Indirect He swore by Ood that he had not done it.
Direct He said to me, “What a fool you are j”
Indirect He exclaimed thaJt I was a great fool.
Exeftrise
1 . Turn into the Indirect Form of Speech : —
I
1. He said to me, **May you be happy”. 2. Bam said to
^hyam, “How glad' I am to see you f” 3. She said to her son,
OIBBCT AND INOIBBOT SPBBOHBS
93
'*May God grant you a long life/ 4. Haren said, "What an
unfortunate man I am / 5. They said, "How intelligent the
boy is / 6. He said, “By God \ I know nothing of it.”
11
(a) Hares said, ^ Hurrah t Our team has won a goal.”
(b) Paresh said to Mahesh, "How fortunate you are t”
(c) Jatin said to Rabin, "Good-bye, dear friend.”
(d) They said to Shyamal, "How kind of you i”
(e) Amal said, "How funn\^ f You venture to do so i”
(f) He said, “What a*good idea f’’
(g) Janaki said to Madhabi, "Had 1 been a fairy j”
(h) Naresh said, ‘Tf I were a king !”
(i) Karim said, "Had I the wings of a dove
(j) Ajay said to Sanjay, "How nice your writing is
(k) The poor widow said, "Alas ] T have none to look after me".
(l) He said, "What was our joy to see him after such a long
period
VI. Words expressing nearness of time and place are
generally changed into kindred words indicating remoteness
of time and place in the Indirect speech ; as —
Direct
This is
changed
into
Indirect
That
These „
>*
»»
Those
Now ,,
Then
Here „
There
'Hither „
>>
Thither
Thus „
So
Hence „
i>
»»
Thence
Hereby „
>»
•»
Thereby
(In) this way „
»»
(In) that way
Ago „
- M
»>
Before
To-day „
H
>9
That day
To morrow „
9)
•9
(The next daj/,
Yesterday ,,
9*
99
iThe following day
The previous day
Last nightly
The previous night
Next week „
f >
• 9
The following week
Come
Go
94
HIOHEB ENG. GRAM., TBANS. AND COUFOSmON
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
ibireot :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Examplee
He said, 'This man has done the work.”
He said that that man had dori^ the work.
Naren said, ^'These are good boys.”
Naren said that those are good boys. *
I said to him, **¥00 may go now.”
I told him that he might go then.
He said to me, "Come hither,'^
He told me to go thither.
She said to Ram, "Act thus'"
She told Ram to act so.
Rahim said to him, "Go Aewce.”
Rahim ordered him to go thence.
You said, "I went to Delhi three months ogro”.
You said that you had gone to Delhi three months
before.
Latiff said, "I have come home to-day \
Latiff said that he had gone home that day.
He said, "I shall go there to-morrow."
He said that he would go there the next day.
I said to him, ‘‘I went to Belgharia yesterday",
I told him that I had gone to Belgharia the previ-
ous day.
He said, ‘‘Hari passed the B. A. Examination
last year".
He said that Hari had-passed the B. A. Examina-
tion the previous year.
They said, *‘We shall visit Puri next week".
They said that they would visit Puri the following
week.
.N,B. (a) The word “it” is nevei^ changed into “that”, though
similar in meaning to the pronoun this ; "it" is
always unchangeable.
(b) The words, this^ here^ thus etc. are not required to
be changed if they indicate such things as are present
before the speaker.
DIBBGT AND INDIBBOT SPJ9XCKBS
95
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Direct :
Indirect :
Examples
Ganesh said, **I can do it easily”.
Ganesh said thai he couU do it easily.
Tapan said, ”None can be happy here on earth:
Tapan said that none can be happy here on earth.
He came here and said to me, ‘'I shall stay here”.
He came here and told me that he would stay here.
Pointing to this house, he said to mo, “This
belonged to me one year ago.”
Pointing to this house, he told me that this house
had belonged to him one year before.
On doing the work in this way, he said to me,
“If you act thus, you will be able to do it”.
On doing the work in this way, he told or advised
me that if J acted thus, I should be able to do it.
, Exercise
1. Turn into the Indirect Form of Narration i —
(a) Ram said to Jadu, “Come to our house at any time to-day.”
(b) Hari said to me, “I cannot go there to-morrow”.
(c) Pranab said to Madhab, “Try to do the work just now.”
(d) He said to me, “I went to your house yesterday, but could
not find you”.
(e) Haren said to Abdulla, “Don’t tease me thus.”
(f) He said to my brother, “Did you pay a visit to Puri last
year V*
(g) Paresh said to Naresh, “I went to Agra two years ago.”
(h) I said to him, “Go hence, or you will be punished.”
'^(i) Bamen said to Rahamat, “Is there any man who is perfectly
happy in this world ?”
(i) Ajoy said to Malay, “Go by this way to the fair”.
2. Change into the Direct Form of Speech : —
(a) Jatin told me that he had finished the work to-day.
(b) He said that he liad visited Delhi the previous year.
96
HIOHEB BNO. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
(g) iN'aren said to Shyam that no one is happy here on earth.
(d) I told him that I should call on him at his office the next
day.
(e) Sujit said to Ajit to accompany him to the station.
(f ) Nabin said to him that he (Nabin) had not seen him at the
place last night.
(g) I advised him to do the work in that way.
VII. Questions & answers :
When answers are required to be turned into the Indirect
form of narration, complete sentences should be constructed
by presenting in them the words which are understood in the
Direct form j as —
Direct : “What do you want — said Ram to him.
He replied, “Your fountain pen’\
Indirect : Bam asked him what he wanted
He replied that he wanted his (Ram’s) fountain
pen.
Direct : I said to him, “Did you attend the meeting
yesterday He replied, “Yes“.
Indirect : 1 enquired of him whether he had attended the
meeting the previous day. He replied that he
had (attended the meeting the previous day).
Direct : “Will you let me see it inquired the prince
smilingly. “Gladly”, replied the lady.
Indirect : The prince smilingly Inquired if the lady would
let him see it. The lady replied that she would
gladly let him see ft.
Direct : He said to Hari, ‘‘Will you go out for a walk f*’
He replied, “No”.
Indirect : He asked Hari if he would go out for a walk*
He replied that he would not.
DIBEGT AND INDIBBOT NABBATIONS
97
N.B. There are also uses of such expressions as in the
affirmative and in the negative in the Indirect form of speech
to indicate ‘'Yes” and “No” respectively, used in the Direct
form. But Sit >is advisable [for students not to make any such
use of cumbrous forms.
VIII. Buies for the Combination of different kinds of
sentences used in the reported speech :
(a) If similar sentences are used in succession in the
reported speech the reporting verb should be used only once
in the Indirect form of Narration, but the repetition of the
reporting verb is necessary, if the sentences are not consecu-
tively used. In such cases the reporting verb often begins
with ^ again"* or 'also*.
(b) In case of the combination of sentences of different
kinds, such reporting verbs as are suitable for different
sentences should be used in the Indirect speech.
Examples worked out
Direct : Hari said to him, “Who are you What is your
name ? Whence have you come here” ?
Indirect : TTari asked him who he was, what his name was
and whence he had gone there.
Direct: Bam -said to Jadu, “Why are you so dishear-
tened ? Attempt again and you will succeed.”
Indirect : Bam asked Jadu why he was so disheartened.
He (Bam) advised him (Jadu) to attempt again
and encouraged him that he would then succeed.
Direct ; He said to me, “Why are you displeased with
me What harm have I done to you V I still look
upon you as my brother^\
Indirect : He asked me why I was displeased with him and
what harm he had done to me. He also told me
that he still looked upon me as his brother.
7
98
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
Direct : ‘This is a handy cove/ says he, at lengthy ‘and a
pleasant sittyated grog-shop. Much company,
mate f*
Indirect : At length, he said that that was a handy cove
and that there was also a pleasantly^ situated
grog shop ; and then addressing him as mate, he
asked him if there was much company there.
Direct : 1 said to him, “I have not seen you for a long
time. Are you all right Try to see me now
and then**.
Indirect : I told him that I had nob seen him for a long
time and asked him whether he was all right. I
also told him to try to see me now and then.
Exercise
1. Dr Livosey said to the Old Sea-Dog, “If you do not pub
that knife this instant, 1 promise, upon my honour, you
shall hang at next assizes’*.
2. “And now, Sir,” said the doctor to the captain, “since I now
know there is such a fellow in my district, you may count
I will have an eye upon you [day and night. I am not a
doctor only ; I am a magistrate.”
3. “But, Isaac,” said one of them, “you have forgotten one
thing that belongs to a mill”.
“What is that f* asked Isaac.
“Why, where is the miller asked his friend.
“That is true,— I must look for one’*, said Isaac.
4. Dr Livesey said to the Old Sea-Dog, “If I catch a breath
of complaint against you, if it is only for a piece of incivi-
lity like to-night’s, I will take effectual means to have
you hunted down and routed out of this. Let this suffice”.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATIONS
99
5. "Well, then,” said he, “this is the berth for me. Here you,
matey”, he cried to the man who trundled the barrow ;
“bring up alongside and help up my chest, I’ll stay here
a bit”.
6. He continued, “I am a plain man, rum and bacon and
eggs is what I want, and that head up therefor to watch
ships oflF. What you mought call me y You mought call
me captain”.
7. “0 Diamond, Diamond”, exclaimed he, “thou little knowest
the mischief thou hast done”.
8. He’ll make a capital workman one of these days”, she
would probably say. “No fear that Isaac will do well in
the world and be a rich man before he dies”.
9. "How did you get here, child ? Whose baby are you
the man asked as he steered clear of the mass. The child
wept more bitterly than ever now and only cried, “I want
my mother, I want my father”.
10. The man took him to the counter of the sweet-shop and
asked, /‘What sweets would you like, child?” The child
turned his face from the sweet-shop and only sobbed,
•‘1 want my mother, 1 want my father”.
11. “I'caii’t understand it,” said Jack, scratching the surface
of the stumpjwith his axe, “I can only suppose that the
savages have been here and cut it for some purpose known
only to themselves. But, hallo ! What have we here f*
12. “Neverthele&s,” remarked Jack, /if that same stone bad hit
any of us, it would have rendered the charge you speak
of quite unnecessary, Peterkin.”
CHAPTER VI
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES’
The Transformation of a Sentence means its conversion
or change from one form to another without any change of its
tmaning.
1 . .Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentences :
Affirmative :
Negative ;
Affirmative :
Negative ;
Affirmative :
Negative ;
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative ;
Affirmative :
Ncjgative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
As soon as the ijolice came the thief ran awa3\
No sooner liad the police come than the thiet
ran awa^'.
He alone can do the work.
None but he can do the work.
He must finish the work to-da)^
He cannot but finish the work to-da3^
Every man wishes to be bapp3^
There is no man but wishes to be happy.
or, There is no man who does not wish to be
happy.
Everybody knows that man is mortal.
Who does not know that man is mortal ?
That man is mortal is known to all.
That no man is immortal is known to all.
1 doubt whether he will comi;.
I am not sure that he will come.
He was absent from the meeting.
He was not present in the meeting.
(b) From Negative to Affirmative
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
He is not a bad boy.
He is a good boy.
None but an active man succeeds in life..
An active man alone succeeds in life.
A
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
101
Negative ;
Affirmative ;
Negative ;
Affirmative ;
Negative :
Affirmative ;
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative :
Negative :
Affirmative %
There is no mother but loves her child.
Everij mother loves her child.
I must not reject the offer.
I mast accept the offer.
Nobody will go against this action.
Everybody will support this action.
Ram left nothing undone.
Ram did everything.
Even great men are not without drawbacks.
Even great men have drawbacks.
Hari could not do the work smoothly.
Hari failed' to do the work smoothly.
There is no rose that has no thorns.
Every rose has thorns.
None but experienced hands should apply for
the post.
Only experienced hands should apply for the
post.
II. Interchange of Assertive and Interrogative Sentences s
(a) From Assertive to Interrogative
Assertive :
Everybody knows that he is a good man.
Interrogative :
Who does not know that he is a good man f
Assertive :
He is a great scholar.
Interrogative :
Is he not a great scholar ?
Assertive :
Surely, he repents of his past life.
Interrogative :
Does he not repent of bis past life ?
Assertive :
None believes a liar.
Interrogative :
Does any one believe a liar ?
Assertive :
Tiiere is no use of wealth if it is not spent in
noble causes.
Interrogative :
What is the use of wealth if it is not spent in
noble cases.
(b)
From Interrogative to Assertive.
Interrogative :
Can we ever forget that charming natural
scenery ?
102
nrOHBB ENG. OB AM., TBANS. AND COMPOSITION
Assertive s
Interrogative :
Assertive :
Interrogative :
Assertive ;
Interrogative :
Assertive :
Interrogative t
Assertive :
We can never ‘forget that charming natural
scenery.
Who is afraid of him ?
Nobody is afraid of him.
Does not the distress of the ' flood-stricken
people beggar description ?
The distress of the fl )od-stricken people beggars
description.
Who is so base as to hate his native land ?
There is none so base as to hate his native
land.
What though he goes against you 7
It does not matter if he goes against you.
III. Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences r
(a) From Exclamatory to .Assertive.
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive ;
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
What a fool you are \
You are a great fool.
If I were a king !
I wish that I were a king.
Alas f T have none to help me in this danger.
I am sorry that I have none to help me in thia
danger.
How kind yon are to me ;
You arc very kind to me.
Hurrah j O ir team has won a goal.
I rejoice that our team has won a goal.
(b) From Assertive to Exclamatory
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive i
Exolamatoiy :
It is a very charming scenery.
What a charming scenery it is )
He is very foolish.
How foolish he is f
I wish (that) I had the wings of a dove.
Had I the wings of a dove j
TB^KPFOFMJkTION OF SENIEKCES
103
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
Assertive :
Exclamatory :
A little learoiDg is a dangerous thing.
What a dangerous thing a little learning is ;
You are a scoundrel, and must be off/
Be off, you scoundrel f
IV. Interchange of Degrees of Comparison
Positive :
Comparative :
Positive :
Comparative :
Positive :
Comparative :
Superlative :
Positive :
Comparative :
Superlative :
Superlative :
Positive ;
Comparative :
Positive ;
Comparative :
Bam is as good as Shyam.
Sh37am is not better than Bam.
Now-a-days fish is not so cheap as meat.
Now-a-da3\s meat is cheaper than fish.
There is no virtue so great as non-violence.
Non-violence is greater than all other virtues
(or any other virtue).
Non-violence is the greatest virtue.
or, Non-violence is the greatest of all virtues.
No other girl is so beautiful (or, as beautiful)
as Lila here. ,
Li^a is nare Itavliftl then cvy other girl (or, all
other girls) here.
Lila is the wost Icavtiful girl here.
or, Lila is the mest hfavl'lfv! if all the girls here.
Nefaji is one of the statesmen of the
world.
Very few statesmen of the world are as great
as Netaji.
Netaji is greater than mo&t other statesmen of
the world.
Jadu is at least as good as any other boy in the
class.
f Jadu is not worse than any other boy in the class.
INo other boy in the class is better than Jadu.
V. Interchange of Parts of Speech.
1. Uses of Nouns in place of Adverbs ; —
(a) He acted honestly.
He acted with honesty.
104 HIGHER ENG. GRAM., TBANS. AND COMPOSITION
(b) Hari lives happily,
Hari lives in happiness,
(c) The warrior fought bravely.
The warrior fought with bravery,
9
2. Uses of Verbs in place of Nouns :
(a) He has attained success in the examination.
He has smceeded in the examination.
(b) Try to send an early reply to my letter.
Try to reply early to my letter.
(c) Your success is a great encouragement to him
Your success has greatly encouraged him.
3. Uses of Adverbs in place of Nouns :
(i) There is no doubt that he will stand first in the
H. S. Examination.
He will undoubtedly stand first in the H. S. Exa-
mination.
(ii) Haresh performed his duty with honesty and
sincerity.
Haresh performed his duty honestly and sincerely,
(iii) Paresh acted with great promptness and wisdom,
Paresli acted very promptly and wisely.
Exercises
1. Transform the following sentences from Affirmative into
Negative Sentences and vice versa : —
(a) Only graduates are eligible for the post.
(b) Abani is the best boy in the class.
(o) Haren is as intelligent^as Bamen.
(d) Bahim is not a dishonest man.
(e) We shall ever remember you. I
(f) None but an active and honest man can prosper Jn life.
(g) There is no man but wishes to be happy.
(h) Everybody admits that he is an honest man.
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
105
(i) No sooner had the police come than the thief ran away.
(j) I am aware of the matter.
2. Change the following Sentences from Assertive into
Interrogative Sentences and vice versa : —
(a) A dishonest man can never enjoy happiness in life.
(b) Who knew that he would fail so miserably ?
(c) What is the necessity of wealth if it is not properly
used
(d) The glory of Netaji will never fade.
(e) Is there any one who docs not love his native land ?
(f) Everybody disbelieves a liar.
(g) Who is so foolish as to do this V
(h) This is not the proper way to do the job.
(i) What you say is meaningless.
(j) Are not all men subject to death ?
3. Change the following sentences from Exclamatory to
.Assertive Sentences and vice versa :
(a) What a fool you are t
(b) How charming the scenery is t
(c) Oh, had I the wings of a dove ;
(d) If I were a king ;
(e) This is a grand success for him.
(f) I wish I had a kingdom.
(g) A little learning is a dangerous thing.
(h) Hurrah f My brother has won the first prize.
(i) Away with you, you villain J
(j) The girl is very beautiful to look at.
•A. ( I ) Removal of *But'
(i) There is no man but wishes to be happy.
There is no man who does not wish to be happy.
(ii) But for your help, I would have fallen in [a great
danger.
Had it not been for your help, I would have fallen
in a great danger.
106 HIGHBB ENG. GBAM., TEANS. AND COMPOSITION
(liiJ'He could not dui submit to the authorities.
He, could not help submitting to the authorities.
(iv) Hemen is poor, hut happy.
Though poor^ Hemen is happy.
(v) Jadu is something of a dramatist, but rather .more*
of a poet.
Jadu is more a poet than a dranjatist.*]
(2) Removal of “Too’’
(i) He is too clever to be cheated.
He is 80 clever that he cminot be cheated.
(ii) Karim is too fond of gardening.
Karim is exceedingly fond of gardening.
(iii) Jatin is too indulgent to his son.
Jatin is over-indulgent to his son.
(iv) fit is never too late to correct yourself.
It is never so late that you cannot correct yourself.
(v) He cannot be too careful about his studies.
He cannot be careful to a fault about his studies.
Exercise
1. Remove “but”/rom the following sentences : —
(i) He is very rich, but unhappy.
(ii) But for you, ho would have been ruined.
(iii) He cannot but do this.
2. Remove “too” /rom the following sentences :
(i) It is never too late to mend.
(ii) He is too weak to walk.
(iii) Hnri is too fond of anything.
CHAPTER VII
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation means the division of Sentences by marks or
stops in order to make the meaning clear and to facilitate
pronunciation at the time of reading.
The Principal Stops are
(1)
Comma (
(2)
Semicolon ( )
(3)
Colon ( : )
(4)
Full stop ( . )
(^)
The Note of Interrogation ( ? )
(6)
The Note of Exclamation
(!)
(7)
Dash ( — )
(8)
Quotation M/irks (
(Or, Inverted Commas)
a w j
(9)
Hyplien ( - )
(10)
Apostrojihc ( ’ )
(11)
Asterisk ( * )
(12)
Brackets ( ) [ ]
(I) COMMA ( , )
The Comma is generally used :
(i) For separation of ihrte or more words or phrases of the
same part of speech from one another by connecting only
the last two by the Conjunction, and ; as —
I gave the boy a bookj a copy book and a pen.
He is intelligent^ active and polite.
(ii) Before and after oppositional words or phrases to>
separate them from the rest of the sentence • as —
Rabindranath, the world-renowned poet, won the
Nobel Prize.
Ram, brother of Shyam^ is a very good boy.
^08 HIGHER ENG, GRAM., TRANS., AND COMPOSITION
(iii) Before and after the Vocative to separate it from the
rest of the sentence ; as —
I love you, Amal, from the very core of my heart.
liameah, let us go out for a walk by the riverside.
(iv) After an absolute construction for its separation from
the rest of the sentence ; as —
The sun having set, we all returned home.
The game over, they went away.
The teacher entering ( or, having entered ) the class, all
the boys stood up.
To tell you frankly, I cannot rely on him.
(v) Before words, phrases or clauses to mark when they
are let into the body of a sentence ; as—
Ham, however, sympathises with me.
There is a co-coanut tree, fifteen feet high, in our orchard.
(vi) Sometimes before and after a long adverbial clause to
separate it from the principal clauFo j as —
Wheii he tvas five years old, he was sent to school.
I could not attend school, as I was laid up with fever.
(vii) Sometimes after adverbs or adverbial phrases when
they are used at the beginning of a sentence, j as —
Fortunately, ho succeeded in the examination.
At the advent of spring. Nature assumes a .beautiful look.
(viii) Between /aZZy expressed co-ordinate clauses ; as —
Abdul is poor, but he is honest.
He is a teacher, and his brother is a writer.
(ix) To mark oflF quotation j as —
Ramesh said, “I shall go there to-morrow’’.
He said to me, ‘‘Where are you going f”
(x) To separate a clause, introduced by a Relative Pronoun
in a continuative sense, from the rest of the sentence as —
I know Karim, who is a very good boy.
Ram came to me last night, when I was going to bed.
PUNCTUATION
lOd'
II. The Semi-^Golon ( j )
The Semicolon ( ; ) which indicates a longer pause than
the Comma, is usually used to separate co-ordinate clauses ; —
(a) When- they are not connected by conjunctions ; as —
He is an honest man ; everybody loves him.
God made the country ; man, the town.
(b) When they are joined by such conjunctions as buty
stilly yety wherasy however y otherwisey so, etc. -used to express
alternativey contrast or inference ; as —
(i) If you go there, I shall accompany you ; but I shall
remain here if you do not go.
(ii) I have repeatedly warned him of the danger ; still he
• remained indifferent and inactive.
(iii) When he was in distress, I helped him my utmost ;
yet he accuses me of selfishness.
(iv) He was laid up with fever ; so ( or, therefore ) he
could not attend the meeting.
(v) The beggar is suffering from cold for want of clothes ;
however. Ram has supplied him with a wrapper.
(c) When the parts are broken up by commas ( in cases
of lengthy co-ordinate clauses ) ; as.
The boy is intelligent, meritorious and active ; and he
is expected to achieve a brilliant success in the exami-
nation. He is a bachelor, but he possesses several
brick-built houses as well as ample hard cash ; his
only nephew will inherit all these.
III. Colon ( : )
The Colon which indicates a longer pause than the
semicolon, is used :
(a) To separate sentences which are not grammaiically con-
nected^ but are related in sense ; as — ^
We all must try to acquire knowledge : knowledge is .
power.
Ram is meritorious : Sbyam is dull.
110 HIGHER ENG., GRAM., TRANS. 'AND COMFOSmON
(b) To introduce occasionally a guo^cUion or an example of
‘Some rule ( usually with a dash ) ; as —
Always remember : — “Honesty is the best policy”.
The sermon runs as follows : — “Forgiveness is the
noblest revenge”. •
Examples of an Abstract Noun are*: — Honesty, beauty,
modesty, happiness, etc.
IV. Full Stop ( . )
The Full stop is used : —
(a) At the end of a sentence to indicate its completion ;
as —
(i) The sufferings of the Hood-stricken people beggar
description.
j(ii) Rahim is a very good boy.
{h)2 After initials and abbreviations ; as —
Mr A. K. fiasu is a barrister.
He is an M.A. ( M.D., M.B., M.L.A., M.P., etc. )
V. The Note of Interrogation ( y )
The Note of Interrogation (?) is used after a direct
question ; as —
Where are you going now f
Will you*accompany me to the station ?
' VI. The Note of Exclamation ( ! )
The Note of Exclamation ( ! ) is used after words or
sentences to express or denote emotions of joy, sorroWy wish,
admiration, apostrophe, surprise, etc ; as —
(a) Hurrah f we have won a goal.
(b) Alas ! he is undone.
(c) Oh, ‘were I a king I
(d) Bravo [ Well done.
(o) Kalidas 1 thou shouldst be alive in our midst.
(f ) How charming the scenery is ;
PUNCTUATION
Hi
VII. Dash ( — \
The Dash ( — ) is used : —
(a) To indicate an abrupt break in a sentence or to mark
a sudden change of thought, e.g.,
(i) He said — Oh, how transient the human life is t
(ii) : Happy were our forefatliers — but why should we lose
heart in our misery ?
(b) Occasionally to mark off words in apposition or expla”
nation j^as —
He has lost everything — health, wealth and fame.
We owe everything to God — the Supremo Being of
the universe.
(c) Sometimes to resume a scattered subject ; as —
Ram, Shyam, Jadu, Madhu, Hari — all went there.
(d) Occasionally to invert a parenthesis followed by
another dash ; as —
Ram is — we all know — is an honest man.
He is — to speak plainly — a villain.
VIII, Quotation ( “ * )
Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas ( " ) are used : —
(a) To cite the exact words of a speaker, or a quotation ;
as —
Ho said ‘‘I am unable to go there”.
That “Honesty is the best policy’* is known to all.J
(b) To mark a particular word or the title of a booh or |of a
poem or prose piece ; as —
The word “I” is a pronoun.
Have you read “King Lear ?”
IX. Hyphen ( - )
The Hyphen ( - ) is used to form a compound word by
joining two or more words : as —
country-made goods ; brother -indaw^^ a five-year plan :
every-day life : day-labourer : etc.
112
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
X. Apostrophe ( ’ )
The Apostrophe is used : —
(a) To denote the posBesaive cases of nouns : as —
Ram^a pen is very good.
He took one month* s leave.
(b) For indication of the omission of a letter or letters : as —
You cant go there. i.e., You cannot go there.
1 wonH do it. i.e., I mill not do it.
WhaVa your name ? i.e.. What is your name y
(c) Occasionally to form the plural of letters and figures :
as —
Two M. Pfs attended the meeting.
He does not know the three
Three m^s : several 5*s.
XI. Asterisk ( * )
The Asterisk indicates the intentionl Omission of some words
or clauses : as —
Shyamlal * * was united with Radhika at long last.
Xir. Brackets ( ), [ ]
Brackets are used : —
(a) For introduction of an explanation : as —
He has lost all ( Iiis wealth, health and reputation ).
(b) For enclosing a parenthesis : as—
He mastered ; so meritorious ’he is ) ^English ,in two
years.
Uses of Capital Letters
1. Capital letters are used to begin : —
(a) The first word of a sentence ^ as —
Man is mortal. The cow is a useful animal.
(b) The first word of each ifne of poetry \ as —
**Like birds in their nest,
Are ready for rest.
And sport no more seen,
On the darkening Green."
USE OF CAPITAL LB1TEB8
113
(c) The first word of a quotation ; as —
Hari said, ‘ ^Honesty is the best poIicy’\
2. Capital letters are also used at the beginning of : -
(a) All Prosper Nouns and Proper Adjectives ; as —
India, England, China, Indian, English, Chinese,
Shakespeare, Shakespearean, Ram, Shyam, Sunday^
May, etc.
(b) All personified objects ; as —
In spring Nature assumes a charming look.
(c) All nouns and pronouns relating to God • as —
How merciful Thou art, O God [
It is God Who has created us all.
(d) All nouns of address in letter- writing ; as —
My dear Mother, Dear Sir.
3 . The pronoun and the interjection “0” are always used
in capital letters.
