Section 4 - 0FEES



Section 5 The unstable earth

Fundamental exercise

Unit 1 Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and plate movements

Fill in the blanks

1. Fill in the blanks below with the appropriate words.

(a) The Earth is divided into 3 parts: the __core__, the mantle and the crust. Among them, the __crust__ is the thinnest layer.

(b) There are two kinds of plates: the __continental__ plates and the __oceanic__ plates.

(c) Plates are pulled apart or pushed together by the __convective currents__ in the mantle.

(d) The world’s major earthquake and volcanic zones include the Alpine-Himalayan belt and the __Circum-Pacific Ring of Fire__.

e) The point where energy and seismic waves are release in an earthquake is called the __focus__.

2. Write down the name of the plates on the diagram below and use arrows to indicate the directions of plate movements.

[pic]

Unit 2 What are the effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Fill in the blanks

What kinds of hazard do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions bring? Complete the diagram below by filling in the blanks.

[pic]

Unit 3 Human responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Fill in the blanks

Why do people still live in the unstable areas? What do they do to reduce the impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions? Fill in the blanks below with the appropriate words.

[pic]

Minimizing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

[pic] [pic]

[pic]

Integrated exercise

Multiple choice

1. Choose the correct answers to the questions below.

(a) Which of the following descriptions about the Earth’s crust is not true? (refer to Unit 1)

A. It is the outermost layer.

B. It has the lowest density.

C. It has a thickness of 2 900 km.

D. It consists of the continental plates and oceanic plates.

(b) Which of the following diagrams does not show correct plate movement? (refer to Unit 1)

A. [pic] C. [pic]

B. [pic] D. [pic]

(c) What are the materials that may come out of a volcano during an eruption? (refer to Unit 1)

(i) Lava (iii) Ashes

(ii) Poisonous gases (iv) Volcanic bombs

A. (i) and (ii) C. (ii), (iii) and (iv)

B. (i), (ii) and (iii) D. All of the above

(d) Part X in the figure below is known as the (refer to Unit 1)

[pic]

(e) “Since the plate X is constantly pushing toward the South American Plate, Chile is therefore suffering from earthquake hazards from time to time.” What is the plate X? (refer to Unit 1)

A. Philippine Plate C. Pacific Plate

B. Caribbean Plate D. Nazca Plate

(f) If the horizontal scale and vertical scale of a cross-section are 1:20 000 and 1:10 000 respectively, what is the vertical exaggeration? (refer to Unit 1)

A. 4 C. 0.5

B. 2 D. 0.1

(g) Which of the following is not a disastrous effect of volcanic eruptions? (refer to Unit 2)

A. Mudflows C. Lava flows

B. Bush fires D. Tsunamis

(h) Which of the following does not help reduce the number of deaths in an earthquake? (refer to Unit 3)

A. Insurance schemes C. Temporary shelters

B. Clean water supply D. Putting out fires

(i) What benefits do volcanoes bring to people? (refer to Unit 3)

(i) Geothermal energy (iii) Scenic attractions

(ii) Rich mineral deposits (iv) Irrigation

A. (i), (ii) and (iii) C. (i), (iii) and (iv)

B. (i), (ii) and (iv) D. All of the above

(j) Which of the following help reduce the impacts of earthquake hazards? (refer to Unit 3)

A. Shock-proof building designs C. Regular earthquake drills

B. Forecasting and warning systems D. All of the above

Geographical concepts

2. There is a mistake in each of the following statements. Underline the mistake and write the correct answer in the space provided below.

Short questions

3. An earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale at the epicentre occurred in central Taiwan on September 21, 1999. The map below shows the maximum magnitude of the earthquake recorded at different locations in Taiwan. Next to the map is an advertisement to attract people to visit Taiwan. Study them carefully and answer the following questions.

[pic]

(a) Label the plates on the map.

(b) Describe how the maximum magnitude of the earthquake changed with the distance from the epicentre in general.

The maximum magnitude decreases with increasing distance from the epicentre in general.________________________________________________________________

(c) Why are there many hot springs in Taiwan?

