Chapter 15-4 The Five Kingdom System (page 325-329)



Packet 10: Classification & Biodiversity

Vocabulary

|Taxonomy |Phylum |contractile vacuole |

|Binomial nomenclature |Class |pseudopods |

|Taxa (taxon) |Order |eyespot |

|Cladogram |Family |placenta |

|Phylogenetic tree |Genus |vascular |

| |Species |nonvascular |

|Domain |Eukaryote (eukaryotic) |xylem |

|Bacteria |Prokaryote (prokaryotic) |phloem |

|Archaea |Autotroph |moss |

|Eukarya |Heterotroph |fern |

| |biodiversity |gymnosperm |

|Kingdom |adaptation |angiosperm |

|Archaebacteria |flagella |dormancy |

|Eubacteria |cilia |seed dispersal |

|Protista |capsule |internal fertilization / development |

|Fungi | |external fertilization / development |

|Plantae | |evolution |

|Animalia | | |

Assignments: Due Dates:

| | |

|Candy Cladogram Lab………………………………………………………… |______________ |

|Dichotomous Key Lab…………………………………………………………. |______________ |

|Packet 10 Test – study entire packet………………………………………… |______________ |

| | |

|Honors Only | |

|Cladogram & Protein worksheet……………………………………………… |______________ |

Terms from the table (you should know each of these):

___________________________________ = no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells

___________________________________ = nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex).

___________________________________ = organism made up of 1 cell ___________________________________ = organisms made up of many cells

___________________________________ = make usable energy/food internally (i.e. photosynthesis)

| Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics) |

|Domain |Archaea |Bacteria |Eukarya |

|Kingdom |Kingdom Archaebacteria |Kingdom Eubacteria |Kingdom ___________ |Kingdom ___________ |Kingdom ___________ |Kingdom ____________ |

|Examples |Bacteria that live in harsh |Bacteria that live in/on |Paramecium, Amoeba and |Mushrooms, Mold and |Mosses, Ferns, Pine trees, |Sponges, Worms, Insects, |

| |environments (extremophiles) |you, strep and E. coli |Euglena |yeast (unicellular) |Flowering Plants |Reptiles, Fish, Humans |

|Cell Type |_______________________ |_______________________________________________ |

|(Prokaryote or Eukaryote) | | |

|Number of Cells (unicellular|All _____________________ |Mostly |Mostly |All ____________|All ___________ |

|or multicellular) | |_____________ |____________ | | |

|Cell Wall |Present |Present in some |____________ |___________ |____________ |

|(absent or present) | | | | | |

|Nutrition |Both (depends on type) |Both (depends on type) |All are _____________ |All are ____________ |All are ____________ |

|(Autotroph or Heterotroph) | | | | | |

|Important Extra Info. |ALL BACTERIA used to be classified into one Kingdom |Often categorized as |Called the great |Carnivorous plants (ex: |Only kingdom in which all |

| |called Kingdom Monera |plant-like, animal-like or |decomposers |Venus flytrap) are still |organisms lack a cell wall.|

| | |fungus-like | |considered autotrophs. | |

|_____________________________ are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms. |

___________________________________ = needs to eat to gain energy

Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called ____________________________________________) to group organisms.

Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named _____________________ ________________________ .

▪ Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things into several broad categories that he called _________________________. At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of two kingdoms:

__________________________ and __________________________

▪ ___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess.

Scientific technology is continually improving which allows us to see more detailed differences between organisms. Over time, Linnaeus’s classification system expanded to include more Kingdoms based on these newly found differences.

| |Table 1: Changing Number of Kingdoms |

|Original division |Plantae |Animalia |

|(written in latin) | | |

|1950-1990 |______________ |_________ |_________ |Plants |Animals |

|TODAY |__________ |___________ |Protists |Fungi |Plants |Animals |

Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa;

| | |

|Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest) |Example:_____________ |

| _______________________ (the broadest or largest taxon) |Animalia |

| _______________________ |Chordata |

| _______________________ |Mammalia |

| _______________________ |Primata |

| _______________________ |Hominidae |

| _______________________ |Homo |

| _______________________ |sapiens |

|(the most specific or inclusive taxon) | |

▪ Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups until the only one type of organism, called a _________________________________ was identified.