Exercise
Punctuate the following, using capital letters, whort^
necessary : —
J. Did you hear the story of Newton and his little dog dia-
mond one day when he was fifty years old and had been
hard at work more than twenty years studying the theory
of light he went out of his chamber leaving his little dog
asleep before the fire on the table lay a heap of manuscript
papers containing all the discoveries Newton had made
when his master was gone up rose diamond and jumped
upon the table overthrowing the candle the papers imme-
diately caught fire.
2. Were you addressing me Sir says the doctor and when the
ruffian had told him with another oath that this was so.
1 have only one thing to say to you sir replies the doctor
that if you keep on drinking rum the world will soon be
quit of a very dirty scoundrel.
G— 8
114
HIOHEB SNG. GRAM., TRANS. AND OOMFOSITION
3. Im not a doctor only Im a magistrate and if I catch a
breath of complaint against you if its only for a piece of
incivility like tonights III take cffectnal means to have
you hunted down and routed out of this let this suffice.
4. If you do not put that knife this instant in your pocket
I promiri(3 upon my honour you shall hang at next assizes.
Then followed a battle of looks between them but the
captain soon knuckled under put up his weapon and
resumed his seat grumbling like a beaten dog.
5. I seem to myself like a child observed he playing on the
sea shore and picking up here and there a curious shell or
a pretty pebble while the boundless ocean of Truth lies
undiscovered before me.
CHAPTER VIII
IDIOMS
A
Above all ( ) — Sir ilsutosh was, ahom all, a social
reformer.
A. B. C. ( )— -He taught me the A. B. C. of
logic.
Above board ( •'e ) — Ram Babu’s dealiugs are
always above hoard.
After alh{ fi^c^NQ ; C3itr.$^ )
— The doctor is, after all. a good man.
All in all — Paresli Babu is all in all in the factory.
All along ) — He accompanied me all along.
All but ( )-“lIe was cdl but ruined.
As it were ( ) — He was, as it were, a god to them. The
sun is, as it loere, the lamp of the universe.
z\ll the same ( ) — (i) It is all the same to us
whether ho goes there or stays here, (ii) I have helped him
in various ways, all the same he accuses mo of selfishness.
All over with ( ) — The man was attacked vdth an
incurable disease ; now it is all over with him.
At one’s wit’s end ( )— -He was at his wil^s end as to
what to do in such a danger.
At home (in) ( ) — He is at home in music.
At a loss ( ) —I am at a loss to know what
to do.
At least ( ) — Try to be a graduate at lea^st.
At last ( ) — He succeeded in his attempt at last.
At bay ( ) — He is quite at bay, and there is no way
of his escape.
At a stone’s throw ( ) — His house is a a(one’«
throw from mine.
At sixes and sevens ( )— His books are lying
at sixes and sevens on the table.
Apple of discord ( )~Their
paternal property was the apple of discord between the two
brothers. Freedom of speech is the apple of discord between
the two leaders.
116 HIGHER ENG. GRAM., TRANS. AND OOMPOSITION
Apple of one’s eye ( C5tC^^ ) — The boy is an apple of
his mother* B eye.
An open question ( ) — Free education of all
the children of the soil remains an open question.
At all events ( ^1 C^^ ) — I must perform my
duty at all events. ,
At one’s beck and call ( )— 1 am always yowr
heck and call.
At one’s disposal ( ) — The post is lying
at your disposal. I am always at your disposal.
At a stretch ( vfis^ ) — He ran two miles at
a stretch.
At times ( ) — He comes here at limes.
Avail oneself of ( ) — (i) He availed himself
o/ the opportunity. {i\) 1 availed myself of the morning train
yesterday.
At a low ebb ( ) — His influence in the locality
is now at a low ebb.
At the eleventh hour ( c*f^ )— -The doctor arrived at
the eleventh hour when the patient had almost expired.
At arm’s length ( ) — He kept his enemy always at
arm’s length.
At hand, or near at hand ( ) — Our Annual Exa-
mination is (near) at hand.
At daggers drawn ( ) —These two fellows are
always at daggers drawn with each other.
B
Bag and baggage ( ) —They left the place ^>7f/
and baggage.
Bad blood ( ) — There is bad blood between tlie two
families.
Bed of roses ( )— Human life is not a bed of roses.
Bear down upon ( ^^1 ) — They bore dawn
upon their enemies.
Be>all and end-all ( va^5(t3[ ) — Enjoyment of worldly
pleasure should not be the be-all and end-all of life.
Bid fair ( )— Ram bids fair to be a poet.
Birds of a feather, or. Birds of the same feather
) — Birds of a feather or, of the' samfi feather) flock
together.
IDIOMS
117
Bird's eye view ( ) — We have only a bmVs eye-
view of the place.
Black sheep ( ) — He is a hla^k sheep of the family.
Blue blood )— Harish Babu is proud
of his blue blood.
Bolt from the blue ( ) — The news of bis
death came upon us as a bolt from the blue.
Bone of contention ( ^1^*1 )—
Their parental property was the bone of contention between the
two brothers.
Bosom friend ( (Si]TM ^^1 ; )-— Jadu and Madhu
are bosom friends.
Bring to light ( ^^1 ) — He brought the secret to light.
Bring to book ( *ltf% ) — The culprit was brought h)
book.
By fits and starts ( ) —The train was moving
by fits and starts^ so it ran far behind time.
By and by ( ) — You will come to know of the matter
by and by.
Bring to pass ( )— The food crisis has been brought to
pass by hoarders.
By way of ( ) — Ramen won a wrist watch by way of
presentation.
By dint of ( ) — He prospered in life by dint of
l)er 80 verance.
By the by ( ) — I told him about the matter by
the by.
By virtue of ( ) — Jadu did well in life by virtue of
diligence.
By leaps and bounds ( ) — The price of f*)od“
stuff is rising by leaps and bounds.
By degrees ( ) — You will come to know of it by
degrees.
By all means ( You must try to perform this
noble deed by all means.
By no means ( ^1, )'— 'You can,
by no means^ do it.
By turns ( ^t^tapW, )— Happiness and misery
come by turns.
By hook or by crook ( )— I must do it by
hook or by crook.
118
HIGHER BNG. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
Build castles in the air ( ) — It is no
use building castles in the air.
By far — He is by far the best player in the team.
Beggar description ( ^€^1 )— The sujfferings
of the flood stricken people beggar description.
Bull in a China stop— ( )— Fatal is a
bull in. a China shopiw view of the mischief done by him.
Burning question ( )— Unempolyment is
the burning question of the day.
Beat black and blue ( CStcft ) —
They beat the miscreant blade and blue.
C
Call in question ( '^-31 ) — His character cannot be
called in question.
Come to light ( ) — The secret came to light
at last.
Cut .short ( ^^1)— His life was cut diort by an
accident.
Crying need ( )— The solution of the pro-
blem of unemplyraent is the crying need of the country.
Crocodile tears ( ) — Babin shed crocodile tears at
the adversity of his rival.
Come true ( ^ -The prediction of the
saint came true, at last.
Come to grief ( ) — If you idle away time,
you will come to grief in future.
(In) Cold blood ( )— The murder was com-
mitted in cold blood.
( To be ) Cut to the quick ( ^^^1 ) — He was cut to
the quick at your adverse remark.
(A) Close-fisted man ( ) — Everybod}^ dislikes
Chunilal who is a close-fisted man.
Como to terms ( — They cafne to terms
with us at last.
(To) Call to mind ( *51 ) — I cannot call his name to
mhid,
(A) Cock and bull story ( ^t«f )
— I don't like to hear your cock and bull story.
(To) Come to nothing ( 59^1, =11 )— His
attempt came to nothing.
IDIOMS
119
(To) Come to a head ( )— The abscess has come
to a head.
(To) Curry favour ( •a(5it5 Gift's? C5ll )
He always curries favour with his boss.
(To) Cut a sorry figure ( )— He rut a sorry
figure in the last examination.
Curtain lecture ( #1^ )— Curfata leciures often lead
to cJenvage in a joint family.
(A) Dead letter (ars?! ^1 a«t1 )— Thi.s rule has become
a dead letter now.
(To) Die in harness ( )--.Dr Shyama
prasad Mukherjeo died in harness.
(To) Do yeoman’s service ( <^'^1 )— Sir Asutosh
did yeoman\<i service to Dengal in the field of education.
(To) Drive into a corner ( ^*11 ) — The man was
ft'/i/o « by the miscreants who robbed him of his
all.
E
(To) Eat tho humblo pie ( ><t^1 )— Jaiin imd to eat the
humble pie for his haughtiness.
(To) Eat into vitals ( ) — Mai- nutrition
eats into the vitals of man.
(To) P:nd in smoke ( )— All his efforts ended in
smolce.
F
Pall flat ( ) — His speech on female education
fell flat upon the audience.
Fall in with ( ) — He cannot fall in with you on
this point.
(A) Far cry ( ) — It is afar cry from nationalism to
universal brotherhood.
Fair and square ( STt^F, ) — His dealings are fair and
square.
Fair weather friend ( )— A fair weather
friend should not be relied on.
120 HIQHEB ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
(To) Fall a prey to ( *f®1 )— He feU a prey to
malaria.
(To) Pall short of ( )— His result fell far short of
our expo tat ions.
Par and near ( or, far and wide ) ( ) — Thfe news of his
victory spread /ar and near ( or ^ far and wide ).
Pew and far between ( ) — His visits to
this place are few and far between.
(To) Pight shy of ( ) — He fights shy of his
superiors.
Find fault with ( ) — He is always in the habit of
finding fault with others.
Fish out of water ( ) — The newly
married girl is like a fish out of loaier in her father-in-law’s
house.
Flesh and blood ( )— Flesh and
blood cannot put up with such an insult.
For the sake of ( ) — He sacrificed his life for the sake
of his country.
For good ( )- He renounced his country for
good.
From pillar to post ( )
— The prince was driven from pillar to post by his enemies.
G
(To) Get rid of ( ) — He got rid of the danger, at
last.
(To) Give one one’s due ( ^^1 )
— -Even an enemy should be given his due.
(To) Give rise to ( C^f^1 C*f6^1 ) — His interference in the
matter gave rise to new troubles.
(To) Give away ( *) — He gave away money to the
poor lavishly.
(To) Give efifect to ( ) — The new rule will be
given effect to on and from the first March next.
(To) Give vent to ( fffH ^91 )— The sorrowing mother
could not give vent to her feelings out of emotion.
IDIOMS
121
Gift of the gab ( ) — Bepinchandra Paul wa«* endowed
•with the gift of the gab.
(The) Golden mean ( ) — He brought about an ami-
cable settlement between the two partners by folloAving the
golden mean.
H
Hand and glove ( ) — Jadii and Madhii are hand
and glove with each other.
Hang in the balance ( ^1 )—
The case is still hanging in the balance.
(A) Hole and corner ( ) — T am always averse to a
hole and corner policy.
(To) Hold water ( C&^1 ) — Such a lame excuse will not
hold water.
(To) Hold good ( -sjcqtsfr )— That rule
holds good here also.
(To) Harp on the same string
— Don’t harp on the same string always.
Honest penny ( ) — He always earns
an honest penny,
Kair-breadtii escape ( X< )-*“Wc are
astonished at his hair -breadth escape from the danger.
Hue and cry ( ) — The cowboys raised a hue and
cry at the sight of the wolf.
Hard and fast ( ) — The Head clerk of our school
always adheres to the hard and fast rules of the office.
A hard nut to crack ( ) — He is a hard nut
to crack. The problem of unemployment is a hard nut to crack.
Over head and ears ( ) — He is over head and ears
in debt.
Heart and soul ( ) — Ramesh is trying heart and soul
to stand hrst in the examination.
Head and tail ( ) — Nobody will be able to 7nake
head and tail of what he states.
Herculean task. ( )— The solu-
tion of the problem of unemployment in India is a Herculean
Aaak.
122
HIGHER ENG. ORAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
High time ( ) — It is high limp for you to build up»
a dwelling house.
High and low ( ) — All of us, high and low, are
subject to dcatli.
I
In afjcordanre with ( )— I must act always in accor-
dance v:ifh your instruction.
Inasmuch as ( ) —He cannot do well in life, inas-
much ns he idles away his time.
(To) Bo in a fix ( ) —
I am in a fix as to what to do. I seek your valuable advice,
because I am in a fix.
In black and white ( ) — The agreement between
the two persons was made in hlncJc and white.
In cold blood ( ) — The murder was committed
in cold blood.
In case j In case of ( ) — What will he do in case of his
failure y In case he fails to come, you should do his work.
In defence of ( ) - We should lay down Our
lives, if necessary, in defence of our native land.
In time ( ) — He arrived at the station in time.
In tlie event of ( ) — What should I do in Ithc event of
his failure to do the job f
In the fat e of ( ) — You must perform y’^oiir duty'^ in
the face o/all obstacles.
In full swing ( ) — ^The school is running in full
swing.
In keeping with ( )— His words are not in keeping
with his actions.
In lieu of ( ) — He gave me a book in lieu of my
pen.
In the long run ( ) — If •you misuse your time, you
will have ti repent in the long run.
Ins and outs ( ) — The ins and outs of the
family are known to me.
In the nick of time ( ) — He performed the work.
in the nick of time.
IDIOMS
123 -
In a nut-shell ( ) — Tell the .story of Dhruva in ct
nut-shell.
In order that ( ) — He tried hard in ord^r that he
might win the prize.
In respect of ( ) — I know nothing in respect of his
plan.
In regard to ( *|*>*1c^ ) — He told me everything in regard
to his success in life.
In the teeth of ( )— He siiocceded in his
attempt in the. teeth of M opposition.
In view of ( ) — In view of his tender ago, the boy
may be pardoned this time.
In vogue ( ) — This rule is no longer in vogue.
J
(A) Jack of all tnides ( cu
ST1 ) — Soumon is a Jncl^ of all trades, but
master of none.
K
Kith and kin - ) — He has been deserted by his
kith and kin for his rude belmvionr,
(To) Know "no bounds )-“The joy of his
parents knew no hounds at the news *of their son’s brilliant
success in the examination.
L
Laughing stock ( ) — His peculiar m.anners
made him a laughing stock to all.
(To) Lay waste ( ^^1 ) — Many a country is laid waste
in times of warfare.
(To) Leave no stone unturned ( ) — He
left no stone unturned to achieve his object.
Life and soul ( ) — His only son is the life and
soul of the family.
(To) Live from hand to mouth ( —
Most of the Indian peasants live from hand to mouth.
Lion’s share ( c^'Pf )— Ram has the Hone's share of the^
profit of the business.
124
HIGHER BHG. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
Loaves and fishes ( ) — Most of our
political leaders are concerned with loaves and fishes of office.
(To) Look down upon ( ^«t1 ) — The rich generally look
down upon the poor.
The long and the short ( ) — I like to know the
long and the short of the whole story.
(To) Lose heart ( ) — Never lose heart at a
failure.
(To) Lose one’s temper ( ^^1 )-“He lost his temper
at the rudeness of the boy.
M
(A) Man of parts ( ) — Ramaiiath Babu is
a man of parts,
(A) Man of letters ( ) — Humayun Kabir was a
man of letters,
(A) Man of straw ( ) — I cannot rely on a
man of straw like you.
(A) Maiden speech ( ) — His maiden
speech in the house highly impressed the members.
(To) Make one’s mark ( ^Ttf^ ^^1 ) — Tansen made his
mark in music.
(To) Make both ends meet (
) — He can hardly make both ends meet with his meagre
income,
(To) Make good ( )— Try to make good the
loss.
(To) Move heaven and earth ( ) — He
moved heaven and earth to achieve his object.
(A) Moot point ( ) — Free primary education
is still a moot point in West Bengal.
(To) Muster strong ( ^>3111) — The people mustered strong
to listen to the orator.
N
(T) Nip in the bud ( )— All his hopes have
been nipped in the bud for pecuniary difficulties.
IDIOMS
125.
Now and then ( ) — He calls on me fiow and then.
Null and void ( ) — ^Tlie scheme is now null and void.
O
(To be) On the alert ( )— The absconder ms alwayv^ o?i
the alert lest he should be arrested by the police.
On the verge of, or on the brink of ( ) — He is on
the verge of ( or, on the brink of ) ruin.
On behalf of ( ) — The secretary delivered u speech on
behalf of the Managing Committee of the school.
On the contrary ( ) — He is not at all idle, on the
contrary^ he is very active.
On the face of ( ) — His proposal is absurd on the
very face of it.
Of course ( ) — Great, of course, was my joy at
the nows of my brother’s brilliant success in the examination.
Once in a while ( ) — He visits this place once in
a while.
OS an on ( ) — He Avrites to me off and on.
Once and again ( ) — I warned him once and again
not to drink any more.
Once for all ( ^3? ) — He left his country cnce foi'
all.
Of late ( >i^r3 )— Ho has shifted his family of late.
(To be) On the eve of ( ) — He saw mo on the eve of
his departure.
On the whole ( ) —I paid him fifty rupees, on the
whole.
Open question ( ) — The problem of unem<
ployment is an open question in West Bengal.
Open and above board ( ) — His dealings are open
and above board.
Open secret ( «r1W )— That the
Manager of this factory takes bribe is an open secret.
Out and out ( )— Ram Babu was, otU and out, &
social reformer.
126 UIQHBU ENG. GBAM., TBANS. AND COMPOSITION
Out of doors ( c^t^l )— Don’t go out of
doors in this biting cold.
Out of pocket ( ) — Prolonged sickness has rendered
liim out of 'pocket.
Out of the woods ( ) — He is now out of the woods
being helped by his friends and relatives.
(To be) Out of sorts ( ) — He feels out of sorts
now.
Out of date ( ) — Such fashions are out of date now.
Over snd above ( ) — I gave him fifty rupees in cash.
Over and abovc^ I supplied him with a piece of cloth and shirt.
P
Palmy days ( ) — He waa welcomed by
all in Ins palmy days.
Part and parcel ( ) — Education is the part
and 2 ^cLrcel of a nation.
(To) Play false ( '-^^1 )— I don’t like to play
false with anybody.
(To) Pick a quarrel ( sftC^ ^?I1 )— Why do
you pick a quarrel with him ?
Pros and cons ( ^ ) — You should pru-
dently consider the pros and cons of the scheme.
R
(A) Red-letter day ( )— The fifteenth of
August is considered by the people of India as a red-letter day^
Rhyme and reason ( ^t^*l ) — He is speaking ill of me with-
out rhyme or reason.
(To) Run the risk of ( )— I cannot run the
risk of investing five thousand rupees in starting the business.
S
Salt of the earth ( Great men like Vidyasagar
are the salt of the earth.
(To) Stand in good stead ( ) — This book will
stand you in good stead.
(A) slow coach ( )— I do not like a slowcoach like
you.
IDIOMS
127
(To) Steer clear of ( )— He sleeted clear of all
his difficulties by dint of perseverance.
(A) Sleeping partner ( )— Latif is a
sleeping partner of the business.
Stone’s throw ( ) — His house is at a stances throw
from mine.
Sum and substance ( ) -The smn and substance of bis
speech is given below.
Tall talk ( ".1^1 5^351 ) — Hari always indulges in tall
talk.
(To) Take heart ( ^<3^1 )— He took heart at my
instruction.
(To) Throw light on ( ) — 1 request you to
throw some light on the principles of education.
(To) Take to heart ( ) •— He took your adverse
remark to heart.
(To) Take one to task ( ) — His father took him
to task for neglect of his studies.
(To) Tide over ( ^<11 ) — He tided over all obstacles
by virtue of keen insight and intelligence.
Time and again ( ) — I warned him time and again
not to do this.
Through and through ( )— I studied him
through and through.
Through thick and tliiii ( ) —
He was the same man of truth through thick and thin.
The three B’s ( >6 )
— Hem knows only the three E^s.
To and fro ( ) — He is loitering to and fro.
Tooth and nail ( f?!f1 ) — I must opi>ose him tooth
and nail.
To the contrary ( ) — I have nothing to say to the
contrary.
To the backbona( ) — He is wicked to the back-
bone.
]28
HIGHER ENG. GRAM., TRANS. AND COMPOSITION
To the letter ( ) —His word is true to the letter.
To be at one’s wit’s end ( )— He is at his wit^s^
end at this critical situation.
(To) Turn over a now leaf ( )— At
last, ho turned over a new leaf at the instruction of his uncle.
( To) Turn a deaf ear to ( ) — He turned^m deaf ear
to my earnest request.
U
Under a cloud ( )— His motive in ihis^creapcct is
under a cloud.
(To be) up and doing 'AW ) — Be up and doing
in all respects, if you aspire after prosperity in life.
Ups and downs ( ) — Every life has its ups and
downs.
W
Ways and means ( ) — Devise some ways and means
of performing the job.
Weal and woe ( ) — He stood by me in weal and woe.
What with ( G? W )--What with
poverty and what with lack of guidance, he could not receive
education.
With a view to ( ) — [ went to Delhi with a view to
participating in the seminar.
With an eye to ( ) — Do everything with an eye
to your future.
With one accord ( ) — They performed the task
with one accord.
(A) Wild goose chase ( ) — It is no better than a mid
goose chase to try to implement this plan.
Yeoman’s service ( ^>1 ) — Vidyasagar did yeo7nan's
service to Bengal in the fields of social reformation and
education.
r
(At the) Zenith of one’s power ( ) — The British
empire was at the zenith of its power during the reign of Queea
Victoria.
TRANSLATION
[ Intended for Glass IX ]
CHAPTER I
Lesson I
SENTENCES
•' FORMS OF SBNT13^CKS )
1. Assertive Sentences
1
^ f^CelVt — Kaftdasa was a worshipper
of beauty.
— Union is strength. ( Or, Unity is strength. )
Rabindranath was born of the Tagore family of Jorasanko.
c^l <4^^ He does not live in this
village now.
— He does not know how to swim.
Note : Sentence C^tCiil f%5
ai asai
Sentence-C7^ Assertive Sentence I Assertive Sentence-c^
as^l ^K— AflBrmative ( Negative
( sfl ?lt5^ ) I Assertive Sentence-^ Subject vJHf^
Verb ^ I
T— 1
2
mOHBB ENO. OBAJt., OOHP. AND TBANSI^TION
II
'srtlf— There are iAree
universities in Calcutta.
cq? C^f CStsft? ®f9f 5l — Here is a eup of tea for you.
C»fs| — Down went the ship.
'St^’F Go he must.
Note : Sentence-ii|?f Introductory ‘there’, ‘here’,
Subject Verb-on^ •fc? I
2. Imperative Sentences
( ‘siitift, ^t’Fj )
JFtcn C^rt^i’ltsT s|1 — Do not make a noise in the class.
*If1 *r$T — Always speak the truth.
'5lWc=P Sft^ %— Kindly lend me
five rupees.
C«fC^ ^'6 — Be off hence.
Note : C51 Sentence- a 'Sfi?ort«( 4fff%
'3t^C^ Imperative Sentence Jicsf i Sentence- >«i JltsrtK*!^:
‘You’ Subject-f? «rtt^ I
3. interrogative Sentences
( J )
I
fV ’I'S.’I'? ^*^1^ f5(irf%9l ?— Did you go to Kashmir
last year I
'?C^ ?— Have they got themselves
admitted into the school ?
m fV ?C»1 JltH ^11 ■/ — ^Does he not go to school
regularly ?
C*l fv»l f — ^Why did you not go to school
the other day 1
Note : « sentence-a C^tC?IlKi*f ^
TRANSLATIOK
3
Interrogative Sentence I Sentence-»<|
Subject Verb-iiiil *tW, fV’^1 Auxiliary Verb '9 Principal
Vorb-iilll \
II
y— IFAicA of the pictures do
you want ?
5IC«(I »|<( y— ll'AicA of the four
pens is the costliest ?
«&1 i—What is that ?
Note : Interrogative Sentence-iD Subject!^ Interrogative
Pronoun 95 ^11*1 I
4. Optative Sentences
( \W\ 41 4t4SI )
C^l5lt4 ^*?1 '^‘T 4*4*4 — May God fulfil your wish !
«t'^, e3t4l4 ^^4* ! — “Lord, Thy will be done.”
' 5(4 — May you live long !
1ft ii^t ««ii-{ i I
Note : £4 Sentcnce->ii ^*51, «tK4l ^4114
Optative Sentence ijC®! I *lt4l4*t^! Optative Sentence -44
'Silers may 4£4 44* Subieotj& ^4J4f9'5 *lt4 '« Principal
yerb-44 4t4 I ^t4t4, wmld ( ) ^41# 414414
4f44t« ^«IC41 4*4£41 Optative Sentence ’5(14'5 ^41 44 I
5. Exclamatory Sentences
( ^:«r, '»lt4»»r, f4’44-’?5^ 4t4fJ )
4l?f1 4l^T*| ^ »it4^ C4t4itt 41 %si4 .I— What a brave warrior
%ana Pratap was {
^ 4C4t44 4^ ! — How charming is the scenery !
4
HIOHBB BNQ. OBAH., COUP. AKD TBANSLATIOB
! — What a lovely child [
?tll ! ^^91 ! — Alas ! I am undone.
Note : C^l Sentence-4 '55 affRs 5IWt«t4
Exclamatory Sentence ^c«| I *iT«rt^«f^: Noun-44
what 44* Adjective Adverb-iil4 »lf^'5 Iww 4T4^4
4t4i*t sentence 4^41 ^4 I Exclamatory Sontence-4 verb
C^tai 4tc^ I
Exercise
Translate into English : —
(a) 4^t^tcsi 44C441 I 'srt>l41 '5jf^ 4^44
C4t^t^4ftst *ftC^C4 4t^l 4^14 4'C«14t4
«ft?i^4 ?4 (break out ) i 4«TC? C^t4t4 4fC^1Br #[C4 I
'«rr4t4 '«rt^f6f^ 5f4 ^^41 i44tJ5 I (Aristotle) 4C5i;^,
“JIt«{4 *lt4tfif^ ^4” I 4f44tC^4— “«ft4t4 ^44^ '5Tt4l4
4t^ (message) i”
(b) C'5t4t4 4^91 ^^4?! #f4W 4'$IC4f •«!S!44'I 4*1441 551
(pursue). 4'?t5 ftHTl 4f91C4 41 I 'Slt^l, 4^4 ■af'St'S (lovely
morning) j ' t%^1& '5(4f4 | C*st4t4 '44*1^ ’Jsi ^^4* ( to be
blessed with a child).
(c) 3Ftt“t I 4*t51 *4tf4
4f4t#f 4'S41 ^t4 I '^t4f4 4i:4 4?.»I4 5tC5I4 *ft4 4tf?C4
(look up) I «lt4t4 ^‘I4'l4^f44t5 (to do one a good turn) ;
C45t4tl4* 44I4t4 %'3fl I C*I f4S C4C^4 ^*14
4t'9t^4i ^itc^ y
(d) »t4«'Kai4 '(f®4l^ ? wrtf4 egtlit'O
4^t4 4t^ 4t^ I f^f4 '4^ 449t4 *1(^411^4 (to be in a fix) |
C*l ?1*5 4tCai 4t4l f^4tCf I *r54li:4 '4114 C4f®'eC*5 '®t4'l f44tf^
( gave a radio-talk ). C'®t4t4 ^ y
(e) ^ 4‘fel 4f44l ffe4®1 C^fsiC^C^ I *ft5
4«,*I4 4t4«. f%f4 ‘4'?(& ilt&^ (drama) i 4tf5i *5[lfefel
C«fC 4 f ^«i4tl4 ^1^ ( has been raining in torrents) |
*lt9l C«IC4f ^tf4 ^4^ 'sif?C»l C^4T4^4 ^t«r I
Lesson 2
ARTICLES AND NOUNS
PROPER NOUNS AND ARTICLES
I
Iswarclmndra Vidyasa(jar was born in the village of Birsinha
in M idnapore.
— SiUi is doing science at school.
6'od is almighty.
