TURKISH GRAMMAR
TURKISH GRAMMAR
in practice
A self-study reference and practice book
for learners of Turkish
Yusuf Buz
CEFR A1-B1
? 114 two-page units ? 3000 practice questions ? Over 2000 sentences
and dialogues ? Full key to exercises
Turkish Grammar in Practice Yusuf Buz
First published 2016 by Foxton Books, London, UK
? Yusuf Buz 2016
ISBN: 978-1-911481-00-3
Illustrations: Hilmi Simsek and Senol Gunes
Cover Design: Erdal Akcay
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Printed and bound in Turkey by Ertem Printing and Binding. Printing press certificate number: 26886
About the author Yusuf Buz has taught English as a second language for about 10 years, developing extensive experience assessing and preparing candidates for various proficiency English exams in Turkey. Since he moved to the UK in 2004, he taught Turkish for around 5 years, during which he started writing this book. Yusuf is also the author of one of the bestselling books on English Grammar in Turkey. His other titles include: YDS Exam Pack, Test Your Comprehension and Vocabulary and Advanced English Learners' Tests.
Author's acknowledgements The author would like to thank Erdal Akcay for his assistance in the internal design and layout of the book. Thanks are also due to Erhan Ergenler, for his valuable feedback about the book.
Contents
Overview of Turkish Grammar in Practice.............................................................................. 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................10
UNITS
?NTE-1 ?NTE-2 ?NTE-3 ?NTE-4 ?NTE-5 ?NTE-6 ?NTE-7 ?NTE-8 ?NTE-9 ?NTE-10 ?NTE-11 ?NTE-12 ?NTE-13 ?NTE-14 ?NTE-15 ?NTE-16 ?NTE-17 ?NTE-18
T?rk Alfabesi ............................................................................................................................. 12
Turkish Alphabet
Sesli Uyumu-1 ...........................................................................................................................14
Vowel Harmony-1
Sesli Uyumu-2 ...........................................................................................................................16
Vowel Harmony-2
Sesli Uyumu-3.............................................................................................................................18
Vowel Harmony-3
Sessiz Harflerde D?n??m-1 ............................................................................................20
Consonant Mutation-1
Sessiz Harflerde D?n??m-2 ............................................................................................22
Consonant Mutation-2
`olmak' fiili (geni zamanda) ............................................................................................24
the verb `to be' in the present tense
`olmak' fiili (ge?mi zamanda) ........................................................................................26
the verb `to be' in the past tense
`olmak' (geni zamanli koul c?mlesinde -(y)se/-(y)sa)................................28
the verb `to be' in the present conditional tense
okula, ie, vs. (to school, to work, etc.)......................................................................30
dative case
okulda, ite, vs. (at school, at work, etc.) ...............................................................32
locative case
okuldan, iten, vs. (from school, from work, etc.)..............................................34
ablative case
... var. / ... yok. (There is/are ..., There isn't/aren't ... .) .................................36 Bir arabam var./yok. (I have/don't have a car.)...................................................38 Geliyorum. (I am coming.) .................................................................................................40
present continuous positive
Gelmiyorum. (I am not coming.)....................................................................................42
present continuous negative
Geliyor musun? (Are you coming?)..............................................................................44
present continuous question
iste- (want), bil- (know), sev- (love)..............................................................................46
non-action verbs
Contents
?NTE-19 ?NTE-20 ?NTE-21 ?NTE-22 ?NTE-23 ?NTE-24 ?NTE-25
?NTE-26 ?NTE-27 ?NTE-28 ?NTE-29 ?NTE-30 ?NTE-31 ?NTE-32 ?NTE-33 ?NTE-34 ?NTE-35 ?NTE-36 ?NTE-37 ?NTE-38 ?NTE-39 ?NTE-40
sifatlar ..............................................................................................................................................48
adjectives
sayma sayilari .............................................................................................................................50
cardinal numbers
sira sayilari ....................................................................................................................................52
ordinal numbers
Gelirim. (I come.) ......................................................................................................................54
present simple positive
Gelmem. (I don't come.) Gelir misin? (Do you come?) ...................................56
present simple negative and question
Konuuyordum. (I was talking.) .....................................................................................58
past continuous positive
Konumuyordum. (I wasn't talking.) Konuuyor muydun? (Were you talking?) ...............................................................60
past continuous negative and question
bazi (some,certain) b?t?n (all) hi?bir (no, none of, not ... any) ?ou (most) ............................................................62 hi?bir (no, none of, not ... any) hi?bir ey (nothing) herhangi bir (any) ......................................................................64 tane (piece) ...................................................................................................................................66 tuzlu (salty) ansli (lucky)....................................................................................................68
the suffix -li/-li/-lu/-l?
tuzsuz (unsalted) anssiz (unlucky)...............................................................................70
the suffix -siz/-siz/-suz/-s?z
yazici (printer) koucu (runner) .......................................................................................72
the suffix -ici/-ici/-ucu/-?c?
gazeteci (journalist) futbolcu (football player) ....................................................74
the suffix -ci/-ci/-cu/-c?/-?i/-?i/-?u/-??