▪ To be the same species the organisms had to:

• ___________________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________________

Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding between two different species are:

▪ ________________+ _______________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring

▪ Lion + Tiger => ___________________ => __________x__________= no offspring

In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring).

Current Classification System

_____________________- a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Based on new research, all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the

3 Domains:

▪ Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________ (also known as the ‘true bacteria’)

▪ Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________ (also known as the ‘ancient bacteria’)

▪ Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________, _______________________, _______________________ & _________________________ (all of which are eukaryotes)

Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system:

[pic]

• Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called ____________________ _____________________.

• According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name, called a ______________________ _______________________.

• The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person speaks or the region they live in. The language used for naming organisms is __________________.

Rules for writing Scientific names:

Ex: The scientific name for _________________________ is Homo sapiens

▪ The first word of each name is the organism’s _____________________ (i.e. Homo).

The first letter of this name should always be capitalized.

▪ The second word of each organism’s name is the _______________ __________________ (i.e sapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic letters

Ways to Show Evolutionary Relationships:

▪ _____________________ – Classifying organisms based upon their evolutionary relationships.

o Phylogenetic tree or Cladogram is a diagram that looks a bit like a family tree, showing who the nearest relatives were and who shared a common ancestor, and when.

▪ Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one another.

▪ They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic past.

Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions:

1. Which animal is the most primitive? ________________

2. What features are shared by the salamander & mouse?

__________________________________

3. Does the hagfish possess a jaw? _______

4. Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? __________________________________

A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms.

▪ Use the table below to create a cladogram. (+ = present; - = not present)

|Derived Characteristics |

| |segmente|jaws |hair |placenta|multicel|limbs |

| |d | | | |lular | |

|kangaroo |+ |+ |+ |- |+ |+ |

|earthworm |+ |- |- |- |+ |- |

|amoeba |- |- |- |- |- |- |

|lizard |+ |+ |- |- |+ |+ |

|cat |+ |+ |+ |+ |+ |+ |

|sponge |- |- |- |- |+ |- |

|salmon |+ |+ |- |- |+ |- |

Classification Keys

A classification key, also knows as a ___________________________________ key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things).

▪ Begin on line 1 (reading choices a and b). Choose the statement that matches your organism.

▪ Follow the Go To directions until you come to a line that identifies the organism by name.

Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by their scientific names.

|[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |

|Organism A | |[pic] | |Organism C | |[pic] |

| | |Organism B | | | |Organism D |

|____________________________ | |__________________________ | |_________________________ | |__________________________ |

|1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . . |go to 2 |

|1b. organism without two or four legs . . . . . . . . . |go to 3 |

| | |

|2a. organism without wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Canis familiaris |

|2b. organism with wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Passer domesticus |

| | |

|3a. organism is unicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |go to 4 |

|3b. organism is multicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |go to 5 |

| | |

|4a. organism swims freely in water . . . . . . . . . . . |Balantidium sp |

|4b. organism is anchored to substrate . . . . . . . . . |Stentor sp. |

| | |

|5a. organism is heterotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |go to 6 |

|5b. organism is autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |go to 7 |

| | |

|6a. organism lives in ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Monodon monoceros |

|6b. organism lives on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Ophiophagus hannah |

| | |

|7a. organism is a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Pinus ponderosa |

|7b. organism is an herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Taraxicum officinale |

Kingdom Protista (a.k.a. the Protists)

[pic]

|Examples of Protists |Structure |Function |Adaptive advantage |

|Paramecium |Cilia | | |

|[pic] | | | |

| |Oral Groove | | |

| |Contractile Vacuole | | |

| |Pseudopod | | |

| |or | | |

| |Pseudopodia | | |

| |Food Vacuole | | |

|Euglena |Eyespot | | |

|[pic] | | | |

| |Flagellum | | |

Kingdom Plantae

[pic]

While plants are very diverse, there are several characteristics that they all share:

▪ They are all ____________________________ (made up of many cells)

▪ They are all __________________________ their cells contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles

▪ Their cells are surrounded by a ___________ _____________made of __________________, a large carbohydrate.

▪ Are ____________________________ that undergo photosynthesis (they make their own food);

▪ Their green color comes from a pigment called __________________________________.