Note ; ^1
Proper Noun i Proper Noun-vij^ ^t<[ C^fC^I
^article s(1 i
If
— Bankim is called the Scott of
Bengal.
— He is a Chanakya in politics.
— Suitzerland is the Kashmir
of Europe.
Note : Proper Noun-vi)-^
article |
III
— The Ganges falls into the Bay
of Bengal,
— There are many
islands in the Pacific Ocean,
^W<i T/ie Himalayas
are in the north of India.
s|tRl*^5T Cocoanut grows in
abundance in the Andamans.
6
HIOHBB XNO. QBAW., COMF. AND TfCANSr.ATIOK
Everest ia the highest
mountain-peak in the world.
iff ? 61 iSfWt? — Plenty of tea grows in Ceylon.
9
Note : Jlf, Si^, '£1’?% Proper Noun
'the' <Stt articlef^ I
the ^c»i I
IV
C9t5f *lf%— I read the Statesman daily.
*(f^>S i5f^ — The Oita is a sacred book of the
Hindus.
'stpFtC? ^■^—The earth is many
times bigger than the sun.
SCS? C*iWc^ — The poet is moved by the beauty
of the moon.
faiUCSI =3^^ «J5 v8 »ft»E3t f^C^F
According to the law of nature, the sun rises in the east and
sets in the west.
Note : HU, 5?S,
»r^ «f^f% Proper Noun 'the' ^c>( i
V
He has been learning
English for three months.
He is well-versed in German.
*lt?^ 5ftf^ — The English is a brave nation.
Note : English, German, Chinese
word-ii^ the «ftf% ^ the ^
C«ft^ ^9f«n
jjtsj c«(rj^ yfte Boses of Ballygunge are very
TBANSLATIOy
Wl C*iJf vai*|f^i:9t ^— >1 ( or, One ) Ratm
Sen came here yesterday.
Note : csrf^ >«?• ^f^9l
*ff9Ttt99 Hfft? Article i
Exercise
Translate into English : —
wf*! I ‘ifaj^'l -a^taf »19 C6t9
C9pt 5£9| (largest circulation) | 9t*51t9
(the Milton) 9511 ^9 I f%pf atfvsf?9 *I^t£5i £9^191*1 *lti 9fC99 I
C9C’1t%9 'I^9t511 9ff99tf^C5i9 | va^ £9frtf^9
C99 '*9%9 ^9t9 *I“C5f Cif«l1 9^91^ >ilt9f^C5)9 i 99^ ^t£5Il£^9
( source ) | 5cg9 'SftC^I 9? I '^fii 9C3?f‘19t’f9 Cff^9t^
f% ? '^5j fr9£«fin «f9^^ I 5(¥91 I
Lesson 3
COMMON NOUNS AND ARTICLES
I
r The cow cats grass.
919 9t9— < A cow eats grass.
Cows eat grass.
993 «t9^9rt9 Wt^ *tt^— TAe peacock is the national bird
of India.
^i^^The dog is a domestic four-
footed animal.
8 HIOHSB ENG. GRAM., COMP. AND TRANSLATION
Jfam is the architect of his
own fate.
Note : Singular Common Noun-iii? the ^4^1 an
*iJi5f Brtf^ ^ c«t% I man
the ^T^'5 I CJHR, ^'i;^—Man is mortal.
II
— ^You have a lovely garden.
3lsfS(i|rt(atll f5f|?T'»rtit1 -srlCf— There is a zoo in Calcutta.
dfVst^CSC^— TAe boy is running fast.
^fftW — Many flowers are blooming
in the garden.
Note : Singular Common Nonn-Jifl Indefinite
Article a an i S C^PtCSJ! -IFf^ ^1
Definite Article |
III
b^^^^\^—Tke natural scenes
of Switzerland are charming.
petite's? — The cows of Holland give
much milk.
^^*1 ^^^—The forests of Africa are very
dense.
Note : Plural Common Noun-k£i< vj;c^ C^tFl»l1
Article Jjl | caff^ ^jfi? ^1 Plural
Common Noun-iil?f Definite Article ‘<Ae’ i
IV
*
— Be kind to the poor (=poor people).
— Only the brave ( — the brave men)
win the prize.
^l^—The strong lord it over
the weak.
TRANSLATION
Note : Adjective-i)? the adjectivefB Plural Noun-
,ij^ I Adjective, Subject correspond-
ing Verbid Plural |
Exercise
»ff45r) C'3l5ltir «f9 ^f^5Tflc«1iT I c^lt? 'Stf^
1 ( gentle ; i ( the
learned) *1^31 (everywhere) (honoured) l” *15^»15|W
st5 1 ^tSfl I C^tf^si ^>155 *lt5T I
( being ) i (mortal),
£^t*<n ?” (how beautiful) J
^fCif £if?5 «ftJl (the dead) fift*) l”
Lesson 4
OOJ.LECTIVK NOUNS AND ARTICLES
1
*1^11 *l'«1 — 'I’he meeting will be held
at 4 p.m.
^b-« *l^?J — The West Bengal
Assembly consists of 280 members.
— The police has dispersed
the crowd.
Slltil <fC«l 'Sftf^Htflsi—
•Crowds of pepole came to Calcutta to see the Prime Minister.
Note : Singular Collective Noun -149 C^^tC^I-JlI-
Article 919^® 9^91 ^ftC^ I Collective Noun »lpfT9*f^:
Sing. Number-4^ 9JW® ^
•‘crowd’, 49 ° i9^9i*f 9rc9^(& Collective Noan-49 Plural
JSfumbere 9^91 l
10 HIOHEB UNO. OBJlJI., OOMP. AND TBANSDATION
II
— The jury is nnaaimous in their
opinion.
31« The jury are divided in their
opinions.
Note : Collective Noun <i]^3g^
corresponding Verb|& Singular ^5t5
^tC5 corresponding Verbjfe Plural 55 I
HI
f^^C^—The peasantry are
against the imposition of this tax.
aR*lt5t5‘l — Tfie public are against
dictatorship.
5lf^5fT^T5 Ji-Sfifll ^1—
The aristocracy of Calcutta uiill not lend support to this change.
N.B. ^^5fl3(si Collective Noun ( ^''ll — peasantry, gentry,
tenantry, gentry, ministry ) Plural Number-vfit 59.
^5tCifiI the I
IV
?tiI5-«fTf^5 «1'|^ JftH Mankind has
contributed much to the world civilization.
*l?It«f <2ff^ ^f55t5 5!f5C^ *rti:5 ^1— Society can-
not do full justice to every individual.
5C91, «ft%— People any that the
fox is a very cunning animal.
^t5'9 ’TTS’I'® '?5r Government
(or, the Government) has (or, hove) decided to set up five
hundred more schools.
Note : Collective Noun ( mankind, society,
eoph 4t'f )-ta5 the 5C*l J11 1 fspi Oovemment 5f<rrt&5
the 5f^1 *tC5 Verb Singular 5 I Plural
*1U5I
TBANSLATION
11
V
^ ^ ! — How charming is the scenery of
Shillong T
*15I« ^f^9t£5S(— He has disposed
of all his furniture.
Note : Collective Noun (CT?liT, scenery, furniture,
machinery C^^sfSftai Singular Number-ifl?i?^ I
Some Collective Nouns in Common Use
— a group of boys.
— a company of
merchants.
a/Zocifc of birds.
— a cluster of star
^’t^— a snrnrm. of
bees.
a flock- of sheep.
Ciatt^5(®^ — the audience.
a gang of
robbers.
— a /reap of singers
>ii^ <);'t 4 3i1^— a .thoal of fisli.
— a group of islands.
«t1l— a rmv of trees.
— a herd of cows,
visit's — the Christian ■
community.
Exercise
Translate into English : —
»i>f^ (members) I *tt5[
Slid I sitii^crfR R®tc5T 'Sf'SlJi? 1
5FRl?il 'SfRn'H I ^l^ltC^il
(security) I
c«rR'5 ^^91 1 *hp^ *ft9i 91W urtu i’ *it^'
5lW5 C*f9I I «R51
(charmed) | C^CSl ( shout ) i
Lesson 5
Material Nouns and Articles
T
— Water has no colour.
— Gold is a precious metal.
f^cn^ is very useful in
modern industry.
Note : Material Noun-^n^ »jr.^ Article JRl
-5^^ Plurals 9?l I
II
5t®I ^5 *1^ — rice of Dinajpiir is very fine.
«fTil^tDr? ^^511 ^5511 kK^'t—The coal of
Dhanbad is better than that of Banigunj.
*I^C5ra — The wheat of Australia is
the best.
Note : Material Noun C=?1W1 material,
Common Noun »f«IT
I vSi'.’iKaS *JC^ Article «rtC^ I
Exercise
1 . TransUUe into English : —
'8191 '5t^i c^twi «rt% nic'a sil i
I fspr ill ^^91 HCcl a1 (do without) I 3l|^ JltRl
^5 I (stapje food) | csi')^ 'stC‘1^1 *rt?l?
(mercury) ^ift I ^*11 I 9fWl?I
N®! ’1R3[ (sacred) I '5t^ >8
( staple food ) i 'srt^f^T*! ■'5l5[-^t^ ( rice and curry )
(enough) | (diamond) 'aTf% I
Lesion <
ABSf RACT NOUN AND ARTICLES
— l^owledge is power.
Jiwpf — Health is wealth.
’®*l — Truthfulness is a noble virtue.
— Diligence is the mother of good
luck.
Note : Abstract Noun-v« Article sfl,
^ Singular Number-iii ^ I
n
— The beauty of Kashmir is
incomparable.
Cir>l5|^ driest^ ’5rl>ltf?»tw \% — We are all impressed
by the patriotism of Deshabandhu,
CfiC4p( — The patriotism of. Netaji is
well-known.
— The nobility of Akbar is praise-
worthy.
srf® T%tt:?5T— He has
experienced the joys and sorrows of life.
Note ; c^irftarl ?l '•‘I ^ ^1
Abstract Noun- Article ^ i
Exercise
Translate into English : —
i<wsf5 si^'5. sH I (bravery) ^fnrl
^«R<3 Jfl I C*i“Nc% (worshipper of
beauty) I ^ ^ sfl (incomparable) I
fittsM (pride) | »fflp!fsr 'a
(key to) I ^ 'OTJfH WNt^ITtir
(justice) f|pR I orr^ftsi
^{*f (unmeaning nonsense) I
Chaptfr II
VERBS
The Tenses :
Lesson 1
THE PRESENT TEjnsc
1 The Present Indefinite Tense
Affermatire
I go.
We go
— You go
CSfSRTt ^ — You go.
<31 ^ — He goes.
They go
Negatire
^ !n— I do not go,
^ iTl-We do not go.
^ *11 — You do not go.
CSrtTi ^ JTl — You do not go.
C*f ^ 5Tl — He does not go.
^ stI — They do not go.
Note : ^f*t1 word^fSpr Affirmative 'e
Negative form-^atf STO ^ I Negative Sentence
‘do’ verb-fSpF auxiliary wt I
Interrogative (Affirmative)
I go ?
^i^nn ^ Do we go ?
'1^ ?h« f- Do you go ?
C*l fV ^ y- Does he go ?
^ Do they go ?
Interogative (Negative)
'srtfSf ^ JI1 ?- Do I not go ?
^*rt5Rrl 1% ^ ~ Do we
not go 7
^'e sn ?- Do yon
not go y
C*i ^ STiy- Does he not go?
’<mr ^ y- Do they
Ttof go ?
Note : Interrogative Sentenae-<Rtr Affirmative-4 «Wt5|^ ‘do’
4 ^ Verb-f5 Auxilary 1 Negative Sentence-4
not 4tr c^Wftr ^IC4 *1^ ^ i 4^r?f
word-'S^C® Affirmative « Negative Form-4tf
I
TBAN8LATIOX
15
A
■« ®fp6Jt t?t?5 'SI^ *lt?— The sun rises in
' che east and seta in the west.
J^sie| — He walks everyday in the
afternoon.
m The moon always
moves round the earth.
f^f^— We return home
from school just at 4 p.m.
— Plenty of rice grows in Bangala
Desh.
Note : (i) ( habitual action ), ( universal
truth ) Present Indefi-
nite Tense i
(ii) Nominative ( Third Person 9 Singular
Number Resent Indefinite Tense-ii|?l c^m
a I
B
— The school reopens to-morrow.
— The Tufan Mail starts
at 5 a.m.
f^fSr — -He leaves for Madras
on Wednesday next.
Note : {near future)
?tV^1 Future Tense-iil'a Present Indefinite
Tense ^^^<5 I
C
Keats says, “A
thing of beauty is a joy for ever.”
Shakespeare says,
‘•The world’s a stage.”
Note : C^tWI C9I«f1 df?*!
Reporting Verb-16c^ Present Indefinite Tense
2 . The Present Continuous or Progressive Tense
Affirmative
I am going.
We are going.
— You are going.
— You arc going.
C>J — He is going.
Tl1^C'®Cfe— They are
going.
Interrogative (Aff.)
f— Am
I going j>
'stt>i?1 V— Are wo
going f
fV ?— Are you
going ?
C'St’i^n r— Are you
going ?
C*l j* — Is he going*/
?— Are tliey
going f
Negative
"•HtfV ’Sfttc'sf^ ^1—1 am ml
going.
WfJI?! Jil— We are not
* going.
'^fsi ^1— You are ml
going.
^1— You are
not going.
— He is 9iot going.
They are
not going.
Interrogative (Neg/i
f^F ill ?~Am
I not going f
? • - Are
we Tiot going ?
fi’ V— Are yon
not going f
f% ^flt'35 '/—Are
you not going y
CJJ 1V ill y— Is he not
going f
j(1 7— Are
they not going J
A
They are. sirimming in the
river.
— Ratna is writing a letter.
My sister I5i}/a«/f?i5f0ii*
a harmonium.
• — ^You are not doing your lessons.
tbanslation
17
Note : CTtTJil ^H'S
Verb-<fl5 Present Continaous ( or. Progressive Tense )
I lii^ Tense-<i| Principal Verb-ia? c*tW -iny
Subject-^? Number '« Person 'Sfgvtff am, is are
■4>J1 I
B
'St^rt^l iFfW C^ff5isit»[ J—Are they making a noise
in tho class J*
^fsi C^Jf ? — Why are you not doing
the work f
C*I 'SIttf C^Jl y— Why is ho sitting idle ?
Note 5 Present Continuous Tense-vS Interrogative Sentence-
<«1 Nominative->i)^ ‘am’, ‘is’ ‘are’ <iftC^’ i
C
srtf^— I am going to your
house to morrow.
'srt<n^ 5t1w I am sitting for
the School Final examination next month.
Note; c^twi ^?ff5
Future Tense ifl
Present Continuous Tense 1
D
'«rM1 ’l'H'^19 *lt'n I hope you will
succeed in the examination.
w I in(e7id to start
a new business.
’ll ’IJl'Sf 5|jts Ho/cel« out of sorts.
^tC'S X thank yon on
behalf of the students.
Note :
Verb-'il^ ( ?|sf1, feel, thank, believe, hope, bate ) caftai Present
Continuous Teuse-ii?i *it<Ct?‘t'5; Present Indefinite
Tensed i
Tr— 2
18
mOHEB KNO. ORAM., TRAITS. AND OOHFOSITION
(iii) The Present Perfect Tense
AffirmatiTe Negative
I have gone. I have not
— ^We have gone.
— You have gone.
C3rN^1 f»r?ltf— You have
gone.
— He has gone..
frrstCf— They have
gone.
Interrogative
1> ?—Have I
gone f
'Sftsi^ll Ptmfl •(>— Hove
we gone ?
^—Have you
gone f
C^t3f?1 fV -f—Have
you gone ?
C*l f% RftCl f—Haa he
gone f
Hove
they gone f
gone.
We have
not gone.
— You have not
gone.
i(t^— You have
not gone.
iTtt— He lias not
gone.
5It^— They have
not gone.
Negative Interrogative
f— Have I
not gone J
'srtsilil sit^ J>— Have
we not gone J
f% Trt« Have
you not gone f
C^?I1 srt^ f—Have
you Twt gone ?
C*l ^ ^t^f— Has he
not gone f
?— Have
they not gone J
TBANSLATIOH
19
A
havt, just g<A your letter.
=¥31^1 He liaa preaeMed me
with a pen.
C*I fV y— Has he not yet reached
Madras y
Note : C^tWl til^sitai C*!"^ c«i^
^F®! <4^55*1 Vcrb-J)^ Present
Perfect Tense I Ten 8 e *4 ^si Vcrb->il^( Past Partici-
plef& ^|%5l Nominative-iilf Person « Number
fei« 'srl^1 have I
B
C*l He Cfme here yesterday.
*f^t5it<F»f?iar ^R?ITC^^---He passed -away last
year.
»ltW '3Jf3IlC?'5 tC'^T^I 'fft'SFl The
Annual Examination of our school ims held last month.
^tsf 'si'&l ^tf*i’SI'tC^il— He came here half an
hour ago.
3|tW ’FCsi^tl 5It^1 R’UlC^il — He died of cholera last
month.
Note : word-.il?I
?t^ll6 Present Perfect Tense-^il^ Items'®
Past Indefinite Tense I
C
— If *3 dawn.
'SfttsTl f^f^l — Tlie light is Out.
C<l9l1 C*t^ — ^The game is over.
20 HIOHEB ENO. QBAM., OOHF. AND TRANSLATION
— He w in a financial crisis.
'B'Wif The doctor is out.
Note : ^c^?l faFJMt??, W-lfS Present
Perfect Tense- i| Present Indefinite Teme
otttV I
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Negative
(iv)
Affirmative
f?ir -<yt«fi8
— I ^nve been doiwj the
work.
— We have been doing
the work.
f?iT
— You have been doing
the work.
C*I ( '5(CJ|^ f?si
— He has been doing
the work.
)
— They have been
doing the work.
Interrogative
? — Have I been
doing the work ?
5^1 — 1 have not been
doing the work.
\im ^U<)
^1— We have not been
doing the work.
^\rs)
m — You have not
been doing the work.
C»i ( 'STtflSF ffif
■^l — He has not been
doing the work.
■yf^C'SC^ — They have not
been doing the work.
Interrogative-Negative
'aiTf*[ fV ( ffil )
ill ?— Have I
not been doing the work f
TRANSLATION
21
Interrogative
f — Hare we
been doing the work y
^T^f5 ‘(—Have you
been doing the work 7
'(- Have you
been doing the work p
CJJ (^CT-IF f^i? 3PtWf&
7 — Has hii been doing
the work p
•319 1<1 («ti;iKs fifM
(—Have they
been doing the work p
Interrogative-Negative
( 'S[CS(^ Tito'S.)
p— Have we
not been doing the work p
^ 1^0 m p— Have you
not been doing tho work y
^trsIS ill ?— Have you
not been doing the work p
C*l f% ('Sflii’F tifif
ill ? — Has he not been
doing the work p
fV ('«lti|59
p— Have
they not been doing the work y
Uses
He has been madimj the
book for five hours.
You have hem
carrying on this business for the last three years.
— It has been raining
incessantly since Saturday last.
He has been walking
since 5 a.m.
Note ; (i) cjptWI ^ttf
— 'stsj Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I Tense -><1 Nominative-vH? «fni Person « Number
has been have keen 'srt?! Verb>^? cnt’l-ing
I
22 HIOHBB BKO. OBAM., TRANS. AND OOHPO8ITI0N
(ii) Tense-^ *fsrW9 ( period of time )
for, Jjsnf ( point of time ) since
^ I
Exercise
1. Translate into English : —
(a) C!I9|t? *lt^<l1 ’ffii »ttll I fsfs *i=Fti:9r i
<jf5rfr (move) I ^^5 i
xtl*l 'artc*i5n
^srtc?? ^ertl fife (holidays) (commences) I ’jf%?r55
“CJl cn (helpless) l”
(b) ?t»rttir ?5T ^fqc^Cl? (pluck) ? 3?l1 fV
sfl ? C*I RftJftK 'Site? I . C*1
«tfN*t?r ^C5r I ®[? «t«f (to feel feverish) i
^511 (play on) i vil^siw
( a book on science ) ’iffC^SC? I "?fJ(t^3i^ ?Ff5l^t^1
>sattslc5i (fly to) I
(o) «itf^ .a<F(& (novel) f^f^tltf^ I f^'
iftf^%« r ^l9t?( 'srHI c«t^ i *(^n I
* 1 ^ *i3rtg I *1^ c*t 'ii«ftw 'sitf^’Jtc^' I
iSivs »ltf|reT ‘CiftMsr (Nobel Prize) «1l65fC!i^ I
(d) C*l iS-v.^ *it5l c«tC^ l?t^tir ^t*I I »I1^ 3|1*(
Tlt^'V f C^r I f«5) 'Ntf^ '5it5It“ira
( dysentery ) ■^C'35f| I C<irc^ U*f®
( drizzle ) l ’^t^T ’?•■&! «(f«in C'St’lt?! «fC® '^^<(»tC5( ( eagerly )
■afaWl I siet? c^sitfl c^tc^i fsfl
Jfl I 'sarcsit^plB c*i^ *i5Ft®i c^?f5[
(chat) I f^JT ^ csfel sFf?|C^fg, »l?It«ftJl (solve)
*ftft9(t5( J11 I
Lesson 2
THE PAST TENSE
1. The Past Indefinite Tense
Affirmative Interrogative
f— 2)t<i I
went.
We weMt.
C*I He we.nl.
"SW?! They went.
You went.
You went.
Negative
— I did not go.
sitt J11)
— We did not go.
c*j ^rln Jilt ( ill )—
He did not go,
(f*nrtf^9i iii)
— They did not go.
— You did not go.
^rt'e (f5|irlf|t9iJil)
— You did not go.
go ?
'sifJKII %tf|®It3r ?— ZWrf
we go ?
C*l fV r^fUtM 1—Did ho
gof
f— />td
they go J>
f^?ltflcsr J—Did you
go?
?— Did
you go ?
Interrogative-Negative
J?1) ?— Did I not go ?
5t1^
5?1) f — Did we not go y
c*i fV nn (fnutfvisi sfi) ?
— Did he not go ?
^ sit^ (f^I^l1%
^1) ? — Did they not go ?
Jit'S ilt^ (f»I«tf|C9I m)
— Did you not go ?
<^81^1 Jits irt^ ( fn^t-
ff C*l ^l) ? — Did you nol go ?
24 UXOHSB BNO. OBAlf., TRASS. AND COMPOSITION
I
Alexander invaded
India.
f»t9tf%5it;r— I went 'to Darjeeling
last year.
The pick-pocket was
caught red-handed*
Note; 'sr'5^^5ffc5f5 c^c^l Vorb-^a? Past
Indefinite Tense i
II
*(^tt5r C^?t»n He used to play on the
violin every morning .
^Tsitif isfcfitsrw 'a(t3(t9 He would help me
in my need.
'^tfv ^R'31 — I used to write poems in my
boyhood.
Cif»r^ ^-^“*15 >f^9rc^ '©ttsJtiltRc'SSI— Desabandhu loved
all — the high and the low alike.
Note ; '*1^^
Past Indefinite Tense i
'®r«f Verb-i|^ 'used to\'would' I
III
— He gave me much good
advice.
'4^ *i*^tir He flew into a
high rage as he heard this.
Not® ; ^tt®n C1W 4 t^jf
^tctl^ fapilttc?? Past Indefinite
Tense ^ I
TRANSLATION
IV
'Sltlft 1 — Would you go
out for a walk with us ?
'«lWC?r ?*ff^ Sft4 -f— Could you
lend me ten rupees ?
Note : c*i\«3 ^«JW1 Present Tense- Verb-^m
Past Indelinite Tense <Ff4C^ ?? I
The Past Continuous Tense
Verb — ‘to go’
Affirmative Negative
I was 'Ntfv il1— I was
gotng.
'SftW'ill Wezrere
going.
^fsr J(T^C‘4i|cM~Vou mere
going.
You were
going.
Tliey were
going.
Interrogative
'*11151 ? Was
I going •{
'S(t3)<l1 f?F ?—
Were we going ‘i*
?—Were
you going y
c'5t3(5i 9f ? —
iVere you going y
C»l ^—Was he
going y
Were they going y
not going.
■«lt5I<n 5it^c^f^f|tsi ill— We
wore not going.
'jfii ill— You
were not going.
C'Sfsi^l ill— You
were not going.
'31^1^1 ill— They
were not going.
Interrogative Negative
'N'tfii f% ai y—
Was I not going y
'Sltsi^l r^' 5It^C3f|«lt’l *11 y—
Were we not going V
f¥ 5 I 1 y—
Were you not going y
c^smi ill y—
Were you not going y
C*I y— Was
he not going y
5it^r3f|9r ill y—
Were they not going ?
26
HIOHBR UNO. OBAH,, TBAB8. AND COMPOSITION
— He was plucking Sowers in'
the garden.
^tfsT — I was then having my bath.
?ft9IC»?1 jPtCH C*ft9t^t5I The boys toere making
a noise in the class.
Note : c^wl -illf ‘t M
( ^tW) Verb-H? Past Continuous Tense-
I >11^ Tense Verb-il? Present Tense-
ing ^t^5| Nominative-J]^ Person '«•
Number was were i
II
sfsjt^fiisi — The train was in motion.
<3^ '$4tiT'6 5f5irsf|«1 — This law was still in force.
Note ; «t^f%
Past Continuous-^a? Past Indefinite Tense
The Past Perfect Tense
Affirmative
— I had gone before
he came.
c»i '»ttf%5it? '®rl3i?il
We /tad gone be-
fore he came.
C*[ 'Sftf^I^t^ f?f?t-
f%Cel — You had gone before
he came.
C>i *311^ C'5tl[?1 f?nit-
fic®! — You had gone before he
came.
'^tf^ C*I f^lllT-
f%9l — He had gone before I
came.
c*f Pffl-
flei — They had gone before he
came.
Negative
c*i 'srtf^’it^
iJt^ — T had not gone before he
came.
cn '5rtf»r^t<
i(t^ — We had not gone before
he came.
c*r ^fsi iit^'
— You had not gone before he
came.
Cn C'5t5I^1
— You had not gone before
he came«
CT ^115 sitt
— He had not gone before 1
came.
— They had not gone before-
he came.
TBANSLATIOir
27 -
Interrogative (Aff.)
<.*1
?— Had I gone before
he came ?
? — Had we gone
before he came ?
? — Had you gone
before he came f
c»j
? — Had you gone be-
fore he came f
'Sltfir c>i
? — Had he gone befoi'e
I came ?
^tf^l^t^l ^JA
f — Had they gone be-
fore he came ?»
Interrogative (Negative)
?— Had I not gone before
he came ?
7— Had we not gone
before he came ]»
^lA fV ^t'O
? — Had you not gone before
he came f
7— Had you not gone
before he came 7
7 — Had lie not gone before
I came y
7 — Had they not gone
before he came y
— The thief had run
tf^*r csT^ife
away before the police arrived.
— The patient died after
the doctor had arrived.
«tt5 51^*19 He said
that he had gone to London five years ago.
Note : 5lt»fl C»l1^
eves Past Perfect Tense I Tense
Verb-Jl^f Past Participle-iS^ had I
vrW? ’ft® He had.
been writing a book five years before I was born.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
*1]:^ art? ^I’iK
— He had hem doing public work for about three
years before he died.
Note : C^il^ '^C’f ^?1
'SiCJi’Pf^Jf 5f«I^f^er £*l^l5r5 Past Perfect Continuous I
Exercise
Translate into English : —
(a) ■I'S «(t^l (lend) I >aio
«l^5l ^31 (flood) C?«I1 I
»WtI I C^t^It? (success)
(b) (for failure of duty)
(to chide) i «rsf1? 'stTfifC? (in eager expectation)
C^t?r?f ^31 I ?