Taiwan lies on a plate boundary where volcanic activities are present. Underground water is heated up by magma beneath/near Taiwan and hot springs are formed._______

(d) Do you like to visit Taiwan? Why or why not?

Free response___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Advanced questions

1. Earthquake disaster

Study the table below and complete the tasks that follow.

The 10 deadliest earthquakes of the 1990s

(a) Mark and label the above earthquakes (A-J) on the world map below.

[pic]

b) Which of the earthquakes took place on the Circum-Pacific Belt? Which of them happened on the Alpine-Himalayan Belt?

(c) Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.

i) Earthquakes of greater magnitude (in Richter’s scale) cost more True/False

deaths.

(ii) Earthquakes in less developed countries cost fewer deaths. True/False

(iii) Earthquakes that occurred in early 1990s cost fewer deaths. True/False

(d) List some factors that may affect the number of deaths in an earthquake?

Population density, time of occurrence, quality of buildings and others______________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Exploring a volcano

Study the map below which shows a volcano and its surrounding area.

[pic]

a) Draw a cross-section along line X-Y.

[pic]

(b) What is the vertical exaggeration of your cross-section?

Horizontal scale = 1:50 000________________________________________________

Vertical scale = 1:25 000__________________________________________________

Vertical exaggeration = Vertical scale/Horizontal scale = 2_______________________

______________________________________________________________________

(c) How do people make use of the rich resources in this volcanic area?

- Development of farming (fertile soil)_______________________________________

- Generation of cheap electricity (geothermal power)____________________________

- Development of tourism (scenic beauty)_____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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__Eurasian Plate__

__North American Plate__

__African Plate__

__South American Plate__

__Indro-Australian Plate__

N

S

Japan

Indonesia

Pacific Plate

Iceland

N

S

Hong Kong

__Nazca Plate__

__Antarctic Plate__

Key

Plate margin

Direction of plate movement

N(

__Volcanic ashes__ block sunlight.

People and animals are killed by __poisonous gases__ such as sulphur dioxide.

Earthquakes lead to __landslides__.

Trees are burnt down by fires in the path of __lava__ flows.

Fires break out due to broken __gas pipes__ in earthquakes.

I don’t think the __risk__ is very high since earthquakes and volcanic eruptions do not happen frequently.

I get a good harvest because volcanic ashes make the soil __fertile__.

We have been living here for generations. Our __family ties__ are very strong.

Rich mineral resources are found here. They promote the development of __industries__.

__Eurasian__ Plate

J

D

E/H

A

G

I

B/I

E

km

N(

X

(a) __Warnings__ can be issued before the hazards take place.

(b) __Shock-proof__ buildings are less likely to collapse in earthquakes.

(c) Good __emergency plans__ help minimize the loss of lives.

(d) Regular __earthquake drills__ help remind people of survival skills.

A. mantle.

B. core.

C. crust.

D. plate.

C

D

D

D

B

Statements

Kobe

(d) The Great Kanto earthquake occurred in 1995 in Japan and caused 5 000 deaths.

magma

(c) The mantle is made up of a layer of semi-liquid rock known as lava.

focus

(b) Seismic waves come from the epicentre within the crust.

convection

(a) Plates are moving because of the contraction in the mantle.

Correction

A

D

B

D

A

Earthquakes

Date

Place

Richter Scale

Estimated Deaths

1990/06/21

Iran

A

7.6

50 000

22 000

6.4

B

India

1993/09/20

5 500

7.2

D

Japan

1995/01/17

17 500

7.4

C

Turkey

1999/08/17

4 000

7.1

E

Afghanistan

1998/05/30

2 500

7.5

F

Indonesia

1992/12/12

2 300

7.6

G

Taiwan

1999/02/21

2 300

6.1

H

Afghanistan

1998/02/04

2 000

7.5

J

Russia (Sakhalin Island)

1995/05/28

2 000

7.1

I

India/Nepal

1991/10/20

Circum-Pacific Belt

Alpine-Himalayan Belt

D, F, G, J

A, B, C, E, H, I

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