Most primitive plants most complex plants

▪ Plants are thought to have evolved from __________________ (an aquatic plant-like protist)

▪ To survive on land, plants needed a waterproof layer called a __________________________ .

• Mosses are called __________________________________plants since they do not have veins.

❖ These plants must grow low to the ground. They absorb their nutrients and water directly from the ground.

• Vascular plants have veins (like the blood vessels in your body) that allow for movement of material throughout the plant. Two kinds of vascular tissue allow for this movement:

• ________________ - transports _______________ up from the roots to the leaves.

• ______________- transports _______________ down to store & up to use.

Because of their veins, vascular plants are able to have true organs such as:

|Organ |Purpose |

| |Absorbs nutrients & water from the environment; anchors the plant to the ground |

| |Allows plant to grow upright toward the sun |

| |Acts like solar panels; absorbing sunlight needed for photosynthesis. |

Plants maintain water ______________ by opening and closing holes called _____________ on their leaves. In dry conditions or during the heat of the day plants can close these holes to prevent water loss. If a plant has an excess of water, then the holes remain open and water can exit the leaves through the holes.

Why do plants need carbon dioxide?

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through holes on their leaves. _______________________ is taken in. Water has traveled from the _________________ into the leaves and light shines down on the leaves. The carbon dioxide, water and light are all the necessary ingredients for ______________________. Glucose and ___________________are products of this reaction. The oxygen exits through the holes of the leaves. Some of the glucose is converted into useable energy for the plants’ life functions. The rest of the glucose is used to build structures inside of the plant.

Equation for photosynthesis:

__________________________________________________________________________

Adaptation - In a tropical rain forest very little light penetrates through the canopy of the trees down to the forest floor. An adaptation of some of the plants living here are very large leaves. Explain how large leaves are an adaptation for these plants. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

| Review of 4 Main types of Plants – |

|Place an X in the box if the plant has the characteristic. |

| |Use |Mosses |Ferns |Gymnosperm conifers – pines &|Angiosperm grasses, flowering|

| | | | |spruces |trees & shrubs, & wildflowers |

|Vascular tissue |Allows s plant to grow move water up so | | | | |

| |that it can grow up toward the sun | | | | |

|Seeds |A small baby plant covered in a seed coat| | | | |

| |for protection | | | | |

|Flowers |Contains reproductive organs of flowering| | | | |

| |plants | | | | |

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms):

[pic]

After Pollination occurs, a fertilized egg forms into an embryo inside of a _________________ with 3 basic parts:

1. _______________________ - another term for the baby (plant)

2. _______________________ - surrounds & protects the baby plant

3. _______________________ - the food that the embryo will consume to survive until it is able to grow leaves and use photosynthesis to make food.

Seed Dispersal = moving seeds away from the parent plant to increase chances of survival.

Angiosperms have improved seed dispersal by developing different ways to spread their seeds further away from the parent plant.

• The OVARY ripens and forms into a ____________________ around the seed. Angiosperms have evolved to produce fruits of many shapes and sizes, each with the purpose to help disperse or spread the seeds

• ________________________ = the part of the plant that contains seeds.

Characteristics of seeds dispersed by:

• Wind & water -_______________________________________________________________

• Animals - __________________________________________________________________

Once seeds are dispersed, they often enter a state of dormancy, ______________________ which increases a plants chance of survival:

• Factors that trigger a seed to end dormancy are: _______________ and _____________.

Response to their environment:

Plants grow, reproduce, and shift the position of their roots, stems and leaves in response to environmental conditions such as __________________________________________

□ A ________________________ is a plant’s response to an external stimulus.

o ____________________– growth of plant towards the light

o ____________________- direction of plant growth in response to gravity

Kingdom Animalia

[pic]

From the fossil record, we can determine that the first animals appeared on earth approximately 1.2 billion years ago. These first animals were very simple organism, similar to the sponges still found in our oceans today.

No matter how simple or complex, all animals have certain characteristics in common:

• They are all _________________________ which means they are made up of more than one cell.

• They are all _______________________ which means their cells have a ____________________ (protects their DNA - genetic information) and has membrane bound structures with specialized jobs called _____________________.

• They are all ___________________________ because they must consume other organic materials to get energy (their cells cannot make their own food).

The pictures shown represent 9 different phyla of animals.