« 3ffil -431 aftC“t3 sir^T ^?,35t3 3'f3£'$^5( (to
shout)? ?|C9 «f>C3 Ffi|C'3f1>5T I *ffC3 >1*1^13
I ’^t=Pti:*t ^t3t'9f% 3ff33l (twinkle) ;
(c) '8ltf5l3t3 C5t3ffe *(5lt|3l C^f^l I
C<1:')fl3t3 ctnfB ^lf^3l (to steam off) |
(famine) Cff*l1 fJr3t3 ^t!5t31 -Sft^t ^tt®31 »I?C3 5f^3l 3tJf I
■5l’git3 C3t^f& >lt3l C»fSf I '5lt«Jr 5ltf^5f, '5l3*i3
ifJfsp?! vflCSll I C^t9l§1 '5itC5t| 'ai3:*>ltC'5 f»t3tf%?l (go to the dogs) I
'®lt’It3 C^t^Jll 3ft«f S11 (had little effect on) i
(d) 3E^i:?r ^^3t3 ^ «{'^3 3l#fC^ 3rf3t^f%5f I
5tf 3) ( job ) *t1^3t3 3Ft*it1p3
( deal in ) i f?Jl ^3
I site's^ '^51t«rft3t3 31 ^ 1 * 1*1 3^t^CT3
f3K3i 'sitJ135 Rsf 3f33l *^^'SrtSl St^lt^CsfllsisT I
Lesson 3
THE FUTURE TENSE
The Future Indefinte Tense
Affirmative Negative
^1— t shall not gc
«rt5ra1 J(1— We shall
— I sJtall go.
'snsi?1 We shall go.
— ' ou u'iU go.
C^tsr?1 You will go.
C*1 — He will go.
They will go.
Interrogative (Aff.)
-attfv f% s)ti5^ Shall I go ?
•{ — Shall we
feo r
’^fsi fis V — Will you
go r
f'# ? — Will
you go p
0\ ‘f—Will he go '(
f?? 't—Will
they go y
not go.
^1^C<1 i(1— You will not
go.
m— You will
not go.
C>i III— He will not go
^1— They will
not go.
Interrogative Negative
'silfv ill p— Shall 1
not go p
'SflsiSI i=n p— Shall
we not go p
^fsr ?— Will you
not go p
^t^C5l iI1 p— Will
you not go p
C*r p— Will he
not go p
?— Will
they not go p
I
'5(tsill1 'Stfitl We shall visit Agra
during the summer vacation.
'sRuC'S — You will be a great
doctor in future.
30
HIOHKB BNG. QBAM., TBANS. AND COMPOSITION
(jf ,<|| ^f|. — He will sit for the M. A.
Examination this jear.
Note : Vorb-^nii shaU «r«f^1 will Future Indefi-
nite Tense I ( Simple
Futurity) Verb-il^ First Person- ii shaU Second « Third
Person-ii will i
II
•4^ JI1— I will not allow him to
■ do this work.
>4^ — He aluill do this work.
“ttf% Those who
made a noise shaU bo punished.
Note : ^^1^ ^1 First Person-vH
wiU i4^^ Second "G Third. Person-i4 shall ^C»[ I
III
C*t fV >4^ ? — WiU he get himself admitted
into this school f
f’F '^Wt^ '4^<Jtf^ ?— WiU you give me
a novel f
=?1^1 Jllf— FTtK not Sits sit for the
examination J
Note : Interrogative Sentence- 4
First Person-^ ‘shall’ 4^^ Second 'Q Third Person-^ ‘will’ |
IV
fsiHin ^ifl iifi— Njever teU a lie.
Uli ol^C ^ — Take care of your health.
^ «C^ ^ik^—Get up from bed early
in the morning.
Note : fapiptcf 'sR®** sftRFtsi'e
'^si’S Present Indefinite ^ l
The Future Continuous Tense
AflBrmative
^ I shall
ie going.
— We
shaU be going.
^fl[ Otic'S You toill
be going.
You
mil be going.
C*! ’(ttrs — He wiU be
going.
They
will be going.
Interrogative (Aff.)
Shall I be going ?
Shall we be going ?
f% ^t^C'3 7— Will
you be going f
1> ’Tttt'® iil ?
— 1F*K you not be going y
cs[ y— Will
he be going y
«rtf%csi T—
Witt they be going y
Negative
^tfsi Jil— I shall
not be going.
Jitter ^1— We
shall ml be going.
511—
Y''ou will not be going.
c^t5i-<i itf^w 5i1—
You will not be going.
C>I eltf¥c^ Rl— He
will not be going.
Otic'S «ftf%c?r 511—
They will not be going.
Interrogative Negative
'Bitf^ y—
Shall 1 not be going y
'»it3i^1 5ri y
ShaU we not be going y
^1—
Witt you not be going y
c^lsnii fV ^lilt's <rtf^w 511 y
— WtZZ you Twt be going y
c*i f% 5H y—
IfiZZ he not be going y
'5t?t9l 5ji y
— -ITtTZ they not be going y
32
HIOHSB BNO. OBAM., TBANS. ANi> OOMPOSITIOK
sAall be telling a story.
v<)^ — It toill be raining for an
hour.
ffelS fsiPrr® «(tfVw ^—Wm y;ou be miting
ii letter then f
Note ; ‘c^twl Verb- 4 il
Future Continuous Tense | ^ Verb-4^ Nomi-
native 4^ Number « Person 'shall be' ‘mil be''
4^^ CtC^ -ing ^ I
The Future Perfect Tense
Affirmative Negative
^tf5(
— I shall have reached
Calcutta by then.
C*flf|ll1 Wc shall have
reached Calcutta by then.
— You wtK have reached
Calcutta by then.
You will have
reached Calcutta by then,
cn '3^«FC‘I
— He will have reached
Calcutta by then.
c’ftf^r,
*11 — T shall not have
reached Calcutta by then.
4®'>FC'I
«rtfV^ ill— We shall Jtot have
reached Calcutta by then.
ill — You will not have
reached Calcutta by then.
ill— You will not
have reached Calcutta by then.
5^1 — He will not have
*
reached Calcutta by then.
They will have 'c’flf^ill vftfVc^ ill —They will not
reached Calcutta by then. have reached Calcutta by then.
TRANSLATION
33
Uses in Sentences
‘^'^*1 CT C'frf^irl — He will have reached home
by now.
# «rtf%^— We shall have
reached there before it starts raining.
csrr^ C^%rsf Cf\ «fTf?FW— He will have
run away before the policeman arrives.
Note : C^FtRl ’<lf5P3
Future Perfect Tense ^tr I *ilC^ ^ Verb-
Past Participle-.i|^ *shall have' ^ 'will have' ^ I
Exercise
Translate into English : —
I. (o) ^ (?iFr5i osiTfR c*1t^
I wl W ^ I ?
'srtt’PI' ’anrt^r ( to disobey ) Sfl I <!tl?
^ I '?C®nr ’tpifefl ( discipline ) ^itlsnsl
sfilP? STl ?
(b) 'SN I ^ 'arW?r «rar
^*W «rtf^ ? wtmtir ( to
twinkle ) ? 'tf^ ( lectures ) t<=||'J^'>fw‘
( audience ) ^ ^I^C® I ‘taWl (?I
*t%® oltf^c^ I *11?^ 'sfWW^ *fsHl 6^It^ I
(c) CJf ?1#1 5|t% '®roPF «f%l ot1»IW I
al^ltsi^ >il5pf5 *ff^PRRl ^tn ( to chalk out a plan ) l
tat 9 m<| ( by now ) 1^1^ <ltf^CW I ^
brotpi 1%f^ I 1 k*iton cict "ifNl
tilii <rt%^ I
LESSON— 4
Trandtire and IntransitiTe Verbs
A
^ Valmiki wrote the Ramayana.
*1Tf% J?1 — cannot bear ( or,
tolerate ; or, put up with ) this insult.
<5^511^ CSWif 15(^*11^151—1 have just got (or, received) your
letter.
Note ; 4l“N5fN ^ll^ Transitive Verb ^
^ I sentence-li%3 italicized word-'tl^ Transitive
Verb Object 'ailc^ I Object ^514^
Verbis Transitive ^ I
B
HN I fipi ^ 4f?fC3f^ — A storm war blowing all day long.
'®Tlf4 %»1 41 — do oot sleep at day-time.
fSpif^ §S5^l4 ^ 41— Minati never laughs.
Note : 4^9114 I^RllPP ^4l^ftr5 49|1 ^ -Intransitive
■Verb. Intransitive Verb->a4 wlt4l 4rtf 41W 41 I
C
44^1414^ '4t4li?’tPP ^41^1 *1914— Ramani Babu teaches ns
English.
C5l4tC!P 45piS ^*44 ^*4 4^ f?4— I shall give yon a
nice story book.
^ 'stWW -iPPfS 54««444 ’fW 4^l4lf^— You told mean
interesting story.
TRANSLATION
35
Note : Transitive Verb-*iRi Object
t’HW? >IC«0 Direct Object ?|C9f ; «i|^ CUft
Indirect Object ^ I fe’icsf CSTt^ ^
word-^ISi Indirect Object, ^ 'afroi ^*n (italicized) word
Direct Object.
D
^ aff«Wf^ — I dreamt a dream last night.
^f»(CSR — He laughed a hearty laugh.
f%f5r ?f®hr ^ — He slept a sound sleep,
ffeRI — The freedom fighter died a
heroic death.
Note : Intransitive Verb-ii|^ ^ Verb
Object I Object-C’P Cognate Object
^ ^1 sentence -'9f%C3 FM 1 . word-'Sf^
Cognate Object I
E
SR ^ — Do not pride yourself on your wealth.
»l'3^ 1 C®I — He absented himself
from school yesterday.
^ Pl'WW flWt fiWPl^ He proved
himself a hero in the battle.
JR £ 5 ^ ^4 1?^ — All his efforts proved false.
^pfl^ C'IC’F fW 'fR ' — Keep aloof from bad associates.
Note : Intransitive Verb-ifRr *tRf ^'«Pre
4 stif 6 Reflexive Pronoun Object ?iic*t ^ ^ ^5«R Transitive
Verb->a? «|^ "tc® i Reflexive Pronoun itfij *|csj JJttfRI®;
s«// ^ selves ’Wife ^ ^ I
36 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
F
CSfsftW C^^l^c'ac^ — You look pale.
^?1 C?6?rl — The house is to let.
We elected him*
President.
SRJT ^1% JTI— I do not consider him
trustworthy.
Note ; '5r< Sfcgr Intransitive
Verb-vi)7 ^ Complement Wi I Subjective Complement
?C3l I 'sr< W Transitive Verb >3?
Complement ^ | Objective Complement ^ ^ I
Exercise
Translate into English : —
1 . i2i^ »r^Tc«i ?jW 5( ^ciiH I 2. f% Tftair® *|i5tt9»rt'
’W ? 3. ^ ( chirp ). C*rr^^ ( dawn ) |
4. C?%1 ^hs 5. ^ (noble
death) ^«| (died) | 6. 'arpjtS
(charge) (false) I 7. ^ *< 1 ^^ 'anrsit? ^ I
8. ^iSt^ %SI I 9. 'srrf^ *!«. siPT ^
( consider ) srI I 10. 'arWH I 11. igpF-
I 12.
13. *t^ 14. tR ( wealth ), or '« c^ <c» ra
( youth ) sff :oflhe srI I 15.
LESSON— 5
Simple And Causative Verbs
I
*ftii — He reads the Koran
•everyday in the morning. (Simple)
<<1^ — He teaches Arabic in this school.
(Causative)
'srfsral fsfe 3T«r|Jrt?r m We many a
tiger in the Zoo. (Simple)
^ He showed
us many a tiger in the Zoo. (Causative)
C»I ^51^ — He will eci* rice. (Simple)
?rr5l — Mother is feeding her child.
(Causative)
Note ; W ^ VerbfS Simple
Verb ( 'srf^ f®?n ) I ^«(ST >rt«fTtir
VerbfB Causative Verb ( ^ I *4^lwr,
‘C?«fnRl’ Verb-'Sf®! Causative Verb.
Causative Verb-4^ Simple Verb RtsTlft
U
^ — Ram made us laugh. Or, Ram
caused us to laugh.
9lt^— I shall get the work done bv
him.
C®W^ ’Ttfl CJRfPS ^1^ f— When will you get yoiu
Souse repaired “i
CTR f— What makes you laugh ?
38 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
fWl — I shall have the sum done by
him.
Note ; Verb-<ii?r Causative form I »RS5f ci^i
make, cause, have, get *rt^Nl 5|^ Caysative-iiBr ^
«W»f ^ I
Exercise
1. Translate into English : —
1. 2. ^ ffe I 3. 'Sttf^
( half a mile ) <^f<| I 4. c*l
<iPf ^nt^i ^?n ( walk ) I 5. ^ ^ »
6. 31^ ftarfBc^ c^!p?r ^ %5H i 7. c^sl^rRinr
«t«r C«ta C«lt4f ^ I 8. <JWI^ w ^ ^ ^
( to raise ) ? 9. ^ifHS ^<T«F|3r l 10.
vD^ «R;f I
LESSON— 6
Moods
A. The Indicative Mood
3I1^ ’?!& — Man ‘is the supreme creation of God,
(?iWf 31t5!^ ^sTTsT — The beauty of flowers charms
the mind of man.
3|t!P? — There are many up»
and downs in human li^.
4^4twr srff OPT Sflt. ^ f — 7s there any one
who has not heard the name of Tagore ?
Note: 3rf? m«ftf CSPtWl ^ ^JTl ^ ^ ^ 4W 1«fWt*R
^ tpt, Verb-tiRT Indicative Mood ipt t
TRANSLATION
B. The Impeimtive Mood
I
^ ^'6— Z-ooJt after your old parents.
^FTtf^ ^ srl— Never tell a lie. j . •
1^*fr C«{PP ^ WiR— Please save nie
from the impending danger.
^—Do not sleep at day-lime.
Note : 'aim, §’m, 'sra!C?fT«f, att’kl, <21^
Verb-iiRT Imperative Mood ^ir I Imperative Mood->i|ir
Sabject-f^ *R Second Person, 'N<t«. ‘You’ 1
‘You’ »rftrni‘t^5 ^ «(tC^ I
II
5*1, '*il>nri cwl^ ^ US 8° out fof u '^ulk,
tft^^Let him read that book.
"Ttf^ — Let him be punished.
Note : First Person 'e Third Person-va Imperative Mood
^C*l *lep ffUl ^PFjfS 'Sft5« ^'ftc'5 ^ I
m
Jf®J ^ Wl Speak the truth, or I will put
you to death.
^lc>rtft SR, ’tSWlit Csr /lead
attentively, or you will fail in the examination.
C. The Sabjunctive Mood
Or
The Conditional Mood
^ ^ # tU, ^ ^Itf^ ^ JTl— If it rains today,
1 shall not stir out of home.
40 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
d»sf$ c?®! TOJf >4^ ^ 1^ tt/Bcsiif— He walked fiut
lest he. should miss the train.
C^ST5ftt¥ 5|ra[3r If you Aflrf
come here, I would have given you a pen. (Or, Had
you come here, 1 would give you a pen).*
^t^r, '51^ ^|c5f c5it^?H5F *rtT?l^
Were I a king, 1 would help the poor.
'srtW !— Oh, that Tagore were
alive today !
dSlsfl?! — May you prosper in life.
'«rW, 'srtf^ !— Oh, that I were a king !
I
Note : ^«(iT8 Verb-v<l^ Subjunctive Mood 'sfWWl
^ tin I Subjunctive Mood-iil?f Optative Use ?|C9| )
»rS (condition), ^ Verb-ua
Subjunctive Mood ^ 15 ^ ^ I Subjunctive Mood-ta Verb-«<i?f
Third Person '6 Singular Numbcr-iri es ^ ^ sil 1
D. The Infinitive Mood
I
'srmtc^ *n^ He promised
to help me.
^ ^ ’lt5R«r*r, Wl — To err is human, to forgive
( is ) divine.
flrlWH ? — Does he know how to swim ?
Note : (i) jrr«rf?'l^ ^9|tir Vf
In^nitive Mood ^7^5 I
n
*RWtsr ^ 'tt?— It is difficult to sohe Hut
present food problem.
TRANSLATION
41
^ — He seems to be thoughtful.
Note : Infinitive ^ isM? t — (i) Simple or Noun Infinitive 4 ^
■(ii) Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive. Noun Infinitive Subject,
Object or Complement-iKt I Infinitive-4T
-vjrt Verb-4tr to ?[Pl |
111
^ — Give me a little water to drink.
C^Tt^ — He is not the man to be afraid.
CSItttf — He has no chair to sit on.
Note : Sentence Verb-
Gerundial Infinitive I Noun- 4 ? »tc?
Noun-f6c^ Adjective-4? ^11^1 qualify ^C? 1
VI
W ^'>11 '®rt5f1^ 'NWiF 7b speak
the truth, he has done me much harm.
-’Rcm’t ?prc^ C’fcn C^T^rf? C^rt^F <Sf»fC5 Jo be
brief, you are happier than all other men in the world.
Note : Gerundial Infinitive ^<Pr<3 ?R<fJ? ^tl?
^*lf^ 'Sfsjf'^ Parenthetically ?]?35^ I
The Infinitive without Ho’
I
?f3rw ?fe— Let him say all that he baa
got to say.
%ltc^ 4^ ?ffai I heard Lila sin$
a Tagore song.
42
HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
^ C»wtl5r C?%Tfe3t ?— Did you see me go there f
Ram need not do the
work.
CT »rt^ Pe helped me
pass the examination.
^ ^ f — What makes you say like that f
Note : Let, make, see, hear, dare, need, help
Verb-<fl^t ’I?! Infinitive-»fl5 Uo 1 Verb-'Sisf Passive
Voice-n ‘to’ ^ «f1C^ 5i1 I ^**11 —
^«(T He was made to do
that work:
C^sW? «l*R*rl C«rt5rl He was heard to
praise you.
II
' ^*1 ^flR, Sfl— I would rather die than beg.
CSt’TN ^ oreftt ^5M1— You had better give
up politics.
1%f5r ^ ^1i5l JTlt— He did nothing
but do harm to me.
Note : ‘Would’, ‘had better’, ‘rather than’, ‘but’
*nr Infinitive Mood-tHiI ‘to’ ^ «ftW I
. Exercise
Translate into English : —
A
1. ( famous scientists ) «|iaW
I 2. *r5J^ *11^ ^ ^ f 3.
(philosophy) (to realize) f% f
4. Tr4W5l ^ "4^ ( to defend ) fV sff 7
TRANSLATION
43^
B
I 2. ( the
hungry ) «tt«, mftftJT ^fire i 3.
ff« ( to expel ) 4. ( according to
her will ) sffsf spf^ iffe | 5. S®! '®rl>Rrl »PF^ ^
( to raise subscription ) i 6. ^*1^1*1 'll I
7. C3i^if?[ ^1 8. »r®i ^*in 431, ^r«(i
CSfltC^ fsif ( to pardon ) I
C
1. fWt^‘^'6 1 2. 'srf^, «>fT% 3. 4l?
4S'iri 5Tl W, ^ C^WC4F ■■*11^ C?<jtrl 1 4. -srlft 4Wt5f-
4tl ^ I 5. ^lTf, >R;1'4n ntfl ^
#lf^ ! 6. C»T 4# W 4s*ri 4f^, «r*R*rf ( to
praise ) I
D
I. fPT JRTI ^5T JH I 2. "arfft
( advice ) CSOf^sTt^ I 3. ^5ttrr4 f^lf^Rltl
4^ iltt I 4. <Tt% 5R 5. ?^4l?
>r<fl^ ( to be cut to the quick ) I 9. >r3il ^
4l31C® f^, 'aftfil^ ^ «rar ftff I 7. JTnWT 4%^ C»fC3l ( to be
brief ), C?*f4f 4 fl^ ( charity ) 'S(*tt4^ ( immeasurable ) I
8. 'sn^tc^ 4t%4 4t^ >fte I f3lR4l4 C^5t4t4 C^n?11
41WI4R srl^ I 9. 'srt’Rl ^11?P ClfN ( fault )
( to confess ) 4T4I 4d%5frj( l 10. C«lT|t4 44 *n
«tt»rl I 11. 44t 444 4^ 44r®1 ff4T4 41^ ( to give in ^
to yield ) JO I
' LESSON 7
Voice
A
<’r — He sleeps at day time.
’tt%1 fee® — Birds fly in the sky.
Note : Intransitive Verb ( feU ’Tt’Tt^'TSS Passive
Voice ( ?P^<rr5I ) STI I
B
C*i feofgrPl (PnPf — He writes a novel. [ Active ]
vi)^ fe*f9rr*l ^ — A novel is written by him.
[ Passive ]
'5rf^®l >*|SFf6 ^ CifRirtft®! — Abdul saw a tiger. [ Active ]
^ — ^A tiger was seen by
Abdul [ Passive ]
shall buy a chair. [ Active ]
OTt?f ‘sflTl — A chair will be bought by
me. [ Passive ]
OFC^W — Deben is making a table
[ Active ]
Cfpypt C&Rsf — A table is being made
by Deben. [ Passive ]
*1151 stt%®fl3f-^h<adhabi was singing a song.
tfl® — A song was being sung by
Madhabi [ Passive ]
^RutCfi — My brother has done this
work. [ Active ]
TRANSLATION
4S
4t^l5 '®fr5(t'4 'ot^ *r^ — ^This work has been
done by my brother. [ Passive ]
Note : (a) Transitive Verb-^ ( IShtI ) Active
« Passive ^ Voice-i9 ’tR^f I
(b) (i) Active Voice-C^ Passive Voice-<i|
Active Voice-D^t Object )-c^ Passive Voice-iiRf Subject
?Eir I (ii) Active Voicc-<il5 SubjectfS Passive Voice-iii
‘by’ <i|^ Preposition-i<i?f Object vftCTi I (iii) Active Voice-iiRr
Principal Verb-fBf Past Participle Nominative-
Tense, Number '« Person Verb Uo bc’-iiRf C^R»rl
form ( ^ — be. ant, is, are, was, were, being, been, )
^ I
II
Ram Babu will give me a
pen. [ Active ]
f (i) A pen will be given me by Ram Babu. [ Passive ]
\(ii) I shall be given a pen by Ram Babu. [ , ]
— He teaches me Bengali. [ Active ]
(i) I am taught Bengali by him. [ Passive ]
(ii) BjgHiJt is taught me by him. [ Passive J
Note ; Active Voice-<iii Object ( Direct ■« Indirect )
Ittwi Passive Voice-»i| Subject
'apitrfS Object 1 C*l^ Object-fBc^ Retained Object
4C91 1 ^5^5^ 'ill?fC3[ Passive Voice-v<i^ ^ form ^ |
III
cspfl ^tCI^ — The letter has been written.
'4^ Wl This was said.
CTt*r ^ — Romc»was not built in a.
day.
-46 HIGHER ENGLSH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
Note : Scntcnce“«|5iC3 agent ?ri doer ^ I
<4^ Passive Voice ^ I
IV
«t5 — Read the book . [ Active ]
<1^ ( C'35f>n ) 'fSl — Let the book be read (by you).
[ Passive ]
>iwf6 ifto — Give him a piece of cloth. [ Active ]
orsfl — (i) Let him be given a piece
of cloth. [ Passive ]
(ti) Let a piece of cloth be given to him [ Passive ]
£*l — ^Let him work out the sum. [ Active ]
— Let the sum be worked out by
him [ Passive ]
^pp — Send for a doctor. [Active^
vl^t^ I5W — Let a doctor be sent for. [Passive]
Note : Imperative Mood->i)7 Verb-i4^ Passive Voice
Sentence-^^Rf ^ ‘let’ ^ I
Exercise
Translate into English t —
1. f%f% (to lend) l
2. ' aiS t P lVl 1^*1 I 3.
^ I 4. ''51^ TO I
5. c*l T >4^ atst®^ trow
I 7. %a TO (break out) ^^iVstR I 8.
*toI 5 ^^5-^ ifte I 9. ^*11 (look down upon)
JTl I 10. uppi^ ^^3|*ICT TOT C?e?1 (to inform) | 11. ^
(to bring out) f% ? 12. I 13.
14. <11^ ^ TOrtjs ^ J
Chapter V
Cases
LESSON I
The NominatiTe Case
I
C5fli ^3 fe®R — Ramchandra was the eldest son
of Dasaratha.
C<pt — Malaria has spread all over the
country.
•tf*f£«T #r ? — A mad man speaks anything.
Note : Nominative Case
tfW I Nominative Case-*rf*rr!f*f^! Sentence-<iRf < 2 Wisf ^ I
11
— You should be punished.
C8WPF cwr— T om look like a prince.
'SrtCT f??rmrn?r «RI Til^—Vidyasagar was bora
in the village of Birsingha.
OIC^ ^5 ^ — This country has produced many
heroes.
Note : ^?PPre ’ms ^ ’RN ’PN^,
■« *m ’IdN ^«Nl? Nominative Case -flJWS ^ I
m
^1^ *tf?C3C ? — It is raining cats and dogs.
’Nil — It is evening now.
^ >1^ — It is difficult to work out the sum.
Note : ^*11 Sentence-«a? *IT word^ ffWl
^ I 'If Preparatory ‘if ^ i
48 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
The Position of the Subject
1
//e will go to London for
higher education.
iRThitnt^ ^<!rt*rf«(j C5^
Mahatma Gandhi tried his best to remove untouchability.
Note : Sentencf->ii?[ Subject ^ i
11
'^RtTl ^ ^ srtt ? — Did they not go to school
yesterday f
^rlWl ! — Long live the king.
! — May he be happy t
\4|^R4 — Go he must.
C»rt9lt®tf5 ^ ! — How beautiful is the rose i
Note : (i) Interrogative, Exclamatory, Optative
Emphatic Sentence-in Subject-f5 ’R^r, in^ Verb-f5 R*l I
(ii) Subjunctive Mood-il ^ fecsW Jfl Subject-^
Verb-in^f *tc?r R*l I
m
'Sin'Anrf ’Plftf? — ^There are many temples
and mosques in India.
4^ CSTSfRl ®f3r ^ — Here is a book for you.
^ 'srni® ii^«T — N o sooner had we
reached home than the storm burst.
TO — Now is the time.^
Note : (i) 'There', 'here', 'no sooner^, 'scarcely' 'now*,.
word fwl Sentence Subject-fS
Verb*4^ *1B[ ^ I
TRANSLATION'
49
Exercise
Translate mto English
1. (71^ C?CT^1 I 2. vilt ’FSPTJ OJprt
JTl I 3. V<l| ntC5 -Sj]^ (plenty) Jfsj SfOl I 4.
(crocodile) ^ I 5. ^ W I 6. ^ *rf^ >3f
4H4fS ! 7. ^ ^ Cirf^ (foolish) i 8. 1^ €=^>1^
*rpstft f fl^ I 9. srmfe fwrsics «f««r ^‘&i *fl®5i i
10. '«{ff5fe <fttC5 (sit down to dinner), ^•e l
11. 14*1^ ^ f% ^iWa »nc^ srI (stand by) 1
LESSON 2
I'hc Objective Case
1
lilt should read this book.
'4^ t*r'1Pl«rt 'Stst^ arfatrtfespf — Hazarat Mohammad
propagated Islam.
^txni CtffsraTf^ — I have lost my book.
^t?nc^--Your words have offended
him.
Note ; Object Vei b-iiw *tca 4W I
11
*flW ttf5yl lil’rfpf He came here on foot.
59l« ct=T 0 ^ ’IW -He died as he fell down
from a running train.
aictfl f^tn 'stti*K44— He will come back within
an hour.
