THE 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHERS OF ALL TIME

[Pages:368]Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.

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First Edition

Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Brian Duignan: Senior Editor, Religion and Philosophy

Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sa: Art Director Nicole Russo: Designer Introduction by Stephanie Watson

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The 100 most influential philosophers of all time / edited by Brian Duignan.--1st ed. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to the world's most influential people)

"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes Index. ISBN 978-1-61530-057-0 (eBook) 1. Philosophy. 2. Philosophers. I. Duignan, Brian. II. Title: One hundred most influential philosophers of all time. B72.A15 2010 109.2--dc22

2009029773

Cover credit: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid, Spain/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images

CONTENTS

Introduction

9

Pythagoras

17

Confucius

19

Heracleitus

25

Parmenides

26

Zeno of Elea

27

Socrates

28

Democritus

35

Plato

37

Aristotle

47

Mencius

54

Zhuangzi

55

Pyrrhon of Elis

57

Epicurus

57

Zeno of Citium

60

Philo Judaeus

62

Epictetus

65

Marcus Aurelius

66

Nagarjuna

69

Plotinus

71

Sextus Empiricus

72

Saint Augustine

74

Hypatia

79

Anicius Manlius Severinus

Boethius

80

an. kara

83

Yaqb ibn Ish. q as. -S. abh.

al-Kind

85

Al-Frb

86

Avicenna

89

Rmnuja

92

Ibn Gabirol

95

Saint Anselm of Canterbury

96

al-Ghazl

98

Peter Abelard

100

Averro?s

103

Zhu Xi

105

Moses Maimonides

108

Ibn al-`Arab

112

30

76 102

Shinran

114

Saint Thomas Aquinas

117

John Duns Scotus

122

William of Ockham

125

Niccol? Machiavelli

128

Wang Yangming

133

Francis Bacon, Viscount Saint

Alban (or Albans), Baron of

Verulam

134

Thomas Hobbes

139

Ren? Descartes

143

John Locke

150

Benedict de Spinoza

160

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 165

Giambattista Vico

168

George Berkeley

171

Charles-Louis de Secondat,

baron de La Br?de et de

Montesquieu

175

David Hume

179

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

182

Immanuel Kant

188

Moses Mendelssohn

194

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de

Caritat, marquis de

Condorcet

197

Jeremy Bentham

199

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Hegel

200

Arthur Schopenhauer

206

Auguste Comte

209

John Stuart Mill

211

S?ren Kierkegaard

214

Karl Marx

218

Herbert Spencer

223

Wilhelm Dilthey

226

William James

227

Friedrich Nietzsche

230

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege 236

Edmund Husserl

238

208

131

Henri Bergson

241

John Dewey

244

Alfred North Whitehead

247

Benedetto Croce

250

Nishida Kitar

252

Bertrand Russell

254

G.E. Moore

263

Martin Buber

264

Ludwig Wittgenstein

269

Martin Heidegger

275

Rudolf Carnap

279

Sir Karl Popper

285

Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno 286

Jean-Paul Sartre

287

Hannah Arendt

292

Simone de Beauvoir

295

Willard Van Orman Quine 297

Sir A.J. Ayer

299

Wilfrid Sellars

303

John Rawls

305

Thomas S. Kuhn

308

Michel Foucault

309

Noam Chomsky

314

J?rgen Habermas

317

Sir Bernard Williams

320

Jacques Derrida

327

Richard Rorty

330

Robert Nozick

332

Saul Kripke

336

David Kellogg Lewis

339

Peter (Albert David) Singer 341

Glossary

345

Further Reading

347

Index

349

233 329

295

INTRODUCTION

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