TURKISH GRAMMAR

TURKISH GRAMMAR

in practice

A self-study reference and practice book

for learners of Turkish

Yusuf Buz

CEFR A1-B1

? 114 two-page units ? 3000 practice questions ? Over 2000 sentences

and dialogues ? Full key to exercises

Turkish Grammar in Practice Yusuf Buz

First published 2016 by Foxton Books, London, UK

? Yusuf Buz 2016

ISBN: 978-1-911481-00-3

Illustrations: Hilmi Simsek and Senol Gunes

Cover Design: Erdal Akcay

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Printed and bound in Turkey by Ertem Printing and Binding. Printing press certificate number: 26886

About the author Yusuf Buz has taught English as a second language for about 10 years, developing extensive experience assessing and preparing candidates for various proficiency English exams in Turkey. Since he moved to the UK in 2004, he taught Turkish for around 5 years, during which he started writing this book. Yusuf is also the author of one of the bestselling books on English Grammar in Turkey. His other titles include: YDS Exam Pack, Test Your Comprehension and Vocabulary and Advanced English Learners' Tests.

Author's acknowledgements The author would like to thank Erdal Akcay for his assistance in the internal design and layout of the book. Thanks are also due to Erhan Ergenler, for his valuable feedback about the book.



Contents

Overview of Turkish Grammar in Practice.............................................................................. 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................10

UNITS

?NTE-1 ?NTE-2 ?NTE-3 ?NTE-4 ?NTE-5 ?NTE-6 ?NTE-7 ?NTE-8 ?NTE-9 ?NTE-10 ?NTE-11 ?NTE-12 ?NTE-13 ?NTE-14 ?NTE-15 ?NTE-16 ?NTE-17 ?NTE-18

T?rk Alfabesi ............................................................................................................................. 12

Turkish Alphabet

Sesli Uyumu-1 ...........................................................................................................................14

Vowel Harmony-1

Sesli Uyumu-2 ...........................................................................................................................16

Vowel Harmony-2

Sesli Uyumu-3.............................................................................................................................18

Vowel Harmony-3

Sessiz Harflerde D?n??m-1 ............................................................................................20

Consonant Mutation-1

Sessiz Harflerde D?n??m-2 ............................................................................................22

Consonant Mutation-2

`olmak' fiili (geni zamanda) ............................................................................................24

the verb `to be' in the present tense

`olmak' fiili (ge?mi zamanda) ........................................................................................26

the verb `to be' in the past tense

`olmak' (geni zamanli koul c?mlesinde -(y)se/-(y)sa)................................28

the verb `to be' in the present conditional tense

okula, ie, vs. (to school, to work, etc.)......................................................................30

dative case

okulda, ite, vs. (at school, at work, etc.) ...............................................................32

locative case

okuldan, iten, vs. (from school, from work, etc.)..............................................34

ablative case

... var. / ... yok. (There is/are ..., There isn't/aren't ... .) .................................36 Bir arabam var./yok. (I have/don't have a car.)...................................................38 Geliyorum. (I am coming.) .................................................................................................40

present continuous positive

Gelmiyorum. (I am not coming.)....................................................................................42

present continuous negative

Geliyor musun? (Are you coming?)..............................................................................44

present continuous question

iste- (want), bil- (know), sev- (love)..............................................................................46

non-action verbs

Contents

?NTE-19 ?NTE-20 ?NTE-21 ?NTE-22 ?NTE-23 ?NTE-24 ?NTE-25

?NTE-26 ?NTE-27 ?NTE-28 ?NTE-29 ?NTE-30 ?NTE-31 ?NTE-32 ?NTE-33 ?NTE-34 ?NTE-35 ?NTE-36 ?NTE-37 ?NTE-38 ?NTE-39 ?NTE-40

sifatlar ..............................................................................................................................................48

adjectives

sayma sayilari .............................................................................................................................50

cardinal numbers

sira sayilari ....................................................................................................................................52

ordinal numbers

Gelirim. (I come.) ......................................................................................................................54

present simple positive

Gelmem. (I don't come.) Gelir misin? (Do you come?) ...................................56

present simple negative and question

Konuuyordum. (I was talking.) .....................................................................................58

past continuous positive

Konumuyordum. (I wasn't talking.) Konuuyor muydun? (Were you talking?) ...............................................................60

past continuous negative and question

bazi (some,certain) b?t?n (all) hi?bir (no, none of, not ... any) ?ou (most) ............................................................62 hi?bir (no, none of, not ... any) hi?bir ey (nothing) herhangi bir (any) ......................................................................64 tane (piece) ...................................................................................................................................66 tuzlu (salty) ansli (lucky)....................................................................................................68

the suffix -li/-li/-lu/-l?

tuzsuz (unsalted) anssiz (unlucky)...............................................................................70

the suffix -siz/-siz/-suz/-s?z

yazici (printer) koucu (runner) .......................................................................................72

the suffix -ici/-ici/-ucu/-?c?

gazeteci (journalist) futbolcu (football player) ....................................................74

the suffix -ci/-ci/-cu/-c?/-?i/-?i/-?u/-??

