Evolution: Free-Response Questions



Phylogeny / Earth Origins: Possible Free-Response Questions1.Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. (a) The evolution of a species is dependent on changes in the genome of the species. Identify TWO mechanisms of genetic change, and explain how each affects genetic variation. (b) Based on the data in the table below, draw a phylogenic tree that reflects the evolutionary relationships of the organisms based on the differences in their cytochrome-c amino acid sequences and explain the relationships of the organisms. (c)Based on the data, identify which organism is most closely related to the chicken and explain your choice. (d) Describe TWO types of evidence (other than the comparison of proteins = comparative biochemistry) that can be used to determine the phylogeny of organisms. Discuss one strength of each type of evidence you described. THE NUMBER OF AMINO ACID DIFFERENCES IN CYTOCHROME-c AMOUNG VARIOUS ORGANISMSHorseDonkeyChickenPenguinSnakeHorse01111321Donkey0101220Chicken0318Penguin017Snake02. Phylogeny reflects the evolutionary history of organisms. (a) Discuss TWO mechanisms of speciation that lead to the development of separate species from a common ancestor. (b) Explain THREE methods that have been used to investigate the phylogeny of organisms. Describe a strength or weakness of each method. (c) The two phylogenetic trees represent the relationship of whales to six other mammals. All of the organisms shown have a pulley-shaped astragalus bone in the ankle except for the whale. ? For each tree, describe a monophyletic group, the closest relative to the whale, and the point at which the pulley astragalus was lost or gained. ? Based on the principle of parsimony (the simplest explanation is the best) and the genomic information in the Tables 1 and 2, identify which tree is the best representation of the evolutionary relationship of these animals, and justify your answer. Table 1. - Data on Presence of Specific DNA Sequences+ sequence present- sequence absent? undeterminedLocus12345678910111213Cow-----+++++++-Deer------+?++++-Whale+++++-?++-?+-Hippo?-+++-+++-?+-Pig--?---?-?--++Peccary????????????+Camel-------------Table 2. - DNA FingerprintLocusCow?Deer?Whale?Hippo?Pig?Peccary?Camel???????1??????????????2??????????????3??????????????4??????????????5??????????????6????????????????7????????????????8????????????????9????????????????10????????????????11????????????????12???????????????13?????????????3.List and Discuss (in detail) three things Charles Darwin never knew.4.(a) List and briefly describe the conditions on early Earth that made the origin on life possible.(b) What does the Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life propose about the creation of life?(c) Describe the contributions that A. I. Oparin, J. B. S. Haldane, and Stanley Miller made toward developing a model for the abiotic synthesis (abiogenesis) of organic molecules.5.Scientists recently have proposed a reorganization of the phylogenetic system of classification to include the Domain, a new taxonomic category higher (more inclusive) than the Kingdom category, as shown in the following diagram.Universal Ancestor Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria ??????????? Domain Eukarya(Archaebacteria) (Eubacteria) ??????????? (Eukaryotes)?(a) Describe how this classification scheme presents different conclusions about the relationships among living organisms than those presented by the previous five-kingdom system of classification.(b) Describe three kinds of evidence that were used to develop the taxonomic scheme above, and explain how this evidence was used. (The evidence may be structural, physiological, molecular, and/or genetic.) 6.Explain the endosymbiotic theory and describe three observations that support it. ................
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