?ada (modern) Dilekgil (Dilek's house) bilimsel (scientific) .....................76
the suffixes -da, -gil, -sel
arkadalik (friendship) kardelik (brotherhood) ..................................................78
the suffix (-lik/-lik/-luk/-l?k)
-ki (as an adjectival suffix) ..................................................................................................80 sifatlarda karilatirma ve en ?st?nl?k ....................................................................82
comparatives and superlatives
Geldim. (I came.) ......................................................................................................................84
past simple positive
Gelmedim. (I didn't come.) ...............................................................................................86
past simple negative
Geldim mi? (Did I come?) ...................................................................................................88
past simple question
olarak (as) .....................................................................................................................................90
Contents
?NTE-41 ?NTE-42 ?NTE-43
?NTE-44
?NTE-45
?NTE-46
?NTE-47
?NTE-48 ?NTE-49
?NTE-50
?NTE-51 ?NTE-52 ?NTE-53 ?NTE-54 ?NTE-55 ?NTE-56 ?NTE-57 ?NTE-58 ?NTE-59 ?NTE-60
?NTE-61
?NTE-62 ?NTE-63
?NTE-64
?NTE-65 ?NTE-66 ?NTE-67 ?NTE-68 ?NTE-69 ?NTE-70 ?NTE-71
i?eri (inside, interior) diari (outside, exterior)......................................................92 aai (down) yukari (up) .....................................................................................................94 ?ok (very, much, many, alot of, too, so) biraz (some, a little, a bit) ...................................................................................................96 -ce/-ca/-?e/-?a ...........................................................................................................................98
adverb-making suffix
Geleceim. (I will come.) ..................................................................................................100
future tense positive
Gelmeyeceim. (I won't come.) ....................................................................................102
future tense negative
Gelecek miyim? (Will you come?) ...............................................................................104
future tense question
?nce (before) imdi (now) sonra (after) ..................................................................106 hala, daha, hen?z (still, yet) artik (no longer, not any more; from now on) .....................................................108 daima, hep, her zaman, s?rekli (always) asla, hi?bir zaman, katiyen, hi? (never)...................................................................110 hi? (never, not ... at all) .......................................................................................................112 saniye (second) dakika (minute) saat (hour) g?n (day).................................114 hafta (week) ...............................................................................................................................116 sabah (morning) ?le (noon) ..........................................................................................118 akam (evening) ......................................................................................................................120 g?nd?z (daytime, daylight) gece (night-time, night) ......................................122 d?n (yesterday) bug?n (today) yarin (tomorrow).............................................124 Saat ka?? (What time is it?) .............................................................................................126 Saat ka?ta? (What time ...?, When ... ?) ..................................................................128 iyelik durumu-1 ......................................................................................................................130
the genitive case-1
iyelik durumu-2 ......................................................................................................................132
the genitive case-2
i?in (for) .........................................................................................................................................134 ettirgen ?ati-1............................................................................................................................136
the causative case-1
ettirgen ?ati-2............................................................................................................................138
the causative case-2
ve (and) de/da (and, also, too, as well) ...................................................................140 hem ... hem de (both ... and)..........................................................................................142 ya ... ya da (either ... or), veya, ya da, yahut, veyahut (or) .......................144 ne ... ne de (neither ... nor) .............................................................................................146 ile, -(y)le/-(y)la (with, by, and).......................................................................................148 ama, fakat, lakin, ne var ki (but) ancak, yalniz (but, only) .........................150 buna ramen, (ama) bununla birlikte (despite this, nevertheless).......152
Contents
?NTE-72 ne var ki, gelgelelim (however), halbuki, oysaki (whereas, though)
?NTE-73 ?NTE-74 ?NTE-75 ?NTE-76 ?NTE-77 ?NTE-78 ?NTE-79 ?NTE-80 ?NTE-81 ?NTE-82 ?NTE-83 ?NTE-84 ?NTE-85
ne yazik ki, maalesef (unfortunately) g?ya (allegedly, supposedly).....154 ise (whereas, as for, however)........................................................................................156 meer, meerse (apparently, it seems that ...) yoksa (otherwise, if not, I wonder if ...)....................................................................158 ??nk?, zira (because, for) bu y?zden, bu nedenle, bu sebeple, bundan dolayi (so, therefore)...160 hani (you said that, you promised that, you know that) hele (especially, in particular).........................................................................................162 nitekim (just so, just as, likewise, as a matter of fact) sakin (don't you dare)..........................................................................................................164 demek (it means, that is to say) ...................................................................................166 diye (so that, as, in case) ...................................................................................................168 -diinda (when)........................................................................................................................170 -(y)ince (upon doing somehing, when).....................................................................172 iken, -(y)ken (while, when, as).......................................................................................174 ki (that) as a conjunction-1 .............................................................................................176 ki (that) as a conjunction-2 .............................................................................................178 ki (as a pronominal suffix ? benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.) ...................180