?ada (modern) Dilekgil (Dilek's house) bilimsel (scientific) .....................76

the suffixes -da, -gil, -sel

arkadalik (friendship) kardelik (brotherhood) ..................................................78

the suffix (-lik/-lik/-luk/-l?k)

-ki (as an adjectival suffix) ..................................................................................................80 sifatlarda karilatirma ve en ?st?nl?k ....................................................................82

comparatives and superlatives

Geldim. (I came.) ......................................................................................................................84

past simple positive

Gelmedim. (I didn't come.) ...............................................................................................86

past simple negative

Geldim mi? (Did I come?) ...................................................................................................88

past simple question

olarak (as) .....................................................................................................................................90

Contents

?NTE-41 ?NTE-42 ?NTE-43

?NTE-44

?NTE-45

?NTE-46

?NTE-47

?NTE-48 ?NTE-49

?NTE-50

?NTE-51 ?NTE-52 ?NTE-53 ?NTE-54 ?NTE-55 ?NTE-56 ?NTE-57 ?NTE-58 ?NTE-59 ?NTE-60

?NTE-61

?NTE-62 ?NTE-63

?NTE-64

?NTE-65 ?NTE-66 ?NTE-67 ?NTE-68 ?NTE-69 ?NTE-70 ?NTE-71

i?eri (inside, interior) diari (outside, exterior)......................................................92 aai (down) yukari (up) .....................................................................................................94 ?ok (very, much, many, alot of, too, so) biraz (some, a little, a bit) ...................................................................................................96 -ce/-ca/-?e/-?a ...........................................................................................................................98

adverb-making suffix

Geleceim. (I will come.) ..................................................................................................100

future tense positive

Gelmeyeceim. (I won't come.) ....................................................................................102

future tense negative

Gelecek miyim? (Will you come?) ...............................................................................104

future tense question

?nce (before) imdi (now) sonra (after) ..................................................................106 hala, daha, hen?z (still, yet) artik (no longer, not any more; from now on) .....................................................108 daima, hep, her zaman, s?rekli (always) asla, hi?bir zaman, katiyen, hi? (never)...................................................................110 hi? (never, not ... at all) .......................................................................................................112 saniye (second) dakika (minute) saat (hour) g?n (day).................................114 hafta (week) ...............................................................................................................................116 sabah (morning) ?le (noon) ..........................................................................................118 akam (evening) ......................................................................................................................120 g?nd?z (daytime, daylight) gece (night-time, night) ......................................122 d?n (yesterday) bug?n (today) yarin (tomorrow).............................................124 Saat ka?? (What time is it?) .............................................................................................126 Saat ka?ta? (What time ...?, When ... ?) ..................................................................128 iyelik durumu-1 ......................................................................................................................130

the genitive case-1

iyelik durumu-2 ......................................................................................................................132

the genitive case-2

i?in (for) .........................................................................................................................................134 ettirgen ?ati-1............................................................................................................................136

the causative case-1

ettirgen ?ati-2............................................................................................................................138

the causative case-2

ve (and) de/da (and, also, too, as well) ...................................................................140 hem ... hem de (both ... and)..........................................................................................142 ya ... ya da (either ... or), veya, ya da, yahut, veyahut (or) .......................144 ne ... ne de (neither ... nor) .............................................................................................146 ile, -(y)le/-(y)la (with, by, and).......................................................................................148 ama, fakat, lakin, ne var ki (but) ancak, yalniz (but, only) .........................150 buna ramen, (ama) bununla birlikte (despite this, nevertheless).......152

Contents

?NTE-72 ne var ki, gelgelelim (however), halbuki, oysaki (whereas, though)

?NTE-73 ?NTE-74 ?NTE-75 ?NTE-76 ?NTE-77 ?NTE-78 ?NTE-79 ?NTE-80 ?NTE-81 ?NTE-82 ?NTE-83 ?NTE-84 ?NTE-85

ne yazik ki, maalesef (unfortunately) g?ya (allegedly, supposedly).....154 ise (whereas, as for, however)........................................................................................156 meer, meerse (apparently, it seems that ...) yoksa (otherwise, if not, I wonder if ...)....................................................................158 ??nk?, zira (because, for) bu y?zden, bu nedenle, bu sebeple, bundan dolayi (so, therefore)...160 hani (you said that, you promised that, you know that) hele (especially, in particular).........................................................................................162 nitekim (just so, just as, likewise, as a matter of fact) sakin (don't you dare)..........................................................................................................164 demek (it means, that is to say) ...................................................................................166 diye (so that, as, in case) ...................................................................................................168 -diinda (when)........................................................................................................................170 -(y)ince (upon doing somehing, when).....................................................................172 iken, -(y)ken (while, when, as).......................................................................................174 ki (that) as a conjunction-1 .............................................................................................176 ki (that) as a conjunction-2 .............................................................................................178 ki (as a pronominal suffix ? benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.) ...................180

