History Sets You Free – Those who do not know the past are ...
Edexcel A-level History: Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain (1780-1928) – Benjamin Armstrong Part 1: Aspects in depth: Mass protest and agitation Topic 1: Radical reformers, c1790-1819 How accurate is it to say that the methods of the government to deal with the protest movement were mainly through the passing of the new laws 1790 – 1819?How accurate is it that the methods of the government to deal with the protest movement were mainly through arresting anyone who took part in meetings 1790-1819?How fair is it to say that the extra-parliamentary protest movement failed to make any progress by 1819? To what extent was the extra-parliamentary movement of 1790-1819 a complete failure? Assess the value of the source for revealing the aims of the extra-parliamentary movement and the attitudes of the British public to the movement. Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 13)Assess the value of the source for revealing the motivations of the extra-parliamentary protesters from 1790-1819, and the response to authorities. Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 14)Topic 2: Chartism c 1838 –c 1850How far was the Chartist movement motivated by the economic problems? ‘The Chartist movement was solely concerned with constitutional change.’ How accurate is this an explanation of the aims of the Chartist movement?How far do you agree that the Chartist movement had a real chance of success? ‘The greatest failure of the Chartist movement was the Kennington Common Rally, 1848.’ How far do you agree with the statement with regards to the failure of the Chartist movement 1838-1848? How far is it fair to describe the Chartists as a national movement? How far do you agree that the leadership of the Chartists was a benefit for the movement? ‘The Chartist movement failed because its leaders were ineffective.’ How far do you agree with this statement as an explanation of why the Chartists failed? Assess the value of the source for revealing the concerns of the Chartists and the attitude of Napier to the Chartists. Explain your answer, using the source, the information about the its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 27)Why did the Chartist movement fail to achieve its aims by 1848? ‘The most significant weakness of the Chartist movement was their support varied across England.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Topic 3: Contagious diseases Acts and the campaign for their repeal, 1862 – 1886 How far were the Contagious Diseases Acts supported by the government and the British public? How did the Contagious Diseases Acts affect the women in Britain? - How far do you agree that the worst effect of the Contagious Diseases Acts was that they targeted women who had been forced into prostitution due to economic problems?Assess the value of the source for revealing the main reasons for opposition to the acts and the way that the acts were enforced. Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 37)How accurate is it to say that the opposition to the Contagious Diseases Acts came mainly from women? How accurate is it to say that the main strength to the opposition to the Contagious Diseases Acts was the strong leadership of Josephine Butler?How accurate is it to say that the opposition to the Contagious Diseases Acts was effective in the years 1864 to 1886?Asses the value of the source for revealing the reasons for the introduction of the Contagious Diseases Acts, and the attitudes of the medical profession to women. Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 42)Topic 4: The Woman’s Social and Political Union, 1903-1914 How accurate is it to say that the tactics of the WSPU were essentially the same from 1903 to 1914?‘The WSPU tactics only really became radical after 1909.’ How far do you agree with this as a description of the WSPU tactics from 1904 to 1914?How significant was the leadership of the Pankhurst family to the success of the WSPU?‘The leadership of the WSPU hindered more than helped their cause. How far do you agree with this statement? How far were militant tactics the main factor in government responses to the WSPU?How important was the 1913 Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act in raising public awareness of the suffragette cause? To what extent did the WSPU tactics achieve their aim of gaining public and government attention in the period 1903 to 1914?How similar were the tactics of the WSPU in the period 1903-1909 and 1912-1914?How successful was the government at dealing with WSPU radical militancy in the years 1903 to 1914?How significant were the government efforts to extend the vote to women in achieving the aims of the WSPU?‘There was never a serious possibility of female suffrage being made a legal reality before 1914.’ How far do you agree with this statement? How successful was the WSPU in their aims of furthering the causes of female suffrage? ‘The WSPU not only failed to achieve female suffrage by 1914, but they actually damaged the chances of this success in the near future.’ How far does this interpretation summarise the achievements of the WSPU by 1914?To what extent is the failure of the WSPU to achieve the franchise by 1914 similar to the failure of the Chartists to achieve their aims by 1848?Topic 5: Trade union militancy, 1917 – 1927 How significant were the decisions of the British government as a cause of the trade unions reviving after the First World War? How significant was the trade union movement in British politics as the end of the First World War?How accurate is it to say that the trade unions in Clydeside failed to protect the working classes between 1915 and 1919?How accurate is it to say that Black Friday 1921 irreparably damaged the trade union movement?How accurate is it to see the trade unions as a strong movement in the years 1919-1923?How far did the individuals involved with the trade union movement benefit the working members of the unions?