Chapter 10: Motivation



Chapter 10: Motivation

Motivation

the study of "whys" of behavior---

The factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

motives: The desired goals that underlie behavior

Motivational Concepts

Instinct theories--there is some inborn, genetic component to motivation.

Instinct: complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

Drive-Reduction Theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that drives/motivates an organism to satisfy or reduce the need

drive: A motivated, aroused state

when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive) is produced

internal tensions (produced by the body's demand for homeostasis) "push" the organism toward satisfying basic needs, the organism learns which specific behaviors will meet this goal.

homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a steady balanced or constant internal state

regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

motivation results from the "pull" of external environmental stimuli also

Incentive--a positive or negative stimuli that attract or repel; that motivates behavior

Need and incentive—strongly driven

Arousal Approaches to motivation: The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

According to the arousal motive, people seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.

Sensory deprivation studies show that we all need a minimal amount of stimulation for brains to function properly.

There are individual differences in this need: research done by Zuckerman relates high sensation seekers are biologically "pre-wired" to need a higher level of stimulation, the reverse is true for low sensation seekers.

Cognitive theories emphasize the importance of thoughts, attributions, and expectations.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs or motives that incorporates both biological and psychological theories. --believed that basic physiological and survival needs must be satisfied before a person can attempt to satisfy higher needs.

Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Pyramid of human needs

begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied

then higher-level safety needs become active

then psychological needs become active

self-actualization: A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way

Some critics point out inconsistencies in Maslow’s theory that each individual’s lower needs must be met before attempting to satisfy higher needs.

Motivation - Hunger

Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

Blood sugar level and hunger

Set Point-- point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate--body’s base rate of energy expenditure

The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Psychology of hunger

Taste preference—biological and cultural

Obesity and Weight Control

Most lost weight is regained

Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television

Social effects of obesity

Losing Weight

Close-up: Helpful hints on losing weight

The Need to Belong

Social animals--need for Affiliation and to belong, to attach to others and to strive for friendship

Need to belong; need for affiliation—a need to establish and maintain relationships with other people

Aiding survival—social bonds keep people alive; innately social creatures

Cooperate in groups enhance survival

Happy and healthy when need to belong satisfied by close, supportive relationship

Wanting to belong—many answer question of what makes life meaningful by saying close, satisfying relationships.

The need to belong impacts thoughts and emotions

Research by Sheldon—response to question: what was most satisfying moment in past week? Satisfaction of self esteem and relatedness-belonging needs

Ubuntu

Acting to increase social acceptance-self esteem gauge of how valued and accepted you feel; behave to increase our belong or social acceptance

Maintaining relationships—some fear of being alone exists

need to feel deep attachments

Pain of ostracism—social exclusion

Williams research—worldwide various forms ostracism used to control social behavior.

Shunned—given the “cold shoulder”; have ones’s need to belong threatened

Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary: “human beings are fundamentally and pervasively motivated by a need to belong”

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, or ideas and for attaining a high standard

Achievement involves the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks.

The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success

A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction comes from striving for and achieving a level of excellence

Achievement -

Research with intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation shows that extrinsic rewards can lower interest and achievement motivation.

intrinsic motivation: Motivation by which people participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them

extrinsic motivation: Motivation by which people participate in an activity for a tangible reward

Measuring Achievement

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A test consisting of a series of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a story, which is taken to be a reflection of the writer’s personality

Emotion, Arousal, Behavior and cognition

Emotion: is a response of the whole organism

physiological arousal

expressive behaviors

conscious experience

Basic emotions

10 emotions in infants

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Physiology of emotion

Expressed and experienced emotion

Detection:

People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

Communicate nonverbally as well as verbally

Fear and anger read mostly from the eyes: happiness from the mouth.

Introverts are better emotion-detectors than extraverts; extraverts are easier to read.

People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

Gender and expressiveness

Women are better than men at reading emotions.

Culturally universal expressions

Effects of Facial Expression

on emotional experience

Facial feedback hypothesis: expressions communicate emotion, amplify the felt emotion and signal the body to respond accordingly.

Experienced Emotion---Anger

Catharsis

emotional release

catharsis hypothesis: “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

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