possessive pronouns

?NTE-86 madem (ki) (seeing that, now that, considering that)...................................182 ?NTE-87 -den beri (since, for) .............................................................................................................184 ?NTE-88 -den dolayi/?t?r? (because of, due to, thanks to)............................................186 ?NTE-89 -diindan dolayi, -dii i?in (because, since, as) ..................................................188 ?NTE-90 -den yana (as regards)

-den baka (apart from) -den itibaren (with effect from) ....................................................................................190 ?NTE-91 -a/-e doru (towards) -a/-e kari (against) -a/-e g?re (according to) ...................................................................................................192 ?NTE-92 kadar (about, as ... as, until, by, as far as)..............................................................194 ?NTE-93 altinda (under, below) ?st?nde (on, over, above) .................................................................................................196 ?NTE-94 ?n (front) arka (back) ?n?nde (in front of) arkasinda (behind)...............198 ?NTE-95 yaninda (beside, next to) ...................................................................................................200 ?NTE-96 karisinda (opposite) ............................................................................................................202 ?NTE-97 i?inde (inside) diinda (outside)....................................................................................204 ?NTE-98 ... houma gidiyor. (I like ... .) ... houma gitmiyor. (I don't like ... .) ........................................................................206 ?NTE-99 -meli/-mali (must, should, have to)............................................................................208 ?NTE-100 -meliydi/-maliydi (should have) ...................................................................................210 ?NTE-101 edilgen ?ati (geni zaman ? olumlu c?mle) ........................................................212

the passive voice in the present simple positive

?NTE-102 edilgen ?ati (geni zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri)...........................214

the passive voice in the present simple negative and questions

Contents

?NTE-103 ?NTE-104 ?NTE-105 ?NTE-106 ?NTE-107 ?NTE-108 ?NTE-109 ?NTE-110 ?NTE-111 ?NTE-112 ?NTE-113 ?NTE-114

edilgen ?ati (imdiki zaman ? olumlu c?mle)....................................................216

the passive voice in the present continuous positive

edilgen ?ati (imdiki zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri) ......................218

the passive voice in the present continuous negative and questions

edilgen ?ati (ge?mi zaman ? olumlu c?mle) ....................................................220

the passive voice in the past simple positive

edilgen ?ati (ge?mi zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri) ........................222

the passive voice in the past simple negative and questions

-se/-sa (real conditional) ..................................................................................................224 -se/-sa (unreal conditional)..............................................................................................226 -seydi/-saydi (expressing past unreality with the conditional) ................228 -ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................230

expressing ability in the present simple tense positive and negative

-ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................232

expressing ability in the present simple tense question

-ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................234

expressing offers, requests and permission in the present simple tense

-mi/-mi/-mu/-m? .........................................................................................................236

reported/heard past tense positive

-memi/-mami -mi mi?/-mi mi?/-mu mu?/-m? m?? ..............................................................238

reported/heard past tense negative and question

GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS

?NTE-1 ?NTE-2 ?NTE-3 ?NTE-4 ?NTE-5 ?NTE-6 ?NTE-7 ?NTE-8 ?NTE-9 ?NTE-10 ?NTE-11 ?NTE-12 ?NTE-13 ?NTE-14 ?NTE-15

burada (here) urada (there) orada (over there)..........................................242 te! (There it is!) .....................................................................................................................243 bir (one; only; once) ..............................................................................................................244 birka? (a few, several) ..........................................................................................................245 gibi (as, like) ...............................................................................................................................246 g?re (according to) ................................................................................................................247 ne (what) ......................................................................................................................................248 nasil (how)...................................................................................................................................249 fiiller (verbs) ...............................................................................................................................250 -men/-man gerek(ir) (You need to/should ...) -men/-man gerekirdi (You should have ...)............................................................251 arasinda (between, among) ............................................................................................252 ... ister misiniz? (Would you like ...?)..........................................................................253

expressing polite offers and requests

ileri (forward, ahead) geri (back, backward) .......................................................254 emir c?mleleri (the imperative)....................................................................................255 -ler/-lar (the plural) ...............................................................................................................256

Dictionary .............................................................................................................................................................258 Answer Key .............................................................................................................................................................284

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