Note : rraPriP, ^Tl^
'^SPrt? *Pnr Preposition-iiitr petf Object ^ ^ I
T.— 4
50 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
III
’TS ?rtC3i dreamt a sweet
dream last night.
^tsi?n isrf'l We laughed a hearty laugh.
Note : Intransitive Verb-*ii^ CTO'e
Object ^C*! ?PI I Cognate Object ^sil ^ l
Intransitive Verbj5 Transitive-iatl ?|i*f eft^ ^ I
The Position of the Object
1
f^fJl ^"“rc^ ®fC5ft^tf»iC55l— He loved his country
with all his heart.
^*15 — Put the book on the table.
Note ; Object Transitive Verb ^ Preposition lirf^rt
governed <tC?r I
11
^ *RC»f C?^1 f—Whom did you meet
there ?
’{ — U'hich picture will you buy ?
Note : Interrogative Pronoun Object 'H«R1 Object-4i
^ Interrogative Adjective ObjectfS Verb-<iRl ^ I
111
C*ll5fl — Gold and silver have I none.
'®rW^ — Son and daughter have I none.
^ ^ — That you must do.
Note : Emphasis Object Verb-eiti l
Note : We have seen how various sentences in various
forms are to be translated. So we are uow at a stage when
simple and narrative passages in Bengali may be taken up for
franslation. We do it in the next Chapter. Please note it
carefully.
Chapter VI
Translation of Paiges
Introduction : Translation of passages plays an important
part in the School Final Examination. After all, it is the
passages that are set for translation in the examination, not
detached sentences. So it deserves a careful study on the part
of students concerned, and an equally careful treatment of the
of the subject by the teahers, who take up the subject.
How to translate passages ; Translation of passages is not
so difficult as it is supposed to be. After all, a passage is
nothing but so many .sentences, so arranged or put together
as to form a single whole. If you can translate correctly and
well the sentences in the passages, you may rest assured that
more than half the battle is won. So your attention should be
concentrated on the correct translation of the sentences. The
only thing you should take care to remember in this connec-
tion is that a connecting link is to be maintained. This may
necessitate in places ‘free translation’.
N. B. Home work plays a very important role in acquiring
facility in translating passages. In fact, pract'ce nine points
out of ten, in order to acquire the necessary ability in the
matter. Now look at the Models below.
MODELS
A
[ Narrative Passages Worked Out 1
r I j
dflW ^ l-f%
m I ^ ! 'SWa >2nrFi
?^9| I i >irrw
^ I ’F«t1 ^ ’If
^ct5 *riw Sfl l” <l31’f‘l ^ ^ ? '^PT
52 HIGHtR tNCLlSU GRAM.. TRANS. A COMPOSITION
i
«irat«R I «n^sn ^ ^ ^
^ <sipr *ftf5 i" ijc^
C5tw «r»i I ^fsfcsR— ^ c3Tsili»r^ ^ i
C95t>ral i"
There lived in uur village an old Brahmin. He tried his best
to impart proper education to his sons. But. alas, all his
efforts ended in smoke. His sons would not pay any heed to
what their father used to say. The Brahmin said. ‘‘My boys, be
serious about your studies. It is your duty to obey your
parents. None can be great without education." The sons
said to their old father," “Education will lead us nowhere.
Money is what is needed in life, is it possible to earn money
by so-called education ? Bless us, father, that we may earn
money enough in life.” Utterly disappointed, the old man said,
with tears in his eyes. “May God make perfect ‘men' of you !
May you live long and be happy !"
Note : Passage-lBr® Sentence-ui5 <2KllT»f-
spfj I Affirmative •« Negative, Assertive,
Imperative. Interrogative. Optative, Exclamatory — ^CSR
Sentence-'i|?[^ <SJClfSR I
C 2 1
311131 (plt^ ^ I -4^ 3ttCT f|»I
>rN?r, 5PT^ « I ?i%ic^ I
dtlTf 'aim I iJJWlsf 'S
'slfNtl ^ 511 1 (SltlW? ^
4^15 I dtnSN fewsi ^■e ^ tss 5KI? I jppcspi
?lt;i dlfW f 511^ I
"pRw 1
TRANSI.ATION OF PASSAGES
53
Once there lived in this village some five thousand people.
There were a temple, a mosque and a church in this village. A
few relics of them are still to be Pound there. But this village
is almost deserted today. The historic importance of this
village, inhabited by Hindus, Mahoniedans and Christians,
cannot be ignored. It is a sacred duty of ours to recons-
truct the village and it is not so diificult to do ( or, develop )
it. It should be remembered that the rural life is very simple
and natural ; it is free from artificiality : It has to be realized
that the future of India depends on the rural development.
Note : Passage-f5c35 Introductory ‘There'-^^
Preparatory •sfr.trtn ‘There' ’ll
'afjf iflt I .‘?cntpncc-.!l^! fitsfcsi
SentencefB ^5 I
r 3 I
-in'® I '<ri^rci 5171^ &tif I ^11 tt? ciRTct?^ I
i cstw ctcji >51:311 ^ 1 1 %^
^ f*ta c^w ^k^rl I fe'f c’wc^ cifi«t
«rfG?ftC5 ^5IC3R, ^ I
9R ’HR, ’?? *1t?R I '®rtR ^ ^
=Hr^ I ^ ^ ^ I jpg ^ ^ I
W 5R>‘?! I CSRIW ftfRI W ^
'srtfjf I cstrswR, «rRR «tt^ 1"
A Mother’s Dream
It was a moon-lit night. The silver-white moon was up in
the sky. The mother, was showing the moon to her child. The
ebild was charmed by the beauty of the moon i and it caused
54 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
it to sleep (or, made it sleep). But after a short while, the
child began to cry. The mother fe It that it was hungry. So she
said, while feeding the child with milk, "My child, you will
grow up. I shall walk you, feed you, bathe you^ teach you and
make you sleep. 1 shall get many things done by you.
i shall send you to school when you grow up. You will be
a learned man. Then you will secure a big job ; 1 shall get
a big live-storeyed house erected by you. May my darling
enjoy peace and happiness in life.”
Note ; PassageiSus Causative Verb Simple Verb
-'S? ^ I — 1 caused him to
laugh (Or, I made him laugh) : ‘make'-Ji^ infinitive-um
sign ‘to’ ^ ‘cause’ verb-f8
Inlinitive-ui? ‘to' I
[ 4 J
Hl^ ITRI t
Jitw '«rr® ^ ift? ^1, ®rRi i
^^FpRTi *rrf^, i
5t3ionr >11^ »PR si^ttjF^cjnr ^ i
^ cHpn 1 <3fcn?i c*ri
'sn^tft’iR ’^‘1 I
«fWf^ I ^ sftl^
%
Those who are industrious can prosper in life. Everybody
*
knows that success cannot be achieved without labour (pr^ It ia
known to all that success cannot be attained without labour^
Those who rose to eminence in life were industrious and
persevering. If we read their life^history\ we can learn that
translation of passages
55
they made the best use of time. It is the duty of students to
follow the ideals ot these great men. They should remember
that it is their duty to serve the country. Their primary duty
is that they should study regularly and build up their physique
and character. It should be borne in mind that the future of
the nation depends on the student community.
Note : Passage-fBc% Complex Sentence->i )9 sfl^
feirl^‘1 I Complex Sentence with Noun Clauses,
Adjective Clauses "O Adverbial Clauses-vD clause-vH^ fitctrf^
I SRJl TtRw. Principal Clause->£|^ Finite VerbfS Present ?|1
Future Tense-«i) Subordinate Clause-^)? Finite Verb c^-
crFf Tense-»a *ftRf l Principal Clause->i)? Finite
VerbjB Past Tense-i) Subordinate Clause->i)? Finite
VerbfB^ Past Tensc-^^« i
[ 5 J
I ^ ^ mm ^'1 I
^tsnr fwi i c^'ift'e ^ ,
*if^ I C?,
^ sfi I ^5 c^tiRi ^rrsiOTi ciwi
^ I ^C5 I CT^ ^C'® *RTIPT^
I *RJt^ ^Rtl ^ 1
^*tl ’TPf I
^Plftc^ CT '«rt»fr% fsRMlf ^
fiiw 5I%5R, •'WSTR
m '»Tl’»RR fsRfe fel l”
It was evening. Two friends were walking along the road
together. Suddenly they lost their way and entered into a
56 HIGHER ENGLISH CRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
forest. There was no human habitation to be found there ; the
two friends, naturally enough, were afraid. One of the friends
said to the other, “Dear friend, what is in store for us I do not
know. We have been walking on for five hours ; not and a single
man have we come across. Let us take rest under this tree”.
Just at that moment, a monk appeared there. The monk said.
"Travellers, don’t worry (or^ be not worried.) 1 have been
living in this forest even before you saw the light of the day»
1 assure you that \ will escort you tomorrow to a place
of safety. The two friends fell at the feet of the monk and
said. "We shall remain ever grateful to you for this kind and
noble act of yours”.
Note : Passage-fee® Tense-i!i?i •
^ 'SW? f5%S Idiom-^s^ -W ’W I
I ft 1
'S'^fe I 'St'
^ '« ^ cif«?n I ::niw
#nri ’f'ti Nt^c® I fH®w ^ '« »jf|®
^ I >ilt ?rf«fTPJ *WW-f&5
I :rPn *rta
*tfe® ?[^c®£^ I ^ *1^5 »nrt^ I
'BTstw fWir*! <ii^fe -j^wf I
The Ramayana is an cpic^ composed by Valmiki. This
epic was translated into Bengali by Krittibas. Countless
characters have been depicted and a large number of episodes
have been narrated in it. Ramchandra may be looked upon as
the hero of this epic. Accompanied by Sita and Lakshmana,
•I RANSI.ATION of passagks
57
Rama went into exile to respect the wishes of his father.
The social pictures of the time have been drawn in an
ttlle?,orical form in this epic. The Raniayana is being translated
into many languages of the world and is being read all over
the world. The poetic meiit of the epic has been appreciated
everywhere. The Ramavana is lust like ;i gem in the store*
house { or. giillcry) of world literature.
Note ; PassagefBps Active Voice Passive Voice-<spi
^ 1
[ 7 1
COPT’S ^9^ ’ifatil’l
I 'Jitn 5R?i
jH 'stfiiPr csf"rc5srttf sfRcsscs i '5t%l c*(
"®lt c?. '’tPfPi ^t?r cst^rPi
'srilx cspiltr cjpf 5.rf? i"
«95f?!r 5^ Hi I *5fH *11^ Hi HT«, 'SfW<
*|C^ HHIH I ^ CT, ^fif ^dVp! ^
^ nit i”
A certain mosquito Hew over the horns of .in o\ for some
time and then settled down on his horn. And he thought within
himself, “Perhaps the ox feels distressed under my weight,”
So thinking, he said to the ox, “Dear friend, if iny w'eight is
distressing to you, tell me and 1 shall fly away immediately. 1
do not like to cause you any pain.” On hearing this, the ox
said, “Don’t worry. ■ It is all the same to me whether you stay
or go away. You are sw small that T could not feel so long
that you are on my horn.”
I 8 1
■aimralH 955f, ^ HW«f,
58 HIGHER ENGLISH CRAM , TRANS, & COMPOSITION
« I I '^iw.w
^^PTo wira =^fiic3Pf Jji I ^hc*nr <2fl^ ^ ▼sjst'?
*Rm f^f^ ^tlPll'AH,
'R ^<if *Pi&^ *4i^ c*i^ 4fli
*R.s} ^«rl I
Asutosh was a student all his life (or throughout his life).
Whether at school, or at college, or at home, whenever he
had leisure, he would derive knowledge as well as pleasure by
reading various instructive books. In fact, good books were
his constant companions. Asutosh never wasted time. In
order to make fruitful every moment he always made the right
use of time. He knew that human life is but the sum-total of
little moments ; and wastage of these moments means virtually
the wastage of the whole life.
I 9 J
\
'sffsfnt '^<1 fitt? c?n^*i?
%«R I ^THr^tt^i ’®rw^ f|c»R ^%3|^
srtc^ ^rtc^ ’®rtf^c3ir, »ii:5f
I ^ israr siw ^
^ I >ii5pf5 5t^ >iop
’«nPfSl(^®l 1 CT ’afWliff ^ W
*lc^ ^ ^ J|1 1 CT >5]:^ %if^, 'shfic® *ft9Tft—
•*rPitiini ^*1 I
My father had been engaged almost always in travelling
from country to country a few years even before I was born.
In my boyhood, my father was as good as as a stranger to roe.
Sometimes he would come home, accompanied by up-country
servants. 1 felt very eager to make friends with them. Once
a tender-aged Punjabi servant, named Lenu, came with him.
TRANSLATION OF PASSAGES
59^
The reception we accorded him would not have been unworthy
of Ranjit Singh. Besides being an up countryman, he was a
Punjabi — that is what particularly won our hearts.
( 10 1
^ r •srrN
'sW?! 5T%1 '5lt !" ^ ^ f?«i
^ I ^fell ^1 Slim
I vn .ilC5( 'srtfsi
5S|^ r C5f«l ^ I
'®Kiw 'srtl^ I 'snf^ ^*65 srtfsrst^, c^i^i
^ ^n— OT I «CW fn-'N’tftfes ^j5t?tPP
^ '<f«rl 1?? ?
Suddenly Indra stood erect and said, ‘1 will go.’* I
grasped his hand firmly. “Have you gone mad, my friend 7’*
Indra made no reply. He drew out a big knife from his pocket,
took it in his left hand and said, “Stay here. Srikanta. if 1 do
not come back, you will go home and report it to my family
that I am gone. His face was very pale ; still his eyes were
glowing (or shining). I knew well the stuff he was made of.
1 knew for certain that he could be dissuaded by no means ; go
he must. How could 1 prevent a fellow like him who WcJci ever
a stranger to fear ?
[ 11 )
I 5«««
^ ^ #n ’icsJi I «iWlir 5f%i
15 ^ ^ SIR 9fac9H R *i^»W ftjir ^ ^
vfiRR =»flcR, ?r*Fi ntR I
■60 IIKiriUR l-NGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
•isfe® I f:^ 31PI fSrcRf^i i2tl^*rir '®re*W
srft I 111314 C4t’f-"RTr4 ^51
istKai 4f4c«iii CM. fitlx'tM ’Ipi^
4'M'I I t'?t4 *(4
•sr?^ ^s:c5f4 liiM^ TOM' *r«H?:53 MCMI srffi c^Ic^h i
There is a tine anecdote told about the death of
Habar. In the summer of n30, his son, Humayun, fell ill. He
was brought to Agra in a boat. But the treatment of the
physicians of that place did him little good. Disappointed.
Babar thought that he would offer to God what was dearest to
himself — which might save the life of his son. The courtiers of
Babar asked him tti offer to God the much-celebrated
diamond, Kohinoor : but Babar thought that, to a man, there
was nothing dearer than his own life. He went round the sick
bed of his son thrice and prayed that his son’s life might be
saved in exchange for his own. After this Humayun s health
began to improve. But Babar fell ill and passed away a few
weeks later.
[ 12 J
*PS1 ) I <4^ to '®IPF
^ I Ml'«ltW?l4 'iIMPtf®! C'^ f&4pr»l^ I
*114*11 ^4 SlMMnfST 4?% -SlCMtSto
MsetrtoH I 4^ Mltol *1^4I'f4 feC4rtl»f 'SRF^ ^31 1
*tf^Pf4 4^1*11^ «rt4^ »lf4?l54*l *ntl*f^ f4*R
f ] ^®lt9f4 '*T*fT^ 4ll5l®^'*f4 f3iC4fl I — H. S. Exam. 1966
A reception meeting was held in the Town Hall, Calcutta,
on the occasion of the fiftieth birth anniversary of Rabindranath
IRANSLATION OP PASSAGES
61 :
( on January 28,1912). The poet bad to hear (or, pockets
many unsavo; ry (or, unhappy : or, uncharitable) words in
connection with the celebration of this function. A section
of people of Bengal were always against Rabindranath. They
thought that the admirers of the poet organized this reception,
being persuaded by the poet himself. But, in fact, this was held
under the auspices of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. insticc
Saradacharan Mitra was then the President of the Parishad and
Ramendrasundar Trivedi, Principal, Ripon (Surendranath)
College, was its Secretary. — H. S. Examination — 1966
L 13 J
5|t»( I
w C51 'srmT?ri ?.c!r c^r^rfsT i
cif^t5i iff?l f^l mmm c^'®, c?ti5 w\ ^
*fc® «rnF'5f5( 1 .gc® c5(^w I ^
irtesf 'srfl^ <?R5 I ^ i
«rT^C5 cm STI I ■— H. S. Exam. 1968.
It was the month of January, 1902 ( or. January, 1902).
I was yet to complete the fifth year of my birth. At this
time 1 heard that I would be put to a school. On hearing this
news, 1 was beside myself with joy. Day after day, I had seen
with my own eyes, my elder brothers and sisters, with their
best ciothes on (being properly dressed) go to school ; I
was left alone at home simply because I was but a little boy.
This put me out of temper. So 1 was beside myself with joy
at the idea of going to school. At long last 1 would also be
going to school just like my elders. Barring the holidays k
would not have to be pent*up at home.
<62 HKiHER ENGLISH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
L 14 1
fsrM 6l%i. cm\ -4^ ^■’ts sitfSt®
I (?\ '*1^ *fff^, '5t^ Croft'S
Wl ’K^’S ^
6^ Sfirai C^f6 'NT?! *11^ ifl I <4 ^ 5I«siK? 'SW? ^
^ ^ <?P y *wt®l«'#lt? *t?ic«-!l [wt CIlWl^*Rl lie*!!
*il^iT^ srtfypi i ^f^'3 «fi5F yffSni ?|*nn
«rtTpnt^®tw^! W’l^ir If® of%3 sftf^ I
— H. S. Exam., 1968
After Mini had gone away Rahainat heaved a deep sigh and
sat down on the ground. All on a sudden it occurred to him
that his daughter had also certainly grown up by now ; and
that he would have to make acquaintance with her anew ; — he
would not get her exactly as she was before. Who knows what
had happened to her during these eight years ? The flute played
on, was giving forth a sweet melody in the soft sunlight of the
autumn morning. Sitting in the interior part of a Calcutta
lane, Rahamat began to dream of a desert mountain in
Afganisthan.
C 15 3
^?PItsT ^ '9 I «lt5 C»rf*|si <flW
ifl I 'sftf^ ’tif^ I cif%i captcf
^irt l^rstc^ V cntft««T5rt«i ^*1
'®rr? r
srt^i I c’fff^»?«rtc5Rr «tMi
(wtf^ I*
c*f “cntf^5iix'i?r PrsR «rt*nti
ft ? '■HHIWK *r»tft <?! ^ ’•Tfral
«fft*ft5Fr 5 pf^— ^ CiW? ^
atwi5t?(?ni ^51 ^ I’
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION
63
Haralal was very unruly by nature ; he was disobedient to
his father. The will or testament of a Bengalee family scarcely
remains a secret, Haralal came to know of it all. Haralal, on
examining all the aspects of the will, was mud with anger and
approached his father with red-hot eyes and said, “What is
this 7 Gobindalal has been given one-half of the property and
only three-anna share of the property has been allotted In favour
of me. Has it been just ?”
Krishnakanta said, “It has been quite just. 1 have given
Gobindalal only the one-half share which is the legitimate right
of his father”.
Haralal was so selfish that he said without any hesitation,
■"It is dithcult to see how it can be u legitimate right of
Gobindalal's father ? Who is he to claim the right of our
property ? Besides, the maintenance of his mother and sister
will rest with us. Why, then, is it that one anna-share has been
allotted to them ? You had better allow them life interest
only, or the right to maintenance.”
B
Passages For Translation
( With helpful hints )
[ 1 ]
dirt
^1 csfTt^^ fitw
c»i <rtpr,
'atf« 9lC«f I — )
— H. S. Examination I 962 , H. S. Comp. Exam. 1967
64
HIGHIR ENGLISH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
{ Hints : — midnight. — the
rain and storm abated. — plucking up courage.
iSJM *1^ ^4 'll — V'ou need not go up to a village,
the temple keeper. C5rif«>9| the moon is
up ( in the sky ) | ’StpRfif »lt5li^ — materials for kindling
lire.]
C 2 ]
4itt3ni ciw srna c<^l^r?r •#5 1 -gfg i
<ri^ ’Itfp?! *!ff6®i *tfwi I stt?! «!? 1 C*l^«ftCiJ C^t^ws
»1^ 'NTJ ^15 OT >rWl ’« fir4 i i
•sna ■5051 at® i a® ^tfw Jfl^i iicijn i
^5Wa o^c«!a sr® i ^*tfa i
cwtcS 41 1 al‘t-«f6c3 c«t& ^Nal *tta 41 1
— 4C?"1 ( ■Ta«.65 )— H. S. Exam. 1973
[Hints ; sjtRa «nta-~on a meadaw. C^CT — on the
outskirts of the village. >rf«in — verandah. vtfB? «1ff551 *tf^
fiprlC^ — the mud walls had crumbled down, sit®! 41^ —
there was no straw on the roof or the hul. 4^ — this
was his all. 4S ^tfRI — out of great affection. tlC^I ^ C^PH
sfS — Mahesh was as good as his son. ^45^1 — failure of crops.
^41 C*l& ^^41 ^f«n — to have two square meals a day.]
[ 3 J
'««R WC8Rf%4^ ft'ftin C5flWV(l) ’F^CSR, "51?,
■«#[ <81^ ^ I 4tt I '*fWlf 41
»i^i?K'i #nri «i^ (2) I ifpfl ’4*ik
»i>r® f445r *r^ (3) *if^ wi ^
414 (4) I (?I ^lf4 f4W »ilTs 'Sl^fCS fW fw
^ ^f44lC5rl I ’*11414 ^ 44^1*1531 CT ^ iflR®! ^4fC5 (5)
PASSACIS FOR TRANSLATION
65
^ ^ (6) (7)
ff?C9R (8) I — S. F. Exam.
Hints : (1) With folded hands (2) Your honour (3)
Please allow me to say in a nutshell all that i have got to
say (4) To bequeath (5) Submit (6) Forged. (7) As he said
thisi (8) Fainted (swooned) trembling.
.1 ** ]
(1) cirRm >ii¥WW I 4fVit9iiT,
1 csFiTw f ^51, ntcir
(2). C5t5{i?f r<Ff ^ f
*rr^ ^ *rat f (3) fsR '3T^t< w
f?c5Fr I CT «rrf^5F^'i (4) i^*t i c*i i
^57 C?f^ (5) ftf'TS ('•) I — )
-S. F. 1971
Hints : (1) Begged help of her. (2) You have orna-
ments on. (3) Will you be content if you get the ornaments.
(4) For a short while. (5) At this. (6) Was astonished,
[ ’ )
cnFi, rtc6 (1)1 csFrai wm 'srtf^ csi^ i
«Ri3Fi 'srfsfPi ^TTi «ic?ic^ I ^isiirtcai 'srwoni
iSjlPf *f5t?r .(2) I c»j^ fjrfec®
«FFm =IRIt®R (3), >il3R 'STtBlfil 'srfsiT^ 4fSt«R I
f%cs5 (4) 1
t4 ®tc5ii (5) I c’mjn, 'srrix jiws 5tt jti i
— S. F. Exam. 1967
Hints : (1) Listen (or, Let me tell you), I am still alive.
(2) Organized a meeting in our village. (3) Many condo-
led ; Many expressed . their sorrow. (4) Behind the crowd ;
audience. (5) His speech was very impressive.
T.— 5
66 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
[ 6 3
bRki cim I ®i^ c*i^ (i)
«tt5 'srwf^ w 5tf9l?5P ^^‘1 (2) I ^
^ ^ ^C3f55I (3) I CSPH »W (4)
*tT'«in ^ ^ 1 ^fRc®fe5H,
^ttc5 f^w, in ^ '®n^ '?;«fl-'5¥i (5)
■S|CT <1*^ I
'Bjifsi Jlt^ I (6) *f!:^ i(C^® ^ C»l'*ftW
^51 I — 'srmili ( ), s, F. Exam. 1956
Hints : (1) In that lonely ( or, desolate) place. (2) Was
looking around. (3) Was getting terribly Irightened ; Fear
gripped her heart. (4) Any human sound. (5) We had
better suffer ( tolerate ) thirst and hunger. (6) Door ; bolt.
[ 7 ]
’F'fl (O' I -il^
(2) fees I *1^
^ ’tttira ’Flc^ 5 ^ (3), c»fi5 ’tW
•fffsPF I ipi t%5R 31?®1 (4)
^tal ‘(^Rl sit’RSH, ’ll CWf ^ ^*11^ *relilt^ I CStWil
«(i?i ^ i^’ra 'ii«i ^ft*f*rl (5) I f*wft 'flc*i ifif^ (6)
■Rmt I ^rWj ^ '«rWir '
^C3R— ^tWj (?Rt?r 'ft^ cto (7), 4 '^W? I
— S. F. Exam. 1 965
Hints : (1) It is what luppened one morning. (2) A
flight of swans, (3) There was an arrow piercing through its
breast (4) Drew out the arrow. (S) Tears blurred his vision
( eye-sight ). (6) Claimed. (7) My nursing has brought it
bio'c to life.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION
f>7
[ 8 ]
m ^§rf^ (1) f^fjRfii srai
%t%«H I *fRf ijiirT? ww ^ cv -^nwra
»Pra i^«( C5iiw^ i^fj? •giisti ajW (2) I f'sfit
•^5 4(«rtFt 3i^< ^'i-<i jf5r< fe'SR (3) I
'*rri^ ?rr5i ciff«fi:=?R, e(«fcsi^ «nFt< 'srft^ (4) i «itwi ^
fs^iHi '^Ur.^ 31^ “3r^4t^, ^sptfirfk*!
c5rr^r<F cpsi. ^i^tr.<f ’srif^j >)5ric<i’Fi fsre^if •-^f^iri 3(?>i (5) i
^tWl oirfi ■!#iri ^shot, '«r«:i
f 3i!^r ]w\^, “«rlf>t Jrt3f ^fBui
^IPfir JTfsf fir^ (6) I — H. S. Exam. 1965
Hints : (1) Stningers. (2) Make a list. (3) Entrusted
the Chief Minister with this rcsponsibiliay ; gave the charge v^f
it to the Chief Minister. (4) His name topped the list. (5)
1 consider him the greatest fool. (6) Write their names in
that place (or, instead).
^ 9 !
.ic3faJTt«r 31^1 «f»r5ir3i ( i ), (2) i -5r$t?i 5rt»iTtJT
I C5( JTt^r c^ft’W ( l)
im:3f I 3?C3fS-<ft\5I5t ^tap3( l3R-t«, (4) 51^ I
(5) I ^ am fsife
c^t^i (6) I sfcita c«fPtc5 cjrf^ c3fc^, (7) ^ s-a 5i%pst6 i
Jirfsc^c^— cirfes ftf*rc^ i w\ Ws (8)—
'BR^ (9) I sfc^tir «fri3i *(tc^r ^ 3rR^ ^^rwc^nii
(10) J ^■sp^ ^fwl 3rt5f 3Ff3Cs!:f, 41
'3t3rf45 (11) C4S? 41 3(T4t3irf4 C4s^ ^ «rr^c5 1
( — (^"sp 4fwa ) H. S Exam. 1969 ( Compart. )
Hints : (1) An immensely rich man. (2) Landlord. (3)
Keeping its name concealed. (4) Thirty, (5) In his own
68 HIGHER BGLISH URAM., TRANS. & COMPOSinON
barge. (6) passed without any obstruction. (7) Constantly.
(8) Restless. (9) Playful ; sportive. (10) Were tending the
cews. (II) Some were enjoying a smoke.