possessive pronouns
?NTE-86 madem (ki) (seeing that, now that, considering that)...................................182 ?NTE-87 -den beri (since, for) .............................................................................................................184 ?NTE-88 -den dolayi/?t?r? (because of, due to, thanks to)............................................186 ?NTE-89 -diindan dolayi, -dii i?in (because, since, as) ..................................................188 ?NTE-90 -den yana (as regards)
-den baka (apart from) -den itibaren (with effect from) ....................................................................................190 ?NTE-91 -a/-e doru (towards) -a/-e kari (against) -a/-e g?re (according to) ...................................................................................................192 ?NTE-92 kadar (about, as ... as, until, by, as far as)..............................................................194 ?NTE-93 altinda (under, below) ?st?nde (on, over, above) .................................................................................................196 ?NTE-94 ?n (front) arka (back) ?n?nde (in front of) arkasinda (behind)...............198 ?NTE-95 yaninda (beside, next to) ...................................................................................................200 ?NTE-96 karisinda (opposite) ............................................................................................................202 ?NTE-97 i?inde (inside) diinda (outside)....................................................................................204 ?NTE-98 ... houma gidiyor. (I like ... .) ... houma gitmiyor. (I don't like ... .) ........................................................................206 ?NTE-99 -meli/-mali (must, should, have to)............................................................................208 ?NTE-100 -meliydi/-maliydi (should have) ...................................................................................210 ?NTE-101 edilgen ?ati (geni zaman ? olumlu c?mle) ........................................................212
the passive voice in the present simple positive
?NTE-102 edilgen ?ati (geni zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri)...........................214
the passive voice in the present simple negative and questions
Contents
?NTE-103 ?NTE-104 ?NTE-105 ?NTE-106 ?NTE-107 ?NTE-108 ?NTE-109 ?NTE-110 ?NTE-111 ?NTE-112 ?NTE-113 ?NTE-114
edilgen ?ati (imdiki zaman ? olumlu c?mle)....................................................216
the passive voice in the present continuous positive
edilgen ?ati (imdiki zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri) ......................218
the passive voice in the present continuous negative and questions
edilgen ?ati (ge?mi zaman ? olumlu c?mle) ....................................................220
the passive voice in the past simple positive
edilgen ?ati (ge?mi zaman ? olumsuz ve soru c?mleleri) ........................222
the passive voice in the past simple negative and questions
-se/-sa (real conditional) ..................................................................................................224 -se/-sa (unreal conditional)..............................................................................................226 -seydi/-saydi (expressing past unreality with the conditional) ................228 -ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................230
expressing ability in the present simple tense positive and negative
-ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................232
expressing ability in the present simple tense question
-ebil-/-abil- (can, be able to) ...........................................................................................234
expressing offers, requests and permission in the present simple tense
-mi/-mi/-mu/-m? .........................................................................................................236
reported/heard past tense positive
-memi/-mami -mi mi?/-mi mi?/-mu mu?/-m? m?? ..............................................................238
reported/heard past tense negative and question
GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
?NTE-1 ?NTE-2 ?NTE-3 ?NTE-4 ?NTE-5 ?NTE-6 ?NTE-7 ?NTE-8 ?NTE-9 ?NTE-10 ?NTE-11 ?NTE-12 ?NTE-13 ?NTE-14 ?NTE-15
burada (here) urada (there) orada (over there)..........................................242 te! (There it is!) .....................................................................................................................243 bir (one; only; once) ..............................................................................................................244 birka? (a few, several) ..........................................................................................................245 gibi (as, like) ...............................................................................................................................246 g?re (according to) ................................................................................................................247 ne (what) ......................................................................................................................................248 nasil (how)...................................................................................................................................249 fiiller (verbs) ...............................................................................................................................250 -men/-man gerek(ir) (You need to/should ...) -men/-man gerekirdi (You should have ...)............................................................251 arasinda (between, among) ............................................................................................252 ... ister misiniz? (Would you like ...?)..........................................................................253
expressing polite offers and requests
ileri (forward, ahead) geri (back, backward) .......................................................254 emir c?mleleri (the imperative)....................................................................................255 -ler/-lar (the plural) ...............................................................................................................256
Dictionary .............................................................................................................................................................258 Answer Key .............................................................................................................................................................284
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