1. Based upon this cladogram, what is the common ancestor of all animals? ________________

2. Which group of animals is the most primitive (primitive = simplest)? _____________________

3. Which group is the most complex? ____________________________________________

4. Which group of animals is more closely related to the Molluscs: Echinoderms or Roundworms (circle one)

Like most organisms on the planet, through mutation and natural selection, animals changed over time as they adapted to new and changing environments. Eventually early animals ventured onto land. This presented several struggles: lack of support, water loss and new methods of reproduction

Vertebrate or Invertebrate: One feature used to describe animals is whether they have a backbone or not.

o Majority of animals are ________________________, which mean that they do not have a backbone.

o Animals like us are ___________________ which means that they have a backbone.

The vertebrates can be divided up into 5 classes (or groups) each having a unique set of characteristics:

|Key Characteristics |Fish |Amphibian |Reptiles |Birds |Mammals |

|Body Covering | | | | | |

|Reproduction | | | | | |

|Development | | | | | |

|Heart | | | | | |

Reproduction

Most animals reproduce ___________________ which creates genetic variation among offspring.

• ________________________ - fertilization/development of the egg occurs inside the body

• _______________________ - fertilization/development of the egg occurs outside the body

o Animals that rely upon external fertilization and/or development typically lay 100’s to 1000’s of eggs. Why? _______________________________________________

Most mammals have internal development – baby develops inside mom surrounded by a ______________________ which controls nutrient and gas exchange between mom and baby.

Growth & Development

• Some animals like arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects) must ___________________ or shed their exoskeleton in order to grow. During this time they are vulnerable since they need to wait for their new skeleton to harden.

• Animals use chemicals called ___________________ to help cause changes needed for growth & development.

Some organisms, including grasshoppers & frogs, undergo ____________________________ or a major change to become an adult. There are two types:

| |Young look like small versions of adults |[pic] [pic] |

| | |Egg ( Nymph ( Adult |

| |Young look different from adults & often live|[pic] |

| |in different environments to reduce |Egg ( Larva (caterpillar) ( Pupa ( Adult |

| |competition. | |

Why might it be an advantage for the juvenile (tadpole) and adult frog to live in different environments? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Respiration

Animals take in __________________________ and release _______________________.

Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have __________________.

• There are many blood vessels within the lungs so the oxygen can go right into the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body.

• Some organisms such as frogs and worms can also breathe absorb oxygen through their ________________. The skin of these organisms must stay _______________.

o What do tadpoles use for gas exchange? ________

Nutrition

Animals are _______________________________, which means they must eat.

The typical digestive system of animals includes a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

• The _____________________________ breaks down the food.

• The ____________________________ main job is to absorb the nutrients from the food. There are many blood vessels attached to the small intestine so the nutrients enter directly into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body.

• The ___________________ absorbs excess water and creates solid waste. This system is modified depending on an animal’s diet.

The intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is not a smooth tube, but instead the inside surface is covered with many folds (villi).

How does the surface of the small intestine help with its function? _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Transport

Most animals have a __________________ system to transport food, gasses and wastes throughout the body.

The circulatory system of many animals includes a ________________ to pump the blood through the arteries, veins and capillaries.

In larger organisms this network of blood vessels is necessary to ensure blood carrying nutrients and oxygen makes it to all parts of the body.

As animals evolved and became more complex, they developed more efficient systems for transporting material through their bodies.

• Amphibians and some reptiles have a ____ chambered heart and are __________________ - rely on the environment to maintain their body temperature.

• Birds and mammals have a ___ chambered heart and are _______________________, maintain own body temperature internally.

• A 3-chambered heart would not work for humans because there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so both are sent out to the body. This system works in amphibians because they have another method of getting oxygen into their blood stream… using their ______________.

-----------------------

Bio.3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation.

• Bio.3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems.

o Generalize the changing nature of classification based on new knowledge generated by research on evolutionary relationships and the history of classification system.

• Bio.3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees).

o Classify organisms using a dichotomous key.

o Compare organisms on a phylogenetic tree in terms of relatedness and time of appearance in geologic history.

Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.

• Bio.1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms).

Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments.

• Bio.2.1.2 Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations.

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

A piece of celery has been placed into water with food coloring in it – describe what you see: __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves

Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download