[ 10 ]
(1) I fsfH #1^
firsr? c«irc^5 ts (2) i
(3) I ■Slf^ ^^tsf
I ««R fsf^ 'il^^ ’115'P (4)
W«T*f I '1164 f4
C^l Wf«> (.1)1 WR <t«rC4TC1 CT R 'arre^,
(6) I Ir<4fg atw ■arlfw^ C^ISITC ^tsr
‘ttft I ar*tc4<i ^rsf4t<( c»i arrsrtii srit (7) i
H. S. Exam. 1972
Hints : d) Mighty : powerful. (2) He lived a life which
was just like a very ordinary man. (3; His wife alone managed
all household works. (4) To engage a cook. (5) 1 am, after
all, a very poor man. (6) Belong to the people. (7) I have
no right.
C II ]
C4H ?rr^i4 wnr 44- (i) i <?i 4«ri (2) 4%i
*fT^ (3) I ^irsfl f^^4C4 t«l
I >5411? >54 (4) «RT ®t?t? f^Pf«
(5) I Il?;i4 ?fm? ^4& elt'ff^’SFl 4f?»r (6) l ?fwi
'*if3tc>f»r <itf®5T 4?i ^1? m (7) I ^ ^ esw?
Cl C4R 1?C1? 'It? r f^4 ifipl,
'STTfsf 1WC4I? 6lt l”
PASSA(il3S FOR TRANSI.ATION
69
Hints : (1) Jester ; clown. (2) Humorous words. (3)
'Would afford entertainment (delight) to the royal guests. (4)
Serious crime. (5) Was sentenced to death. (6) Begged the
king to spare his life. (7) It is impossible for me to set at
naught the sentence.
i 12 !
(1) '«fi« »n'sfei< »t5ra
^'sn <i»(i (2) I siifcn’) w
(3) c*!^ (4i
'SW I -adfv ‘H'iisiil ■'^1— >^1*^ ’TR,
'STtCb' (5) l” -IsfC^feCT
^1 (6) I istfeUfiJic^
C^'f'n (7) I — H. S. Exam. 1970
Hints : (1) J wrolc in my letter of yesterday. (2) I
would make an engagement with the poet Kalidas, (3) 1 sat
ready with a book in hand. (4) The local post master. (5) 1
have got some special ( urgent ) appointment with him.
(6) That man would not have understood it well even if 1 had
told him (even if he were told). (7) 1 had to say good-bye
to Kalidas.
r 13 1
TVif ■aitfil c^fg (1) ^'1 #I?f1 afl C»i
Wil^) (2) I "'£T?n ^ (3), ’stWH
(4) I W C>ff^
^13*11 flf3) f^fsnn «ft3, ^fWif Blit'S 3K'»I (5) I
4«tiFPi3 <rti:ri-c^5C3l *ri 5| «rTi?p <6i i
5fP“r 4‘V*RI r^5f Rf I '®«R 33»l Csif*!
HI C^H (7) HI C^H, viRIH^R
HI 1
Hints : (1) i Was but a little boy. (2) 1 was not a baby
at the breast. (3) Far from that. (4) 1 was then twelve or
70 MIGHIiR l•^fGLISH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITFON
thirteen years of age. (5) They keep themselves informed
of all the happening of the world. (6) are not so simple
as a child is (7) However aged might be the boy ; however
advanced in years might be the boy.
[ 14 ]
(1), >511?
vfl^ C5FM *t«f Sff6?fl 1 (2) !
^3R f^5i ;rl, Tc*! (3)
^ ^ iSfC<n ^#3 I 5(lfl Tf^W (4) I
'«ttf*r3 i;*! Tff (5) f?wl >511^ '^4* fit’ll^ "«
^f»r3 THMTft m « 4T‘fft4 I
— (fgl ( »Rr'*>5a ) H. S. Exam. (Compart.), 1964
Hints : Pointed out as the jewels of the institution. (2)
How deep was their attachment to each other ! (3) Under a
banian tree. (4) All the three belonged to (lived in) the west
of Hooghli. (5) Across a bridge over the Saraswati.
[ 15 J
»r5P^^ *(4 *1^^ (I) «r4' SPF f%?% (2) 'SOT? 'ilCW I
>sm ^fs(135f C«tw ’fC'SC^Jf (3) 1 C<*fC^ C»tC^, fft (4) ^Tl
*ran^ (5) i ^4 va?? ^tcs4 4t4i '«t4C®4 »rtn4-
4^41 5ft3i 'iiw ^of*t 4!:^ I
I f4*r iart 4''.44 C«(C^ 'arc^^Ci(4
'srm (6) I irnCT ^4t4 'srtfil^t 45W ^irf5[ (7) i cm
'S’pfB ft4*|pre ’iwl^ (8) '4Wt?44
>4WC^ 4 st 4 'Q I H* S. Exam. 1916
Hints .• (1) Down the centuries. (2) Millions and
millions of foreigners. (3) Fell in love with India. (4)
Entered into the worldly life, (5) Turned mendicants,
(6) Only with the prospect of earning money. (7) Never
did they feel eager to know.
Cfiapter VII
Comprehension Test
Or
Answering Questions From An Unseen Passage
What Comprehension Test is : Answering questions from an
unseen passage, commonly known as Comprehension Test^
is one of the subjects of study in the present School Final
English Syllabus. The aim and object of this Comprehension
Test is obviously to test the student's ability to comprehend^
i.e. to understand an unseen passage in the first place, and at
the same time to test his ability to answer in correct English
the questions given.
How to do it : The passage should be read carefully — very
carefully, and repeatedly also, say three times at least. It is not
unlikely to come across words that are unknown. Students
should not be afraid of it. If the subject-matter of the passage
is fully grasped the unknown words will cause little difficulty in
answering the questions, required to be answered.
How to make the answers upto the standard. In order
to make your answers upto the standard the follov ing points
should be kept in view ;
(1) Answers should be brief and to the point.
(2) Answers should be written in correct English. The
sentences made use of should be simple yet expressive.
(3) The words and expressions occurring in the given
passage should be avoided as far as possible.
(4) In a word, answers should be suitably worded and
consistent with the tone and spirit of the question.
Now look at the Models given on the next page and note
carefully the answers : —
MODELS
[ On Answering Questions ]
1
The happiness of the lovers was sadly crossed at this
moment by the entrance of a messenger, who brought a letter
0
from Antonio containing fearful tidings. When Bassanio read
Antonio’s lettter, Portia feared it was to tell him of the
death of some dear friend, he looked so pale ; and inquiring
what was the news which had so distressed him, 'he said, ‘‘O
sweet Portia, here are a few of the unpleasantest words that
ever blotted paper : Gentle lady, when I first imparted my
love to you I freely told you all the wealth I had, ran in my
veins ; but I should have told you that I had less than nothing,
being in debt,” Bassanio then told Portia, what has been here
related, of his borrowing the money of Antonio, and of
Antonio’s procuring it of Shy lock the Jew, and of the bond by
which Antonio had engaged to forfeit a pound of flesh, if it
was not repaid by a certain day ; and then Bassanio read
Antonio’s letter.
Questions :
1. Why was the happiness of the lovers sadly crossed ?:
2. What did Portia fear and why ?
3. Did Bassanio tell Portia the whole truth when first
imparting his love to her v
4. On what condition did Antonio procure the loan for
Bassanio ? ( W. B. H. S. Exam., 1971 )
Answers :
1 . The happiness of the lovers was sadly crossed by the
entrance of a messenger, who brought a letter from Antonio
which contained fearful news.
2. Portia’s fear was that the letter might contain the sad
news of the death of some dear friend of Bassanio. Bassanio
looked very pale as he read Antonio’s letter. Hence her fear.
3. Bassanio confessed that he did not tell Portia the whole
truth when he first imparted his love to Portia. He had told
COMPREHENSION TEST
73
her that all the wealth he had, was spent out. But in fact, he
was so involved in debt that he had less than nothing.
4. Antonio procured the loan for Bassanio on condition
that if he failed to repay the money by a fi xed date, he would
forfeit ‘a pound of flesh’.
2
The art of printing conferrerf untold benefits on the human
race. It enlarged the boundaries of knowledge and did away
with much ignorance and superstition, and led to discovery of
the most important laws of nature. Almost every adult now
learns to read and write, and even the children now know facts,
which were hidden from the wisest of our ancestors. Before the
invention of this art, writing was very laborious and books were
very rare. Since the discovery of steam, the art of printing
has made enormous strides, so that what once took weeks to
print, can now be produced in a few hours. Recently the lino-
type machine has been invented, by which type can be set up
almost as quickly as the words can be written down.
Questions :
1. What benefits did the art of printing confer on men ?
2. Why w'ere books so rare before the invention of
printing ?
3. How did the discovery of steam lead to the
improvement of printing ?
4. What are the advantages of a lino- type machine 7
Answers :
1. Many are the benefits conferred on men by the art of
printing. It has expanded the latitude of knowledge and has
removed ignorance as well as superstition. The most
important laws of nature are now known to them. An adult
can now read and write. Even children know many facts
*of which their forefathers were quite ignorant.
74 HIGHI R liNGLISII GRAM.. TRANS. & COMPOSITION
2. Before the invention of printing men had to write
books with their own hands. It was a very laborious process.
This accounts for the rarity of books before the invention of
printing.
3. The discovery of steam has brought about enormous
improvement in the art of printing. It has saved a lot of time.
Books can now be printed in a few hours.
4. A lino-type machine can set up types fairly quickly
and books can be produced very rapidly. It saves a lot of
trouble. These are the advantages of a lino-type machine.
3
Later on in the afternoon, Montgomery of the sixth happened
to be passing by the infirmary^ when Fate, aided by a sudden
gust of wind, blew a piece of paper at him. “Great Scott”, he
observed, as his eyes fell on the words “Ode to the College”.
Montgomery, like Smith, was no expert in poetry. He had
spent a wretched afternoon trying to hammer out something
that would pass master in the poem competition, but without
the least success. Tnere were four lines on the paper. Two
more, and it would be a poem, and capable of being entered
for the prize as such. The words ‘imposing pile’, with which
the fragment in hand began, took his fancy immensely. A
poetic afflatus seized him, and in less than three hours he had
added the necessany couplet, (The Prize Poem )
— (W. B. H. S. 1972)
Questions
(i) What did Montgomery find and why was he happy to
find it ?
(ii) Where and how did he find it ?
(iii) What did he do with it ?
COMPREHFNSION TEST
75
Answers :
(i) Montgomery found a piece of paper containing a four-
line verse entitled, '‘Ode to the College''. He was exceedingly
happy to find it because he needed one such verse for the
poem competition. He was no poet. He had tried, all after-
noon, to compose a poem. But it was all in vain. As such
he was very happy to find the verse.
(ii) Montgomery found the verse in the afternoon while
passing by the infirmary. A piece of paper was blown at him
by a gust of wind. Much to his joy, he found that it contained
a four-line verse, entitled ‘‘Ode to the College.
(iii) The addition of two more lines would impart whole-
ness to the four-line verse. The words ‘imposing pile' pleased
him. He wrote out the necessary couplet in less than three
hours.
4
1 lay in sorrow, deep distressed ;
My grief a proud man heard ^
His looks were cold, he gave me gold.
But not a kindly waird.
My sorrow passed, — paid him back
The gold he gave to me ;
Then stood erect and spoke my thanks
And blessed his charity.
I lay in want, in grief and pain ;
A poor man passed my way ;
He bound ray head he gave me bread.
He watched me night and day.
How shall 1 pay him back again
For all he did to me ?
Oh, gold is great, but greater far
Is heavenly sympathy.
(B, U. Entrance, 1967)
76 HIGHtR ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
Questions :
(i) Why did the speaker pay back the gold to the “proud
man.” ?
^ii) How was he treated by the poor man ? ^
(iii) How did the speaker feel after he had received kind
treatment at the hands of the ‘poor man' ?
Answers :
(/) The ‘proud man’ had money but no heart. He gave
gold to the speaker in his distress out of pride, and not from
the bottom of his heart. As such the speaker paid the gold
back to the ‘proud man’ after his sorrow was over.
(ii) The ‘poor man’ treated the speaker quite sympatheti-
cally. He fed him, nursed him, and looked after him day and
night in his distress.
(ii) After having received kind treatment at the hands of
the 'poor man\ the speaker felt that money is precious, but
sympathy is much more precious and divine than money. Un-
like money, sympathy cannot be paid back.
[N. B. The words in italics in the above passages are for
the students’ attention being drawn to them. They are
important expressions and their significance should be properly
clearly understood.]
Exercise
Read the Passages carefully and answer the questions given
below each of them : —
1. Brittles capitulated on these terms ; and the party
being somewhat reassured by the discovery (made on throw-
ing open the shutters) that it was now broad day, took their
way upstairs, with the dogs in front ; and the two women
who were afraid to stay below, bringing up the rear. By
the advice of Mr. Giles they all talked very loud, to warn any
.evil disposed person outside that they were strong in numbers.
COMPREHENSION TEST
77
Questions :
(a) With what reassurance did the party take their
way upstairs ? (b) In what order was the party proceeding *?
(c) What did Mr Giles advise and why ?
— Purulia Zila School Test Exam., 1972
2
‘Now, for what purpose did I summon you three boys ?’
asked Mr. Perceval, of Smith, Mont-gomcry and Morrison, in
his room after morning scliool that day. He generally began
a painful interview with this question. The method had dis-
tinct advantage. If the criminal were of a nervous disposition,
he would give liimsclT away upon the instant. In any
case, it was likely to startle him. ‘For what purpose f
repeated the Headmaster, fixing Smith with a glittering eye.
will tell you', continued Mr. Perceval. ‘Ic was because
1 desired information, which none but you can supply. How
comes it that each of your compositions for the Poetry Prize
commences with the same four lines V The three poets looked
at one another in speechless astonishment.
Questions :
1. What did Mr. Perceval ask the three boys after sum-
moning them to his room 2. At what kind of interview
would he generally ask the question ? Why would he
adopt this method ? 3, What had Mr. Perceval found wrong
this time ? — W. B. H. S. Exam., 1970.
3
You must have heard about our Community project ;
of the silent revolution that is going on in the countryside.
We are all agreed that community development is a wonderful
thing. But how many of us really understand what the term
means ?
In the first place, what is a community ? Your dictionary
will tell you that it is a group of people living in the
78 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS, & COMPOSITION
same \0c2A\iy— for instance, in a village,. Note that carefully.
Community means the people. So a Community development
programme is concerned with developing the people. How
do we develop the people ? Is it by building schools to
educate them, and hospitals to cure them ^of diseases ?
Development must start in the minds of the people. For
centuries life in our villages has gone on in the same way.
The result is that the people have got into a rut : They
do not want any change in their manner of living. Their
general attitude is : what was good enough for our Others is
good enough for us. What use would schools, hospitals,
new drinking water wells be if the people did not want them ?
Here at last we have the heart of our problem. How are we
to get the villagers to want the things that will improve their
lives ? The answer is : they are like people in a deep sleep.
We must send someone to wake them up and tell them how
the world is changing.
Questions :
(a) What was Community ? (h) Why is it that the
people generally do not want a change? (cj What are
the things needed for them ? (d) How can the attitude of
the people be changed ?
4
Once in January, he made a marvellous discovery about
the planet Jupiter. He found that whereas the earth has one
moon, Jupiter has several. Yet, strange to say, there were
still people who would not believe him even when they saw
the moons through the telescope. Of course, Galileo only
laughed at them. He had many friends and he thought that
there was no need to bother himself with people who did
not wish to believe their own tfyes. And so, for many years,
he continued to make new discoveries, and to teach people
about Copernicus. ‘The earth’, said he, ‘moves round the
sun’, and explained all the good reasons he had for believing
Jhis.
COMPREHENSION TEST
79
Unfortunately, he was living at a time when it was not always
wise to teach what other men did not believe. And now, when
so many people were listening to Galileo, his enemies were
alarmed and angry. ‘He teaches things which arc not in the
Bible’, said some. *He is against the Church of Rome’, said
others. ‘He believes things which the church does not teach.
All these ideas are wicked. The learned churchman says
that the earth does not move around the sun '
W. B. S.F. Exam. 1962
Questions :
(a) What did Galileo discover about the planet Jupiter ?
(b) What was his discovery about the earth ? (c) How was it
opposed to the views of the learned church-men ? (d) Why
the teachings of Galileo anger and alarm his enemies ?
5
Almost all of the elaborate rules regarding health and
behaviour which were laid down in the Old Testament had a
sound basis at the time, although some of them arc, out-of-
date now. We know so much more about the body now, and
about how to keep our cities healthy that one would think we
should have solved this problem of health long ago. But as
civilization goes on, more difficulties seem to arise. We get
new illness — which hardly existed a hundred years ago. The
more artificial the world becomes, the more difficult it is for
the human body to adapt itself to the environment. The
rushing motor cars dot only kill and injure thousands, but
make us all the more anxious. Machinery does the heavy
work which kept our bodies fit and strong. More and more
we sit in machines and attend to machines, and the body’s
power of fighting disease is reduced. Also, when human
beings get bored, they eat too much, smoke too much, drink
alcohol, and get discontented. Discontent causes unhappiness,
unhappiness causes bodily illness — illness of a kind doctors
cannot cure.
80
HIGHER ENGLSH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
Questions :
(a) Why is it that the problem of health should have been
solved long ago ? (b) Why is it difficult to find a solution to
the problem ? (c) How does machinery bring ofi diseases ?
6
I (Mahatma Gandhi) never took part in any exercise,
cricket or football, before they were made compulsory. My
shyness was one of the reasons for this aloofness, which I now
vsee was wrong. I then had the false notion that gymnastics
had nothing to do with education. Today I know that physi-
cal training should have as much place in curriculum as mental
training.
I may mention, however, that I was none the worse for
abstaining from exercise. That was because I had read in
books about the benefits of long walks in the open air, and
having liked the advice, 1 had formed a habit of taking walks,
which has remained still with me. Those walks gave me a
fairly hardly constitution.
Questions :
(a) Why did not Mahatma Gandhi take pari in physical
exercise at school ? (b) What was his opinion about it
afterwards ? (c) How did he acquire a fairly hardy
constitution ?
Chapter VIII
SUMMARY WRITING
Introduction
What Summary is : A summary may be defined as “a
succinct digest of the essential facts contained in a piece of
printed, or written, or spoken mtater.”
Its usefulness : The usefulness of summary-writing must
be admitted. In official works this is very useful.
Modern life being very busy and time-bound, summary-writing
has become a necessity.
Difference between a Precis and a Summary : The subtle
difference betwen a precis and a summary should be noted.
While a precis is very brief dealing with the nwst essentia!
points onl)\ the scope of a summary is a little less restricted.
A precis must have a title, in summaries a title may or may
not be added.
How to write a summary i No hard a nd fast rule, however,
can be laid down for summary-writing. Still, the following
points, if closely followed, will be of great use for the purpose :
(i) The student must read the passage several times —
say, three times at least. It is through repeated readings that
the meaning of the passage will be clear to him. Certain un-
known words might be there, but that should not make him
afraid.
(ii) He will see that somehow or other he has gathered the
important points and ideas through repeated readings.
(iii) It should be always borne in mind that in Summary-
writing a student is required to present only a digest of the
essential facts. Hence details must be carefully avoided.
(iv) A suitable title for the summary should be
included. But it is not compulsory as in a precis.
(v) A rough draft of the summary, may be prepared at
first. This means the summing up of the chief or main points
T— 6
82 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
in the passage. Out of this is to be prepared the final draft
with additions and alterations, with touches and retouches
where necessary.
(vi) “Brevity is the soul of wit” This saying should be
carefully remembered. The summary must «be written in
correct English and in simple English.
(vii) Direct narration must be avoided.
(viii) The length of a summary should not exceed one-half
of the original passage.
Now look at the models :
Models
Examples Worked Out
1
Passage : As a boy Abraham Lincoln had sailed down the
Mississipi River as far as New Orcleans, and there had
seen a sale of slaves. A slave-girl walked up and down the
auction-room for the bidders to inspect, as if she had been a
a horse. Abraham was there with two other lads. One of
them declared, in after years, that it was in this auction-room
that the iron ran into his soul against slavery, and Lincoln said,
“By God, boys I let us get away from this. If ever 1 get a
ehance to hit that thing. I’ll hit it hard.” He was to hit this
thing so hard as to bring it clattering down like a house of
cards.
Guiding Points :
1. In his boyhood, Lincoln had seen how a slave-girl was
being sold like a horse.
2. He was touched to the quick.
3. Later in life, he did away with the evil practice.
Summary : In his boyhood, Abraham Lincoln had once
seen - how a slave-girl was being sold just like a horse. He
was touched to the quick at this cruel sight. He made a firm
resolve to abolish this evil practice if he could ever get a
ehance. Later, he abolished the system for ever.
SUMMARY-WRITING
83
2
Passage : The chief business of war is to destroy human
life, to batter down and burn cities, to turn fruitful fields into
deserts, to scourge nations with famine, to multiply widows
and orphans. Are these honourable deeds ? Grant that a
necessity for them may exist : it is a dreadful necessity, such
as a good man must recoil from : and though it may exempt
'them from guilt, it cannot turn them into glory. We have
thought that it was honourable to heal, to save, to mitigate pain,
to snatch the sick from the jaws of death. We have placed
among the revered benefactors of the human race, the dis-
coverers of arts which alleviate human sufferings, which prolong
comfort, adorn and cheer human life ; and if these arts are
honourable, where is the glory of multiplying and aggravating
tortures and death ?
[ Word notes : Batter down — ^ I Scourge —
CifGYl I Recoil from— I Multiply — ^ ^ I
Mitigate — I Revered benefactors — astra I
Aggravate — ^ wl l Alleviate — I ]
Guiding Points :
1 . War is a destroyer of the human civilization.
2. It is often looked upon as honourable and heroic.
3. War is a dreadful necessity.
4. There is no glory in it.
Summary ; War destroys human civilization. Still, it is
invested with a false glory. It is often looked upon as some-
thing honourable and heroic. A destructive agent, war causes
horrors and devastation. War is but a dreadful necessity.
There • is no glory in war, because it neither alleviates the
.misery nor increases the happiness of man.
3
Passage ; Man is the architect of his own fate. If he
makes a proper division of his time and does his duties accor-
4 ]ing 1 y; he is sure to improve and prosper in life ; but if he
84 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS., & COMPOSITION
does otherwise, he is sure to repent when it is too tate, and he*
will have to drag a miserable existence from day to day. To
kill time is as culpable as to commit suicide, for our life is
nothing but the sum-total of hours, days and years. Youth is
the seed-time of life. In youth, mind is pliable and soft and
can be moulded in any form we like. If we lose the morning
hours of life, we shall have to repent afterwards.
(W. B. H.S. Exam. 1971.)
[ Word notes : Architect — ! Repent — 1
Culpable — l Drag a miserable existence -
I Pliable — I Morning hours of life --
^ I ]
Guiding Points :
1. The fate of a man depend.^ on his ownself.
2. Right use of time is the keynote of success.
3. Life is the sum-total of little moments.
4. To waste these moments is to waste the whole life.
Summary : Man is the maker of his own fate. If he
makes the proper use of time, he will achieve success in life ;
else he is sure to fail and suffer. Life is but the sum-total of
little moments. To waste these moments means to waste the
whole life. The habit of making the right use of time should
be cultivated from youth, because a young mind is very plastic.
4
Passage : The story of Florence Nightingale’s achievements
in the Crimea reads like an epic. The medical arrange-
ments in the army there were as unsatisfactory as possible.
But everything was changed with the arrival of Nightingale.
Doctors and patients welcomed her gladly. Not so the officials
who were responsible for the sad state of affairs. Florence,
however, refused to be discouraged by opposition. Whenever
she could, she won people over to her side j but if they would
not co-operate with her, she swept them out of her way. To
SUMMARY-WRITING
85
the patients she seemed to be an angel. Night after night,
lamp in hand, she would walk through the hospital to see that
all was well. The men would rise off their pillows to salute
her in gratitude for her constant care. But the officials who
refused to give the things she needed, found her a courageous
and dangerous enemy. Yet with it all, she was always calm,
quiet, modest, never over-bearing.
[ Word notes : Epic — i Angel — l Modest —
I Over bearing — i ^
Guiding Points :
1. Fl orence Nightingale's achievements in the Crimea was
amazing.
2. A radical change was brought about in the medical
arrangements in the army.
3. She found opposition from the officials.
4. She threw out those who did not co-operate with her.
5. She was an angel to the patients,
6. Her calmness and honesty.
Sinnmary : Great were the achievements of Florence
Nightingale in the Crimea. The medical arrangements in
the army were miserable. A radical change was brought
about by Florence Nightingale.
Courageously did she face all opposition from the official.
The patients looked upon her as an angel. With a lamp in
hand, she watched, even at night if everything was in order.
She was a terror to the non-co-operating officials. Always calm
and modest, she was never over-hearing,
5
I lay in sorrow, deep distressed ;
My grief a proud man heard ;
His looks were cold, he gave .me gold.
But not a kindly word.
My sorrow passed^ — I paid him back
The gold he gave to me ;
86 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., IRANS. & COMPOSITION
1 Stood erect and spoke my thanks.
And blessed his charity.
1 lay in want, in grief and pain ;
A poor man passed my way ; •
He bound my head, he gave me bread,
He watched me night and day.
How shall I pay him back again.
For all he did to me ?
Oh, gold is great, but greater far
Is heavenly sympathy !
( C. U., P. U. Exam. 1972 )
[ Word notes : Deep distressed — I Charity —
^ I Cold — 1 ]
Summary ; Sympathy is much more valuable than gold or
money-help. Want may be relieved by money help. But it cannot
touch the deepest chord of the human heart. Money-help can be
paid back and with that one becomes free from all obligations.
But sympatliy and kindness can naver be paid back ; they put
one under obligation for all times to come.
Exercise
1. Read each of the following passages carefully and
repeatedly, jot down the guiding points, and then write out the
summary.
I
In civilised countries, when two individuals have a
quarrel they cannot settle aipong themselves, they go before
the judge. The judge, by his decision, settles the quarrel.
It might be expected that a similar course would be followed
by civilized nations in quarrel among nations ; and some
progress has been made in this matter, in recent times, by the
employment of arbitration to settle quarrels between of nation
and Ration. But, in spite of this, war is still regarded as the
SUMMARY-WRITING
87
only ultimate way of settling national quarrels ; the armies of
great nations are larger than they ever were before in the
history of the world, and there seems little hope of the peace of
the world, without the need of war.
(W. B. H. S. Examination — 1968)
2
Oh for a book and a shady nook ! a man cried long ago ;
and in truth there is nothing to equal a book. Nothing has
been able to stop the men who write books. Tyrants have
burned their books and writers have been tortured by fire, but
books have spread themsleves through the world so that there
is no land on Earth without them now. They are the only
things that live for ever, for new copies are made as old ones
pass away, and so through all the ages of time a book is
stronger than a statue carved in marble, and in the story of
mankind the book has been the mightiest and noblest invention
conceived by the human mind. The man who writes a book
laugh at Caesar and Napoleon ; they perish, while he lives on.
(W- B. S. F. Examination, 1957)
[Word notes ; Tyrants— I Tortured—
I Statue — ^ I Carved in marble — ]
3
In the present century, life has become more comfortable for
greater numbers of men and women. Tasks which formerly
had to be performed slowly and painfully by hand, often
in the flickering light of candles or little oil-lamps, can now be
performed simply by the pressing of an electric switch. Every
detail can be supervised under the piercing glare of powerful
electric lights. The world grows smaller every year, we are
told. People come more and more closely in touch with each
other, and in a few miniutes, something that happens in an out
of the corner can be causing reactions all round the globe.
Even more important to the average citizen are the comforts and '
eonveniences which Science has brought into our homes.
(W. B. H. S.Exam, 1971)
88
HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSIION
[ Word-notes : By the pressing of the electric switch —
f5f^ I Under the piercing glare of powerful
electric light— I ]
4
A man with a strong will is sure to attain success in
almost all the works he does. Very few things are impossible to
him. He never becomes daunted in any way. Difficulties may
appear before him, obstacles may try to make his path thorny,
failure may cloud his atmosphere, but he firmly neglects them
all. With a strong determination of mind he pushes on.
Gradually he finds that, all the troubles disappear from his
path one after another. He then reaches his goal and is crow-
ned with success. The well-known story of ‘The crow and the
pitcher’ is a good example in point. A weak-minded man, on
the other hand, gets frightened at the sight of a slight difficulty
and leaves his job on the half way in despair. He may begin
another. But there also he comes across similar difficulty and
gives it up for lack of firm determination. His weakness of
mind makes him quite nervous and compels him to give up
every work he begins. His life is a total failure. If we,
therefore, want to succeed in life, we must be men of
strong will.
[Word notes ; Daunted — I Thorny — I Pushes
— I Disappear — ^ I Crowned with success —
^ I ]
5
It is much better to give hope and strength than money.
The best help is, not to bear the troubles of others for them,
but to inspire them with courage and energy to bear down
their burdens for themselves, and meet the difficulties of life
bravely. So we must be careful not to destroy independence
in our anxiety to relieve distress. There is always the danger
lest whatever is done for men should make them more depen-
SUMMARY-WRITING
89
dent instead of more independent. It is important, therefore,
as far as possible, not so much to give a man bread, as to put
him in the way of earning it for himself, not to direct aid, but
to help others to help themselves.
[ Word notes : Destroy independence — -^1
I To relieve distress — ^ ! ]
f>
It is physically impossible for a well-educated intelle-*
dual man to make money the chief object of his thoughts
just as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of
them. All heahhy people like their dinners, but their dinner
is not the main object in life. So all healthy-minded
men like making money — ought to like it and to enjoy
the pleasure of winning it. But the main object of their
life is not money ; it is something better than money. A good
soldier, for instance, is glad of his pay — very properly so, and
justly grunibl.'s when you keep him long without it — still his
main notion of life is to win battles. So with all other rightly
trained men. Their work is first, their pay second — very
important no doubt, but still second.
7
As daylight can be seen through very smail holes, so
little things will illustrate a person's character. Indeed
character consists in little acts, well and honourably performed
in our daily 1 ife. One of the most marked tests of character
IS the manner in which we conduct ourselves towards others.
A graceful behaviour towards superiors, inferiors and equals
is a constant source of pleasure. It pleases others because it
indicates respect for their personality : but it gives ten-fold
pleasure to ourselves. Every man may, to a large extent, be a
'Self-educator in good behaviour, as in everything else : he can
be civil and kind, if he will, though he may not have a penny
in his purse. Even a kind look will give pleasure and confer
90 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS, & COMPOSITION
happiness. Gentleness in society is like the silent influence of
light, which gives colour to all nature ; it is far more powerful
than loudness or force, and far more fruitful.
( C. U. Pre-University Exam, ’61 )
[ Word-notes : consists in — I graceful behaviour
— I superiors, inferiors and equals —
I even a kind look— v£i>R
I fruitful— 1 ]
8
Men can make a nation great,
Not the glittering gold ;
Men whose hearts are pure and true
And both strong and bold ;
Men who never fear defeat
For their country’s cause ;
Men whose hearts are pure and true.
And who never pause ;
Men who labour lovingly,
Heedless of their own gain ;
These are a nation’s truest wealth,
Without them gold is vain.
( C. U. P., U. Exam. 1968 )
[ Word-notes : Heedless of their own gain —
I Gold is vain—
^ sTit. *rr<^^ I ]
9
What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare ?
No time to stand beneath the boughs
And stare as long as sheep or cows ;
No time to see, when woods we pass.
Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass :
SUMMARY-WRITING
91
No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night :
No time to turn at Beauty's glance,
And watch her feet, how they can dance :
No time to wait till her mouth can
Enrich than smile her eyes began ;
A poor life this if, full of care.
We have no time to stand and stare.
-W’. //. Diivies..
10
We call anything beautiful that gives us pleasure, and
that depends as much upon ourselves as upon what is outside
us. Perhaps the majority of people find the sea beautiful when
it is blue. 11 someone has lived in Italy as a child, and has to
live beside the grey northern seas when he is grown up, he will
think that the grey seas are ugly, and that nothing, can be so
beautiful as the blue Mediterranean. But suppose a Scotsman
who loves Scotland had to go and live in Italy. He might find
the blue sea after a little while very uninteresting, and only
when he went home and saw the grey sea would he find
the sea beautiful.
We are all made in different ways, and grey may be just as
beautiful as blue if you find the right persons to look at it,
just as the cry of a baby may be found more sweet in some-
one's ears than the finest note of the finest singer that ever
lived. Nothing is beautiful or ugly in itself, but thinking
makes it so.
[Word-notes ; Nothing is in itself — c^tRl
sfiT, I But thinking...so—
^ I ] (W. B. H. S. Exam. 1965)
ll
All wild life is happy in its natural surroundings. In
nature there is no sorrow, and no ripening. A bird from a
flock, or an animal from a herd, is taken by hawk or by
*92 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
oaraivorous beast, and those that are left rejoice that their time
had not come to-day, and have no thoughts of tomorrow.
When I was ignorant, I tried to rescue birds and young
animals caught by hawks or by eagles, and deer caught by
carnivorous beast, but soon found that in trying to rescue one
1 caused the death of two. For the talons of a hawk and an
eagle, and the teefh and claws of carnivorous beasts, hold
poison in the form of decayed flesh or blood. Only one in a
hundred of rescued birds or animals survive, and killer being
deprived of its prey, immediately finds another victim to satisfy
its hunger or the hunger of its young.
( W. B. H. S. Exam. 1971 ]
[ Word-notes : Carnivorous — I Hawk —
I Decayed flesh— srK*! I Survive—
I ]
Chapter IX
LETTER-WRITING
What a Letter is : “A letter is a piece of message”. Ir
establishes communication between two persons, whatever
the distance between them. Letters are an intrgral part of
modern civilized life. In every sphere of life, letters are
essential. So letter-writing is very important.
Letter- writing, an art ; Letter-writing is an art. ft is, as-
it were, a heart-to-heart talk between two persons. In the
words of the English poet, James Howel—
“As keys do open chests
So letters open breasts.
Classification of Letters :
Letters are of different kinds. They can be roughly
classified under the following heads ;
1. Private or Personal Letters.
2. Business or Commercial Letters.
3. Official Letters.
4. Academic Letters.
Language and style to be used in Letters ;
A letter is a medium of communication in written words.
It should be written in simple and direct language. Brevity
is a virtue in the art of letter-writing. Neat and legible
hand-writing make a letter attractive. The spelling and
punctuation should be consistently followed.
Different Parts of Letters :
A letter usually consists of six parts. These arc : —
‘94 HIOHBR ENGLISH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
I. The Heading Or the Writer's Address and the Date —
The address of the writer is to be written at the right-
ihand corner of the letter ; and just below it is to be put
,the Date ; as for example :
14B, i\Oad,
Calcutta-29.
25th December, 1973.
The date is however written now-a-days in any of the
following ways ;
(i) 25 December, 1973. (iii) 25th December, 1973
<ii) Decembar 25, 1973. (iv) 25.12.73.
II. Salutation : It is the formal way of address. The
form of the salutation is determined by the relation between
the writer and the person written to. Note below the various
forms of salutation :
(a) In Private Letters
(a) To Relatives and Intimate Friends ;
My dear Father, My dear Ratan,
My dear Mother, My dear Aparna,
(b) To less familar friends :
Dear Mr Roy, Dear Shri Roy.
(b) In Business Letters :
To a Business Firm Or Limited Company.
(i) Sirs
(ii) Gentlemen, or. Dear Sirs,
(iii) Dear Sir,
III. In Official Correspondence :
To an Officer :
Sir,
Madam,
LBTTER'WRirINO
95
IV . The Body of the Letter :
It is, in fact, the ‘message' of the letter. Hence it is the
most important part of the letter. The language of personal
letters should be simple and conversational while that
of Business Letters should be concise and to the point. The
language of official letters should, however, conform to a
formal and dignified standard.
V. The Subscription :
It marks the conclusion of the letter. It is essentially
a courteou way of leave-taking, ft has various forms,
depending on the intimacy of the writer and the person
written to. It is usually as follows : —
(!) In Privte Letters ;
(a) To Relatives and Intimate Friends .
(i) Yours affectionately, (iv) Your loving friend,
(ii) Affectionately yours, (v) Yours ever. Ever yours,
(iii) Your affectionate Father, fiv) Yours sincerely. Sincerely
yours
(ii) In Business Correspondence :
To a single individual :
(a) Yours faithfully, (c) / remain,
(b) Faithfully yours. Sir,
Yours faithfully
(iii) In Official Correspondence :
I remain,
Sir/Madam,
Yours faithfully,
V. The Signature or the Name of the Writer :
Just below the subscription the name of the writer
of the letter should be written.
96 UlOHliR B.NOLISH ORAM., IKANS. & COMPOSITION
VI. Saperscription : The name and the address of the
person to whom the letter is written form she superscription.
It is like this : —
Superscription :
From :
P. K. Sen.
10, Lake Road.
Calcutta-26.
I Stamp
Shri, Ramesh Chandra Bose,
B. A.,
5, Vivekananda Roao\
Calcutta-6
Model of an Olficial Superscription :
To
The Minister of Finance.
Writers* Building.
Calcutta.
Some Important Points to Note in Letter-Writing
(a) No comma, no cxelamation mark — should he put
after the salutation,
(b) If the letter ends with such participles as ^Hoping\
*Wishing\*Thariking\ a comma— and not a full stop—should
be put after them.
Academic degrees such as B. A., M. a., 3. T., Ph. D.
D. Liti., D. Sc., etc. should be written after the names of
persons. So, too, with the titles of honour such as M. L. A.,
M. P., etc.
While writing to any business firm or news-paper, you
should not address any one Sy name ; It should be always
in t>:ie name of ofDce hearers ; as for example ;
To
The Manager,
Rupa& Co.
To
The Editor,
The Statesman.
A FEW MODELS OF PRIVATE LETTERS
1. Letter from a boy to his father asking for permission
to visit a hill resort : — H. S, Exam,, I960,
25, Broad Street,
Calcutta.
24 November, 1973
My dear Father,
Our half-yearly examination is just over. And I am
relieved of the prolonged stress and strain. 1 hope I shall
come out of the examinatiun not with discredit.
1 am glad to let you know that our school has arranged
for an acamedic tour to Simla. Simla is a famous place.
It is particularly famous and attractive for its health-resort.
Quite a number of students’ are going to visit the place. A
teacher will be there to guide the party.
I have been requested by my friends to join the party.
The natural sights and sounds of the place attract me
irresistibly. The beauties of nature will have a soothing
effect on my jaded nerves. As you know, I have never been
to a health resort. So 1 am all too eager to make the most of
this golden chance. Would you kindly permit me to visit
Simla, ‘the Yarrow' of my dream.
I am eagerly looking forward to your letter of consent.
With best regards for you and mother.
Superscription
Sri Ajoy K. Bose
“Govt. Quarters"
Midnapur
I am^
Your affectionately^
Kalyan.
T.-7
98 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS, & COMPOSITION
2. Letter from a boy to his Uncle describing his school :
H. S. {comp.) 1961
Siliguri
10 January 1972
*
My dear Uncle,
Your sweet note is just to hand. You are eager to know
something about our school. Well, let me tell you all that
1 know about it.
The fact that I am a student of Siliguri Boys’ School
makes me proud indeed. I'his is by far the best school in
the town. The school-house is a magni¢ and imposing
building. It is so planned that it admits plenty of air and
light. The rooms are spacious enough.
The roll-strength of the school exceeds twelve hundred.
Perfect discipline prevails in the school. The students are,
most of them, serious about their studies. Our Headmaster
is an experienced educationist. He is an able admini-
strator too. The assistant teachers are all well-educated. They
take a keen interest in the affairs of the students. The
relation between the teacher and the taught in this school
is, as it should be, sweet and cordial.
The school has a big library with a rich stock of books
of all kinds.
The school has a beautiful play-ground, where students
can take part in games, indoor as well as outdoor. Emphasis
is laid on extra-curricular activities.
The school has an auditorium where meetings are held
and dramas are occasionally staged.
The reputation of the school is spreading far and wide.
I love my institution very dearly.
No more today. With ‘Branams’,
Superscription
Yours affectionately,
Asoke.
LBTTER-WRITINO 99
3« A letter to your friend, telling him how you propose to
spend yonr time after the S. F. Examination.
Nabadwip
December 25, 1973
My dear Nirmal,
Only a month more and my School Final Examination
will be over. I shall have, in between, at least three
months" time before I go in for higher education. Let me
tell you how I should like to spend that period of time.
You know 1 have always strage ideas in ray head. So
I have drawn up a plan for some reconstruction work
in my village. As soon as the examination is over, I will run
to my village- I will devote all my energy towards the
uplift of my village. My village is steeped in ignorance.
We, a group of idealists, will set up a night school. Our
primary object is to dispel the darkness of illiteracy. Besides,
we will try to set up a hospital in the village, now a den of
diseases. I know it is too big a thing for us. But we will, by
our activities, bring the Government in our favour. We will
at present impart lessons on general health to the ingnorant
villagers. Roads that badly need reconstruction will be
immediately looked to for improvement.
fn fine, I would do my best so that my village may be
an ideal village — ‘a nest of peace and happiness’. The
misery of the suffering humanity touches the responsive
chord in me. My heart bleeds and bleeds for these rnffering
men.
No more to day. With love for you and regards for your
parents.
Superscription
I remain,
Yours sincerely,
Supriya.
100 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS, ft COMPOSITION
4. A letter to your a friend, asKing him to spend the Pujah
holidays with you in your village home.
P5S, Southern Avenue.
Cal(Aitta-26
15. 8. 73
My dear Dipu.
Only a fortnight more and the Puja Vacation of our
school sets in. What a nice time we shall have of it !
I would invite you, Dipu, to our village home during
the Puja Vacation. A city-dweller, you have long been
pent-up within the bounds of Calcutta. Why not come to
our village home and enjoy the sights and sounds of
nature ? Why not live in the lap of Nature ? You will be-
simply captivated by the glories of nature. Here you can
have a look at the green meadows and the unclouded sky.
Che soft bed of grass, so cool and smooth ; the open spaces ;
the babbling river ; the green fields— that have their tales to
tell in silence, will be a grand feast for the senses. Above
all. the innocence, simplicity and cordiality of the village
folk will certainly impress you.
My parents will be very very glad to have you in their
midst. Your pleasing company will make the holiday
unthinkably enjoyable. Far from the madding crowd, you
will have a new experience. So, do come please. Let us.
live together in a ‘nest of peace’.
We are quite well. Trusting all is well with you.
\Superscription :
1 am;
Yours ever,
Indubhushaa.-
LBTTBR-WRITING
101
5. A letter to your friend about your aim in life.
Or, The profession you would choose for your career.
IS Bidhan Sarani
Calcutta
10 December, 1973
My dear Hamid.
Your loving letter is just to hand. Yes, my S. F.
Examination is forthcoming. Hence your curiosity to know
about my future aim in life. As you are so curious, let me
jot down a few lines to satisfy your curiosity.
Yes, 1 have already taken a dicision about my aim in
life. I should like to take to the medical line. And why
is it that I choose this profession ? The answer to me is not
far to seek. Today corruption runs rampant in every sphere
of the society. The only profession that yet remains noble
and sacred is, I think, the profession of a physician. Besides,
our country, purticularly the villages, needs a large
number of doctors. Thousands and thousands of people die
every year for lack of proper medical care. I still visualize
the picture I saw before the sad death of my mother. At the
moment of her death, not a single doctor worth the name
was available in the village. She practically breathed her
last without proper treatment. Hence my fond wish to
take to the professioa of a doctor.
Having passed the S. F. Examination, J have a mind to
take up the science course of study. J must obtain the
M. B., B. S. degree. Then I cherish a desire to do some
research work. Yes, I shall try to qualify for the M. D.
degree of the Calcutta University.
With these academic attainments I shall devote myself
to the service of the poor villagers.
Pray to God that my ambition in life may be realized.
With the best of wishes.
1 am,
Your loving friend,
Amlan.
Superscription
102 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
6. A letter to a friend congratulating him on his succc!
at the examination. — IF. B. H. S. Exam. 1961
P
Burdwan
5th July. 197.1
My dear Bikus,
1 can't tell you how glad 1 am to know of your brillian
success at the Higher Secondary Examination ! Indeed
words can hardly expre.ss my unbounded joy. My heart-fel
congratulations on your success. 1 wuh you ail the mon
good luck in the examinations to come. Your credi
and prosperity in life will be valued by my me more thar
others. Your success will be a constant source of joy t(
me.
You had to appear at the examination, while convalesf
ing after a prolonged illness. Hence your success with ar
asterisk, (i. e., 75% marks in the aggregate) is no little credit
This kneeness and singleness of purpose retained, you art
sure to do much better in future.
Would you let me know what course of studies you
propose to take up next ?
Wishing you the best of luck.
Superscription :
Yours sincerely,
Ramesh.
LETTER-WRITING
103
7. A letter condoling a friend on his mother's death :
—H. S. Exam, {Comp,) 1961, 1967.
Or
A letter to a friend who has recently lost his mother.
12, Bagh Bazar Street,
CaIcutt-3.
3id March, 1973
My dear Mujib,
What a sad and shocking news ! Your mother is no
more ! 1 can hardly believe that she has shuffled of her
mortal coil. I can still visualize her face beaming with
love and affection. To me the news of her passing away is a
boll from the blue.
f quite realize what an irreparable loss it is to you. The
loss is too deep for tears, flow can 1 console you in your
mishap ? Words of consolation often fail to have the desired
effect in such cases. Still sorrow shared is sorrow les .cned.
I have one and only one thing to tell you. Is there
anyone who can defy mortality ? None. I rather feel all
the more for your father who will suffer acute lonelines in
his old age.
May the departed soul rest in peace in heaven ! And
may God give you strength enough to bear the loss !
Superscription
Yours sympathetically,
Sanjoy.
104 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
8. A letter to your friend, describing your favourite
hobby, or, recreation, or, pursuit : ( W. B. H. S. J970 )
^ Contai
Dt. Midnapore,
5. 12. 73.
Dear Asish,
Your letter of the 10th instant is just to hand. You feel
curious to know of my favourite hobby. Here are a few
lines just to satisfy your curiosity.
Different men have different hobbies. Some find pleasure
in stamp-collecting, while others take pleasure in fishing
or travelling. My hobby is gardening. This is what gives
me an untsld pleasure. As you know, there is a small
plot of land in front of our house ; there is fencing all
around it. I have made a garden of it. And what a
lovely garden it is ! There are flowers of variegated
colours ; the garden is full of their peculiar fragrances.
I water them in the morning as also in the afternoon.
From time to time 1 plant fresh flower-plant^. In fact,
there is something like a bond of kinship between the
plants and myself.
The garden presents a lovely scene. Only a poet could
have described it. How I wish you could be here in our
midst and enjoy the lovely sight of my garden.
With love for you and regards for your revered parents.
Supersciption
Yours ever,
Sushil
LETTBR-WRITINO
105
9. A letter to a friend who has long heeu silent.
Kadamtala
Howrah
15.8. 1?.
’My dear Jainal,
r have not heard from you for a long time. I wrote
you three letters one after another, but there was no reply
from you. Hence your silence causes me grave concern.
Let me hope that this silence is not due to any illness or any
• calamity? So, immediately on receipt of this letter, do
write to me please and relieve me of my grave anxeity.
We are far. far away from each other. Letters alone
can fill up the physical barrier and sustain the chain of
communication between us. Through letters alone we can
have a heart-to-heart talk with each other. Don’t fail,
•therefore, to write to me e\3ry now and then.
Awaiting a prompt reply from you,
Superscription
I am.
Your loving friend
Ataur.
10. A letter to your friend telling him of the prize-giving
• ceremony of your school. — W, B. H. S. 'Comp,) 1969
Schooldanga
Bankura
March 5, 1973
My dear Amalendu,
The prize-giving ceremony of our school was held
yesterday. I may claim to be a bit of a hero of it. 1 won as
many as three medats. Hence I am so eager to give you
a short account of it.
106 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
The ceremony was held in the School Hall rather on Si^
grand scale. The gates of the school were decorated with
leaves and flowers. The school building looked a diflerent
picture— magnificent and so imposing ! On ^he platfrom
was placed the President’s chair. The medals and prizes,
kept on a table and arranged in order on the left wing of
the President's chair, presented an excellent outlook.
Dr Satyan Sen, Vice-Chancellor, Calcutta University,
took the chair. There was a respectable gathering of
guardians and educationists. The function opened with a
Tagore song. Then began the recitation. I recited the
famous poem ‘Africa’ by Tagore. I was cheerrd and
cheered and was spell-bound by claps which followed my
recitation. I was adjudged the best among the competitors.
We then staged a one act drama. It was a grand success.
The Headmaster read out the Annual report of the
school. It revealed many things which we were delighted
to know. Some of the gentlemen present made speeches
suited to the occation.
Then the prizes were given away to the students one
after another. I was awarded three prizes — one for recitation,
another for general proficiency in the last Annual Examina-
tion, and the third one for regular attendance and good
conduct. To be frank, my Joy knew no bounds when there
were claps and claps as 1 received the prizes.
The President, Dr Sen, made a nice little speech. He
stressed the importance of discipline in academic
institutions.
With a vote of thanks to the chair from the Headmaster,
the ceremony came to an end. And I returned home like*
a proud victor.
1 hope this will find you in high spirits.
With best wishes.
Superscription
Yours sincerely
LETTER-WRITING
107
11. A letter to your younger brother describing the last
Annual Sports of your school.
Jadavpur High School
Calcuttc-32
15th March, 1973
My dear John,
The Annual Sports of our school came oil yesterday.
I won as many as three prizes and ihus won the individual
championship prize. It is interesting to tell you that ( was
the centre of all attention and was the much-taiked of
fellow in the function. Hence I teel I should give a short
account of the function.
The function was very inieresling indeed. There was a
respectable gathering of students, teachers, guardians.
The function was well organizei. i'herc were very many
interesting events- such as high-jump, pole vault, discuss-
throw. race, sack race, and so on. a\I 1 the boys of the school
took a keen int(?resi in all the events. The contestants
showed their skill. I he event that ga\c pleasure to one and
all was the tug-of-war between the teachers and the
students. That was the last event.
Then the prizes were given away to the students by the
secretary of the school. Our Headmaster delivered a neat
little speech. He stressed the usefulness of sports in
life. You will be surely interested to know of the events that
won for me the championship. Of the three prizes I won.
one was for the high jump, another for the long jump,
and the third one for the discuss-throw. It was a galla day
for me. So I got back home like a victorious Caesar.
Superscript ion :
Yours affectionately,
Thomas
108 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
12. A letter to your Uncle describing an accident
— F. S. Exam., 1961.
Sailendra Sirkar Yidyalaya,
Calcutta.
1st February, 1973
My dear Uncle,
1 have your letter of the Oth instant. It is a nice letter.
But I am afraid 1 am not in a mood to write a reply to it.
And I should tell you why.
I had probably the saddest experience of my life yester-
-<lay. Oh. what a horrible street accident it was ! And it
took place under my very nose ! I am sull haunted by the
spectre of it. Well, let me tell you all about it.
It was about 5 p.m. With Susil, a friend of mine, I was
getting back home from school. We were walking along the
pavement near the junction of Central Avenue and Grey
Street. A taxi was running at high speed. All on a sudden a
rubber-ball dropped at the crossing of the road. A boy of
ten or eleven rushed to pick it up heedless of the running
taxi. The driver could not check the speed of the taxi.
And, alas, the boy was run over. And lo ! the boy
was smashed. The remains of his body were reduced to
/a lump of flesh bathed in a pool of blood. The passers-by
rushed to the spot. They thought that the boy was injured.
But alas, the light was gone ? The oweping mother was
almost mad with grief. It was a touching sight to see and too
deep for tears. Ihe sight is still before me. I still
visualize the lovely face of the boy. Peace be with the
soul in heaven I
With •Pranams’ to you.
Superscription :
Yours affectionately,
Gopal
LETTER-WRITING
109
13. A letter to your younger brother Selim, about the
usefulness of newspaper-reading. — B. H. S, 1960.
Midnapur Collegiate School,
Midnapore.
15th April, 1973
My dear Selim,
I have just received your letter. I am glad to learn that
you are reading the newspaper very regularly. 1 would
encourage you to continue the habit all along.
There are some people who might say that the reading
of the newspaper is sheer wastage of time. But 1 do not
share their view. Can we think of modern life without the
newspaper ? Is it not the primary duty of a student to
acquire general knowledge ? How' can vou know wliat
goes round the world, unless you go therough the new-
paper. The newspaper is like a mirror that rellecls before
us the World as a whole. It supplies news from all corners
of the globe. It gives more or less all kinds of news, but
generally political news gets the priority. But. sports news
cinema news also ligure prominently. If you do not care
to read the newspaper, you will remain ignorant of the
current affairs of the world.
I'he grievances of the public are ventilated by the news-
paper. The letter-columns throw a good bitof lighten public
views and the editorials severely criticize the Government
when the measures go against the people. The newspaper
is a source of entertainment. In moments when you are
mentally sick or feel rather lonely, you can tone yourself
up by reading it.
But I have a note of caution for you. There are some
papers that are purely party papers and propaganda papers.
You do not get there unprejudiced presentation of news and
views. Do not read them.
1 am so so. With love for you and Mother dear.
Yours affectionately,
Latif.
Superscription :
110 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
14. A letter to your younger brother about the useful-
tess of joining the Naiional Cadet Corps.
Ranaghat
12 June, 1973
My dear Dipu,
Your letter is to hand. I am really glad to learn that
you are keen on joining the National Cadet Corps in your
school. Yes, 1 give my whole-hearted consent to it. In
fact, I have been very happy and encourage you to loin it,
because I am all very enthusiastic about it.
The N. C. C. is a para-military organisation. As a cadet,
you will have to undergo the rigours of military training.
And it will help you build up a sound and strong physique.
It will make you active and hardy. Besides, you will
acquire such qualities as discipline. punctuality,
promptitude, and the like. It will foster a spirit of team-
work in you and inspire you with patriotism.
The N. C. C. will also open up an avenue of career for
you. You can join the army. Remember, an N. C. C. cadet
is a valiant soldier of the country.
I hope you will prove yourself a disciplined and worthy
cadet.
With love.
1 am
Yours affectionately.
Father
I Superscription
15. A letter to your younger brother about the usefulness
of a radio set in a family.
Hooghli
2nd July» 1973
My dear Narayan,
1 have your letter just now. 1 see you all are too keen
to know why 1 asked you to have a radio-set in the family.
Well, let me explain the reasons.
LETTER-WRITING
111
The radio is an excellent source of entertainment. It
can cater to the tastes of almost all people. The musical
programme of the radio will delight father. Mother is a
drama connoisseur. The radio dramas will give her a
lot of entertainment. Besides, you can know what is
happening at home and abroad. You arc a student of
science. You can listen to the learned discussions on the
various aspects of science. The radio will help you keep
abreast of the recent discoveries and inventions of science.
As you know, I always take a keen interest in sports and
games. The A. I. R. has very recently introduced Sports
Services. Almost all the important matches are relayed
through the rado. I can now enjoy them, silting in an
arm-chair in my humble cottage.
The educative value of the radio is much. Talks on
various subjects by eminent persons are highly instructive.
So each and every one of us in the family will benefit from
a radio-set.
1 hope a radio-set will be a welcome addition to our
house.
VV*ih love, I remain
Yours alTcctionatcly,
Jayanta
Superscription
16. A letter to your friend describing an exciting foot
ball match. — W, B, //, S, Exam,. 1961
15, Beadon Street,
Calcuita-6
August 20, 1973
My dear Gautam,
I am just back from the Calcutta Maidan, having
witnessed a very exciting match played between the two
traditional rival clubs— East Bengal and Mohun Bagan
112 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
Mever have 1 witnessed such an exciting game. It
ended in a 2 — 1 victory for East Bengal. From the very
kick off till the final whistle, the match was full of suspense
and excitement.^ It was a memorable treat indeed. Both the
teams were star-studded. In the very first minute, the
wily forward, Habib, scored a nice goal with a rasping
shot. It was an interesting performance indeed. Having
eluded three defenders, he beat the international
goal-keeper. Tarun Basu. But this did not dishearten the
Mohun Bagan players. They made deep inroads into the
East Bengal territory. Surajit Sengupta. the clever right-
wing, passed the ball to the link-man, Mohun Singh, who
beat Arun Banerjee, with a powerful shot. It was an excclent
goal. Both the teams now became up and doing to win the
laurel. The defenders rose to great heights,. Bui no further
goal was scored in the first half.
After the recess, the match became all the more exciting.
Neither side played a defensives game. Both sides made
movements alter movements. On two occasions, however,
the cross-piece stood in the way. The dying minute was
electrified when Subhash Bhowmick sealed the fate of the
match with a clever header. With that came the final’
whistle. Yes, 1 very much enjoyed the game. It was a
clean game, played in a true sporting spirit.
Hope you are all quite well.
Superscription :
Yours sincerely,.
Amal.
LBTTER-WRITINO
113
17. From a girl to a friend about where and how she
spent the last Summer Vacation. — fV. B. S. F. {Comp.) 1956.
P. O. Kamakhyaguri,
Dist. Jalpaiguri.
1st July. 1973.
My dear Madhuri,
Your sweet note is to hand. You are eager to know
wheicand howl spent the last Summer Vacation. I will
certainly tell you.
I spent the Summer Vacation with my parents at
Darjeeling where we have a beautiful house. It is ‘a nest of
peace’, as it were. We had long been pent-up in the crowded
city. Sick and tired of city life, we decided to spend
the summer days at our hill resort. It was a life, calm and
quiet, Tar from the madding crowd and the ignoble strife’.
I saw and enjoyed the glories of Nature. The Himalayas and
its snow-capped peaks were a feast to my eyes. In the
afternoon 1 used to walk up and down with my parents. I
made friends with a few girls of my age. I had occasional
associations of a number of good Nepali friends also. The
tourists coming from different parts of the world lent a
special charm to the place.
We had plenty of fresh vegetables, fruits and meat. With
the result that there is a marked improvement in my health.
I witnessed some Bengali and English films with my
new friends. In fine, I enjoyed the vacation to the full.
Hope this finds you quite well.
Superscription :
Yours sincerely,
Shyamali.
T .-8
114 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS, d COMPOSITION
18. From a girl to her friend, telling her how she hopes
to five in the School Final Examination.
P. O. Panihati,
Dist. 24 Parganas.
7th December, 1973
My dear Supti,
Your sweet letter is just to hand. You all seem to be a
bit too keen to know how I hope to fare in the coming
School Final Examination. Well, let me satisfy your
curiosity.
Only a couple of months more and the examination
commences. It is certainly a crucial ordeal in life. But
to tell you frankly, I do not feel so nervous. I feel I am in
my own way prepared for the examination. I hope I shall
come out of the examination well, at least not with dis-
credit. I expect high First Division marks. And that’s
enough. I am not so ambitious. I expect to do well in
English, Mathematics and Sanskrit. But I am afraid of
history, which calls for a lot of memory-work.
I know my teachers have great expectations abopt me.
But I don’t know how far their expectations will be fulfilled.
Trusting all is well with you.
Superscription :
I am.
Yours sincerely,
Snigdha.
^vnEK*vrRnmo
115
19. A letter to your friend, describing a visit to a place
historic interest.
Burdwao,
8th July, 1973
My dear A joy,
I am just back from Murshidabad. I visited the place
with my friend, Swapan. Murs hidabad is a historic place
and well worth seeing. The place has deeply moved my
mind. And hence is the urge within me to tell you something
about it.
Our school was closed for the Summer Vacation. And
we seized the opportunity to visit the place. Accompanied
by my parents, [went there by bus. According to prior
arrangements, we put up at the Tourist Lodge. After a
little rest, we went out to visit the Nawab’s Palace. It
pained me to see that it hd^ lost much of its splendour and
grandeur. Yet, I was simply charmed by the architectural
beauty of the Nawab’s palace. Next morning, we visited
Hajarduari, a mansion having a thousand doors. We saw
other relics of the mightly Nawab dynasty as well. They all
reminded me of the evanescence of things. Pomp, power
and glory are, after all, nothing but passing shows. In the
evening, we saw the historic mango-groves of the Plassey.
The sun was then going down in the western horizon. The
sun-set view reminded me of the sad tale of the past history
’Of Bengal, the sad story of how Bengal lost her freedom and
how the English came to rule over India for two long
centuries.
Next day we left for home, it was a memorable tour
inileed.
Hoping you all are well at home.
Superscription :
I am,
Yours ever,
Dilip.
SCHOOL LETTERS
1. An application praying for leave of ^ibsence after
a short illness :
To
The Headmaster,
Midnapur Collegiate School,
Midnapur.
Sir,
1 have the honour to state that I could not attend school
from the 10th to the ISth instant on account of an attack of
cold accompanied with fever.
May I, therefore, hope that you would be kind enough
to grant me leave of absence for those days only.
I remain.
Sir,
Your most obedient pupil
Dated, Midnapur, Lalitkumar Choudhury.-
15th Feb., 1973 Class X, Section A,
Roll No. 25,
2. An application praying for leave of absence dnrins
illness.
To
The Headmaster,
Ballygunge Government High School,
Calcutta.
Sir,
I had been laid up with influenza for about a week and
so could not attend claves from the 12th November to
19th November, 1973. I am now progressing towarda
LBTTER'WIUTINO
117
..recovery. But as 'advised by the attending physician, 1
am yet to take rest for a week more.
So I hope you would be good enough to grant me leave
of absence for about a fortnight only^
A medical certificate is enclosed herewith in confirma-
tion of my statement.
Kasba, Yours obediently,
19th November, 1973 Pradip Mullick.
3. An applieation for a holiday in honour of the visit of
a distinguished visitor :
To
The District inspector of Schools.
Calcutta
Sir.
We, the students of BaghBazar High School, request the
favour of your kindly granting us a holiday in honour of
kind and august visit to our institution
Yours obediently.
We the Students of
Bagh Bazar High School
'Calcutta,
16th April, 1973
COMMERCIAL LETTER
1. An Order For Snpply of Books.
57, S K Dev Roads
P. O. Siliguri,
Dist. Darjeeling
12. 12. 73
To
Messrs J Mullick & Brothers
Booksellers & Publishers.
57/1, College Street,
Calcutta — 12
Dear Sirs,
I shall be much obliged if you kindly send me per V.P.P..
the following books at your earliest convenience by thr
address, which, please note above
Yours faithfully,
Dipak Banerjee
List of Books For Supply :
1 Copy of David Copperfield — Charles Dickens
2 „ „ Ivanhoe— Sir Watler Scott
3 ., „ Ramayani Katha— Dineshchandra Sea'
N. B. Note the form of address in Business Letters.
AN ACADEMIC LETTER
1. An application for flie post of a teacher :
-IE. B. H. S., 1968
To
The Secretary,
Town School,
Calcutta
Sir,
In response to your advertisement in the Amrita Bazar
Patrika, dated the 20tb August, 1973, for an experienced
teacher of English, I beg to offer myself as a candidate for
the situation.
As regards liiy academic qualifications I beg to state
that 1 passed the H. S. Examination of the Board of
Secondary Education in the First Division in 1964. I
obtained my B. A. degree with Second Class Honours in
English from the University of Calcutta in 1966. Since
then 1 have been in the teaching line.
A senior teacher of English, I have some six years of
teaching experience where I am now serving as a teacher.
I am now thirty. I come of a respectable fair, .y of
Chandernagar I am a healthy man with a healthy
physique.
I would, therefore, request you to sympathetically
consider my case. I would assure you that, if appointed,
I shall spare no pains to give you satisfaction by conscien-
tiously discharging my duty.
I enclose herewith a few copies of my testimonials, for
your inspection.
Yours faithfully,
Alak Basu,
Assistant Teacher,
Dated, Calcutta, Bosepara High School,
2Sth Aug, 1973 Calcutta
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Write a letter to the Corporation of Calcutta com*
plaining of the long uncleaned garbage in yonr locality.
12, Beniatola Street,
Sova Bazar,
Calcutta— 5
15th March, 1973
2 To
The Offlcer*in*charge,
Conservancy Department^
The Corporation of Calcutta
Dear Sir,
I beg to draw your kind attention to the long accumu-
lated garbage in our Sova Bazar locality, hoping that
prompt action will be taken in the larger interests of the
inhabitants residing in the locality.
It is a fact, and a notorious fact indeed that the street
garbage in our locality is hardly regularly cleared. Such
a huge quantity of garbage has been accumulated in it
that the atmosphere of the quarter has been polluted to
a considerable extent. The offensive smell of the garbage
is a perennial nuisance, so much so that the health of
the locality is dangerously threatened. In view of the fact
that epidemic diseases have already broken out in the city,
the removal of the garbage is an immediate necessity.
May I, therefore, request you to be good enough to take
immediate action for the removal or the garbage and
oblige ^
Yours faithfully,
Alok Chatterjee.
LBTTBll'W&lTBK}
Ex«iciw
Write a lettn :
1. To your younger brother about the value of discipline
in student life.
2. To a friend describing life in your school hostel.
— H.S. Exam., IV64.
3. To your friend who has just recovered from illness,
inviting him to your sea-side house for a change.
— H.S. Exam., 1960
4. To your friend about a memorable day in your life.
— H. S. Exam., 1 963 (Comp).
3. To a friend, describing a visit to the Zoo in Calcutta.
6. To your mother about your iirst day’s experience in
school.
7. To your father, seeking his approval to accompany
your school team to play a <football match in some Muffosil
town.
It. To your teacher, seeking his instructions as to how
you can overcome your dilhcuUies in learning English.
9. To your teacher, asking his help in making a selection
of books. — H. S. Exam. 1960
10. To your father, giving him an account of a day’s
boating.
11. To your friend, describing your experience in the
examination hall.
12. To your friend, telling him why you have taken the
Humanities Course or the Science Course.
13. To your friend explaining the usefulness of joining
the army.
14. To your friend, about your favourite author or book.
1 5. To your friend, who has been lying ill at a hpspital,
wishing him a speedy recovery.
16. To your sister, sympathising with her in har failure
at the S. F. Examination.
\2lQ*U-> HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM.;'TRANS. '& COMPOSITION
17. To your friend, inviting him to your next birthday
ceremony.
1.8. To your friend, thanking him for a presentation to
you on your birthday. — H.S. (Comp) 1960
■19. To your guardian, requesting him for a further
remittance in view of expenditure on unforeseen items.
— H.S. Exam. 1966
20. Write an application to the manager of a mercantile
firm, begging employment as a clerk. — H.S. Exam. 1967
21. Write a letter to your younger brother, advisting him
to take regular physical exercise. — H.S. Exam. 1970
22. Write a letter of apology to your friend for failing to
keep an engagement you made with him. — H.S. Exam., 1971.
23. Write a letter to your pen-friend in a foreign country
giving him an idea of the present day life in the place where
you live. — H.S. Exam., 1969
24. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the
condition of the road in your locah'y. — H.S. E.xain., 1969.
25. Write a letter to the Po.s{fnaster General, West Bengal,
requesting sanction for opening a Branch Office in your
village. — H.S. Exam. 1967.
26. Write a letter to the Editor of newspaper, drawing
attention to the inconvenl^ices caused by street beggars in
your city. — H.S. Exam, 1965.
27. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper, describing
the discomforts caused by the use of microphone - during
religious festivals.
28. Write a letter- to the ^Municipal Chairman about
insufficitent water-supply in your house.
29. Write a letter to the Station Master, enquiring about
a missing parcel.
30. Write a letter to the Postmaster, enquiring about a
miksing letter.
Chawer X
PARAGRAPH-WRITING
What is a ^paragraph’ ? ‘Paragraph* today means a distinct
part of a piece of discourse or writing, usually consisting of
a bunch of sentences. It is used to mark a division in a written
compositi n. A paragraph generally deals with one main idea.
It has, therefore, a certain structural compactness of its own,
yet it is not the whole theme. It is but the part of a ‘theme*
Whenever we pass on from one point to another, we should use
a new paragraph. To use a simile : A building is made of so
many pieces of brick ; similarly the complete whole of a piece
of writing is made up of several paragraphs. And this complete
whole is called the theme.
Length of a paragraph : There is no hard and fast rule as
to the length of a paragraph. It all depends on the nature
of the topic. Variety adds fb the beauty of a paragraph. And
it is best acquired by varying the length of sentences ; and also
by using different forms of sentences.
On the basis of topics, paragraphs may be divided into
different classes : Descriptive ; Narrative ; Reflective.
Usefulness : Paragraph-writing is, in a sense, a stepping
st^ne to essay-writing. It may be characterized as the back-
ground leading to essay-writing.
Now look at the Models and note their presentations
.carefully : —
Models
Q. 1. Write a paragraph on ^Your Daily Liie’.
(' Answer )
My Daily Life
My life is not an extra-ordinary life. It is a simple
^ordinary type of life. Still I try to follow a definite routine of
122 HIGHER ENG. GRAM. COMP. AND TRANSLATION
work. This does not, however, mean that my life is free from>
variety. Variety is the spice of life. A life is robbed of half its-
grace without variety. 1 am an early riser. 1 take a little walk
in the morning. Then I take my breakfast. Breakfast over, I
turn to my study, which continues for about three*bours. I set
out for school at 10-30 a.m. and return home at S p.m. I have
some light refreshments. I am then out to take some physical
exercise, or for playing this or that out door game with my
companions. I come back home with candle-light. Half an hour
after or so, I devote myself to my studies. Whenever I study,.
1 study with rapt attention. At 10 p.m., I have my supper
with my parents and sisters. It is a happy get-together indeed.
Supper over, we enjoy a chat with one another. Sometimes
1 read a book of entertainment for half an hour. Then I go to
bed. I see films ; do outing ; visit the Zoo or the Museum ;
which take away the monotony or boredom from an otherwise
regular life of mine.
Note : The paragraph has a unity of its own : the theme
is “Afy daily life". Within this narrow scope, the speaker has
described bow he (or she) spends his (or her) day. You should'
note also that the opening line informs you of what it is all
about.
Q. 2. Write a short paragraph on “The Flower”.
( Answer )
The Flower
When I look at a flower, I am simply charmed. What a
wondrous object of nature it is ! Its hue, its odour, its-
shape — ^all delight me. It is^a thing of beauty and hence a
joy for ever. The world of flowers is a varied fare. They
have variegated colours. They havd their own peculiar fragran-
ces. Flowers haunt me like a passion. And whom does it-
not 7 All, especially poets, are fond of their beauty. In many
Of Tagore’s poems flowers play a distinct role. Different-
VARXO&AVH-WMTIKG
xiy
poets have looked at flowers from different stand-points.-
Keats enjoyed only the sensuous beauty of flowers. To-
Wordsworth, a flower meant much more. To my young
mind, a flower is a symbol of purity and chastity. That is why
I offer flowers at the feet of God.
Note : The same unity pervades the above paragraph also.-
It is a ll a bout flow ers. The personal impressions of the
speaker have been described first. Incidentally, he (or she)*
has referred to different poets.
Q. 3. Write a paragraph on Great Man You Admire Most.'
( Attswer )
A Great Man I Admire Most.
The world has produced many a great man. 1 have
reverence for all of them. Still 1 must say that I admire
Netaji most. And why ? The answer is quite simple..
Hero-worship is spontaneous. It comes from within. It is not
to be taught or learnt. 1 look upon Netaji as a ‘total’ man.
I find in him a genuine patriot ; a thorough-going scholar ; a
philosopher ; a valiant warrior ; — all rolled into one. But what
attracts me irresistibly to him is his love for his country and his-
inimitable sacrifice. And what a great leader he was ! He
inspired the whole nation with patriotism. How bravely did
he fight with the British in India 1 He was a true lover of his-
motherland — a patriot to the marrow of his bones. His life
is a living message to us. I cannot but take my hat off to
this great hero.
Note : The above paragraph has an element of variety in
it. Yet the unity of theme is ^here. Admiration and*
emotion go together. So the paragraph has sentences of all
kinds — especially, the Exclamatory ones.
424 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
Q. 4. Write a paragraph on ‘the Aim and Object of Yonr life.’
( Answer )
The Aim And Object of My life.
It is said that life without an aim is like a ship with-
out a rudder. It is quite true. So I have a definite aim in
life. I should like to study medicine for my career. I wish to
"be a plysician — ^an M.B., B.S. So T am pursuing the science
.course. If any one asks me why this choice of medical
profession, my answer forthwith will be : this is the profession
which gives us a chance to serve our community. The
profession is not a non-paying one. It fetches a lot of money.
But that is not the be-all and end-all my life. This profession,
followed nobly and truly, can serve still greater purposes.
Our pountry needs a large number of doctors. Any number
of people die every year for want of medical care and treatment.
As a qualified physician, ( can do some service to the teeming
millions whose distress is fathomless. I shall never play the role
of a Shylock as a medical practitioner. I shall try to improve
the general health of my country people. It is a long-cherished
desire of mine that 1 may contribute substantially to the
world of medical science.
Q. 5. Write a paragraph on ‘How You Uve And Move In
Yonr Family’.
( Answer )
How 1 Live And Move in My Family
Ours is not a big family — quite a small one. It consists 'of
four creatures only ; our beloved parents and we two — brother
and sister. It is a very happy family — I should say. Love
binds us together. Our hap^pness does not spring from
plenty. Far from that. My father does not earn quite
a lot. He is a teacher. Still we enjoy heavenly bliss on earth.
My mother is an ideal lady with liberal views. She is always
sweet to us. We have not known ever what a mother’s frown
iis. I reciprocate her love for me. She is, indeed, the
PARAGRAPH'WRITINC
12S
fountain>head of my inspiration in life. My little brother is
only seven ; I am about IS. My father is all the more fascinating.
Although scholarly by nature, he becomes quite a changed
man when with us. He becomes too talkative, too liberal,,
too childish. The manner he treats us is so pleasing that
when he is out on duty, we are morose and melancholy. I am^
really proud of our pretty small family.
Q. 6. Write a paragraph on ‘Gifts of Science On Modern
Life”.
( Answer )
Gifts of Science On Modern Life.
Many are the gifts that science has conferred on modern
life. Indeed, they are far too many to be counted. Would it
be tbo much to say, they have revolutionized human life ?
Surely not. We owe all our ease and comfort in modern days
to the gifts of science. FtOm morn till night, we are served
humanely by science. A cup of tea cheers us in the morning ;
a shaving razor cleanly shaves our face. The newspapers-
bring to our bed all the news of the world. Arc not all these
gifts of science ? The radio entertains us ; the electric fan
cools us ; the telephone contacts us with a distant friend. Are-
not these due to the gifts of science ? Today we can move
from one place to another by buses, trams, trains, aeroplanes.-
The vast distance of the world has been narrowed down to*day
by Science. Scientists have invented so many wonder drugs ;
their effects are so miraculous. Diseases hitherto incurable,
have become curable. Landing on moonland is no more a
dream. It is a reality today. In fine, all our amenities of
life are due to the generous gifts of science.
Q. 7. Write a paragra^ on “Your Favourite Book”.
( Answer )
My Favourite Book.
I am still at school. My range of study is, there-
fore, very limit ed. 1 have read only a few books of EngUsIs
126 HIGHER ENGLISH GRAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
literature. AEsop's Fables is my favourite book — ^a book
that haunts me like a passion. I am simply moved by the
interesting manner of its story-telling. I do not know much
about the author. All I can say is that he is a master story-
teller. Every fable has a perennial appeal to the mind.
The birds and beasts have been portrayed in a very beautiful
manner. They have been made to appear before us as so' many
living human beings. They are endowed with feelings and
■emotions. They are not ‘type’ characters but sharply in-
dividualized. The Thirsty Crow ; The Hare qnd the Tortoise,
Fox and the Crane, to mention only a few, delight me. How
simple and lucid is the style { I have read it so many times.
Still, I feel inclined to read it again. It is my bed-side book.
It has inspired me to write short stories.
1
Q. 8. Write a paragraph on ‘The Cinema’.
( Answer )
The Cinema
- The cinema is one of the most popular amusements of today,
Modern life is Ifull of ‘sick hurry and divided aims’. Today
you are perplexed by the cares and anxieties of life. The
cinema affords you much relief in your human existence.
If you feel tired, why not go to a cinema house and see a film 7
It will relieve you of your monotony and give you a lot of
refreshment. It caters to the tastes of different men and
women. If you are a light-hearted jolly fellow, you can enjoy
a lot of fun and sportiveness in a comedy film (say a
^mbay film or a Hollywood moving picture). If you are
a man of serious nature, go and see a Satyajit Ray film. It will
provide you with much food for thinking. If you are a street
anfiiin, you had better see a battle film. The film world is,
therefore, a source of great entertainment If you are intelligent
enou^, you can use it as a medium of culture and education.
Yet, the fact remains that there are some kinds of film which
do more harm than good.
PARAGRAPH-WRinNO
127
Q. 9. Write a paragraph on ‘The Village Folk’.
( Answer )
The Village Folk
During the last summer, 1 went to a remote village
.in Midnapore — Ramtajatala. I was invited by a friend of mine
over there. Not very far from Digha, this little-known village,
I was surprised to see, has a population of some six thousand
people. But, strangely enough, it is inhabited mostly by the
Adivasis. I* fact, I was simply moved by the peculiar mode of
living of these tribal people. They are simple and innocent
people, not yet affected or spoilt by the niceties of urban civi-
lization. They live a near-primitive life. Scantily dressed, they
are, most of them, farmers. Dark-complexioned, they are full
of vigour and courage. They have a hardy constitution. {Their
women have a primitive tribal ^eauty of their own. They wear
colourful garments and ornaments. They are hospitable.^ They
accorded me a warm reception when I met them. Their dialect
appeared to be a mixed dialect. They are living quite in
amity and harmony with other communities of the society.
Q. 10. Write a paragraph on *A Picnic’.
( Answer )
A Picnic.
On December 25, last year, a picnic was arranged at
Fuleswar by our school. As many as seventy-five students
and fifteen teachers attended the picnic. The place was
well chosen. Fuleswar is a beautiful place, very beautiful
indeed. It stands on the river. The sights and scenes
3f the place are very charming. We had been there by
ms. We were singing all the way. ' Our teachers
ilso joined with us. What an interesting experience I We
’cached there within a couple of hours. We put up at the
jovemment Bunglow. We had our breakfiist with egg^
anaoB, toast, tea. We procured rice, meat, vegetables
128 HIGHER ENGLISH ORAM., TRANS. & COMPOSITION
and many other things collected from the nearby market..
Cooking was done by two expert cooks. We helped them a
bit. We had our dinner together. It was a happy get-together
indeed. Then we visited the objects of attraction there. In
the afternoon we had tea with rice and telebhaja. Quite
a number of snaps were taken. In the afternoon we enjoyed
boat-aiding. At about 6 pm we left for Calcutta and returned
home at 8 pm. The experience of the picnic haunted me all
night.
Q. 11. Write a paragraph on *A Fire’.
( Answer )
A Fire
It was midnight. 1 was fast asleep. A hue and cry
was raised. It awakened me. I got up and was startled. “Fire !
Fire 1’’ — that was all I could hear. I unbolted the door and
could see only the burning flames of the swelling fire. When
I recovered myself, I understood that the house of my friend,
Abdul, was on fire. Naturally perturbed, I rushed to his house
which was not very far from ours. Meanwhile, a vast crowd
gathered there. A few of them were trying to extinguish the
fire. But they made a hopeless mess only. Some were mere
lookers-on. Wind is supposed to be the friend of fire. It is^
exactly so. A wind was blowing causing the fire to spread.!
Some tried to extinguish the fire by sprinkling water. Some
threw bags of sand into the fire. But the attempts were a
bit too late. Because before Ihe fire was extinguished a heavy i
damage was already done. One of the cottages owned byj
Abdul was reduced to ashes. A good bit of their asset — ■*
ornaments and hard cash — was also destroyed. They were
hard hit by the accident and were sorrowing. I consoled-
Abdul and his sorrowing mother. Fortunately, however, none:
of the members of the family was physically hurt ot burnt.
PARAGRAPH-WRITING
129
Q. 12. Write a paragraph on ‘Rome was not bnilt in
a day*.
Ans. Rome was once the most beautiful city in the world.
It was the seat of learning and culture. A great civilization
flourished here. Evidence of this rich ctvilization is still
to be found in the city. There are churches, temples, theatres,
domes, palaces, which bear the unmistakable stamp of
old architectural excellence. The much-celebrated paintings of
Raphael and Leo da Vinci are still extant in the city. In fact,
all fine arts — music; painting, sculpture, architecture —
«
flourished here. But did the city of Rome assume its present
form overni ght ? The answer is an emphatic *no’. A good
many people contributed to this civilization. After years of
contribution, bit by bit, the city of Rome became the focal
point of attention of the world. Likewise, no great task
can be achieved hastily. In order to accomplish a noble and
great task we should have patience, diligence -and perseverance.
These will lead us on to success.
Q. 13. Write a paragraph on ‘A friend in need is a friend
indeed*.
( Answer )
A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed I
Genuine friends are few and far between in the
world. It is very difficult to distinguish a true friend from a
false one. There are many fiiir weather friends who flock
round us in our palmy days. But they desert us in our
adversity. It has been truly said that adversity is tiie test of
a true friend. He who stands by us in onr weal and woe
is a true friend indeed. He who leaves a friend in the lurch is
a dangerous man. Such men should be left alone. The story
of ‘The Two Friends and the Bear’ illustrates the rarity of
true friends. Friendship is a noble thing. But false friends
are dangerous. We should always be on our guard against
them.
T.— 9
130 HIGHER BNOLISH ORAM.. 7RAKS. & COMPOSITIO>r
Exercise
Write a paragraph on each of the following r —
1. Yoi|r school (12 lines),
2. Prize-day at your school (IS lines).
3. Your little brother’s birth-day anniversary (lu lines)
4. Books ( 12 lines )
5. Health is wealth (12 lines),
6. The beauty of a moon-lit sky (12 lines).
7. fkn exciting football match (IS lines).*
^ A rainy day (10 lines).
9;K;>S^set scene in a village.
A visit to the Zoo in Calcutta (IS lines).
11. ,A visit to the Museum in Calcutta (10 lines).
Your hobby (12 lines).
13. Mahatma Gandhi (12 lines).
14: Rabindranath Tagore (12 lines).
15. A rolling stone gathers no moss (10 lines),
16. A walk (10 lines).
17. A pet animal (8 lines).
18. A holiday (12 lines).
19. A street accident (10 lines).
20. Anger.
21. A flood (10 lines).
22. Punctuality.
23. War. -
24. Examinations (12 lines).
25. To day’s weather (10 lines).
26. The elephant.
27. Boating.
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