‘A strike cannot succeed if its opponent is prepared to handle the economic impact.’ How far does this statement explain the failure of the General Strike, 1925?How similar were the failure of the trade union movement in Black Friday, 1921, and the General Strike, 1926?Assess the value of the source for revealing the reasons for the failure of the General Strike, 1926, and the attitudes of the workers to the failure. Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context. (Page 72)Part 2: Aspects in breadth: Changes in representation in England, c1780 – 1928 Theme 1: Reform of Parliament How far was the Representation of the People Act 1832 the key turning point in the extension of the franchise between 1780 and 1928?How accurate is it to say that the extension of the franchise in the years 1780-1928 can be attributed to the work of liberal politicians? To what extent was the 1918 Representation of the People Act the key turning point in the extension of the franchise in the period 1780-1928?‘The reforms were a desperate effort by the political parties to stop further change.’ How accurate is this as a description of the reforms to the franchise between 1780-1928?How far do you agree that the most important way that representation improved in the period 1780-1928 was through the creation of new constituencies?How far were Pitt’s failed reforms in 1785 essentially a model for successful parliamentary reform by future governments in the period 1785-1928?‘The key turning point in making the British political system more representative was the introduction of secret ballots in 1872.’ How far do you agree with this statement as an explanation of the reforms to parliamentary representation in the years 1780-1928?‘In the period 1780-1928, there was more improvement during the years 1872-1885 than at any other point of the period.’ Hof far do you agree with this statement as a description of the development of representation in the British electoral system?‘The Great Reform Act of 1832 did more to extend the franchise in the period 1780 to 1928 than any other political change.’ Hof far do you agree with this statement? Theme 2: Changing influences in Parliament: The impact of parliamentary reform How far do you agree that political reform in the years 1780 to 1928 was driven by the concerns over the power of the monarch and the aristocracy?‘The reduction of the Crown’s patronage in the “economical reforms” of 1780 did more to reduce the influence of the monarch in Parliament than any other reform during the years 1780 to 1928.’ How far do you agree with this? ‘The aristocracy dominated the electoral and parliamentary system.’ How far do you agree with this statement as a description of British democracy in the years 1780-1928? How accurate is it to say that, in the years 1780-1928, the 1911 Parliament Act was the most significant turning point in the loss of aristocratic influence in parliament? ‘The most important change to political parties in the period 1780 to 1928 is that it became increasingly important to persuade voters to support them in general elections.’ How far do you agree with this statement? How far do you agree the key turning point in the development of modern political parties was the Great Reform Act of 1832?How far were the reform acts the main driving force behind the development of modern political parties in the period 1780-1928?To what extent did the upper classes of British society remain dominant in the main political parties of the period 1780-1928?How far did the organisation of political parties change in the years 1918-1928?How far was the Labour Party in the years 1906-1928 completely different to the parties that had previously existed in British politics since 1780? How accurate is it to say that the House of Commons in 1928 had essentially the same social composition as in 1780?How far do you agree that the most significant change to the social composition of the House of Commons between 1780 and 1928 was the inclusion of women MPs in the 1920s?How far do you agree that the most significant effect of the political reform on the House of Commons in the years 1780-1928 was the reduction of royal influence?Questions from Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain 1780 – 1928 – Michael Scott-Baumann, Access to History:How great a threat did radical reformers pose to the government from 1790 – 1819. How effective was the government in dealing with the threat of radical reformers from 1790 – 1819?To what extent was poverty the cause of popular radicalism from 1790 -1819?‘The lack of widespread popular support was the main reason for the failure of radical reformers to achieve parliamentary reform in the years 1790 – 1819.’ How far do you agree?TWE were the Whigs’ motives for introducing the Reform Bill essentially conservative and anti-democratic?How far would you agree that the reform of parliamentary representation in 1832 was driven primarily pressure from those excluded from the franchise?‘Representation of the People (Reform) Act 1832 enhanced the predominance of the House of Commons and diminished the power of the aristocracy.’ TWE would you agree with this statement.TWE was the second Representation of the People (Reform) Act 1867 the key turning point in the development of political parties in the years 1790 – 1928?In the years of 1815 – 1928, the reform of parliamentary representation was primarily driven by pressure, from those excluded from the franchise. ‘The Parliament Act of 1911 led to the most significant change in the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords in the years 1815 -1928.’ How far do you agree with this statement? How far do you agree that the third Representation of the People (Reform) Act of 1884 -5 was the key turning point in the development of democracy in England in the years from 1790 to 1928? TWE would you agree that the French Revolution was the most significant pressure encouraging reform of the British political system in between 1790 - 1815?The passing of the new Poor Law in 1834 was the main reason why Chartism attracted mass support in the years from 1837 – 1841. How far do you agree?TWE do you agree with the view that Chartism was primarlily the product of economic depression between the years 1838 – 1848?Inept leadership characterised the leadership of both the radical reformers from 1790 – 1819 and of the Chartists from 1837 – 1848? TWE do you agree with this statement?‘The power of the State was always going to prevent the Chartists succeeding in their aims.’ How far do you agree with this statement?Withouth the leadership of Josephine Butler, the Contagious Diseases Acts would not have been repealed in 1886.’ How far do you agree with this statement?‘The Ladies National Association played a more important role than that of any other organisation or individual in the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1886.’ How far do you agree?TWE do you agree that a nationwide, grassroots movement was the key to the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1886?The contribution of James Stansfeld was more important than that of Josephine Butler in the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1886. How far do you agree?Specification Paper:Option 36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780–1928Study Source 1 in the Sources Booklet before you answer this question.1 Assess the value of the source for revealing the methods used by the government tocontrol the Chartists and the attitudes of the Chartists to the government.Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and yourown knowledge about the historical context.(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)Source 1: From Robert Gammage, History of the Chartist Movement 1837–1854, published1854. This was the first published account of the Chartist movement. Gammage wasa Chartist all his working life, becoming increasingly active as a Chartist lecturer as hetravelled the Midlands and south of England looking for work. He was involved in manyof the meetings he describes and on which he comments. Here he is writing about theKennington Common meeting in April 1848.Various bodies continued to arrive on the Common with music and banners.Meanwhile, the Convention assembled at nine o’clock, where a letter from theCommissioner of Police was read out, stating that the contemplated procession toParliament would on no account be allowed to take place. O’Connor delivered aprecautionary speech; took the blame off the government for the preparations theyhad made, and placed it upon those who had talked of an armed demonstration.The delegates started from the Convention Room at ten o’clock. The procession to theCommon was headed by a carriage, decorated with various banners and drawn by fourhorses. This carriage conveyed the National Petition, followed by a second carriagecontaining the delegates, drawn by six horses.When the carriage reached the Common, O’Connor was asked to go to the Horns’Tavern. Mr Mayne, Commissioner of Police, was awaiting him. It was believed thatO’Connor had been arrested, but this was an idle rumour. Mayne informed him that theGovernment would not interfere with the meeting, but that the procession would notbe allowed. He said that the Government had the means of preventing it and thosemeans would be used and that O’Connor would be held responsible. O’Connorpromised that the procession should be abandoned. He had led the people to believethat he would head the procession to Parliament and he had pledged himself to thepolice that it should be abandoned.O’Connor then addressed the masses on the Common, commending them not to injuretheir cause by any act of folly. He pointed to the Petition, which he said contained thevoices of five million seven hundred thousand of their countrymen, who would belooking for good conduct from them that day. He then told them that the Executivewould accompany the Petition and urged them not to accompany it.The meeting being at an end, the Petition was placed in three carriages. The Chartistdelegation accompanied it to Parliament. The police guarded the bridges, and forupwards of an hour after the meeting, prevented any approach on the part of thepeople. Some endeavoured to cross the bridges, but the police used their staves, oftenwith very little moderation. The masses, however, did not risk a collision with thepolice, and considering the tension previously existing, the day passed off in asingularly peaceful manner.Indicative content:Question Indicative content1 Answers will be credited according to candidates’ deployment of material inrelation to the qualities outlined in the generic mark scheme. The indicativecontent below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include allthe material which is indicated as relevant. Other relevant material notsuggested below must also be credited.Candidates must analyse and evaluate the source to consider its value inrevealing the methods used by the government to control the Chartists and theattitudes of the Chartists to the government. The author is not named in thespecification; candidates cannot therefore be expected to know about him, butshould be aware of the context, namely the Chartist rally on KenningtonCommon.1. The following points could be made about the origin and nature of thesource and applied when giving weight to information and inferences:??The author was a Chartist and could be expected to be authoritative??The source is from an account published for popular consumption andconcerns events within most people’s memory, and should thereforeresonate with the public mind??The source could be coloured by hindsight as the author was writing afterthe collapse of the Chartist movement??It is not clear whether the author was present at the Kennington Commonrally; his report could be based on hearsay and so not necessarilyaccurate.2. The following inferences and significant points of information could be drawnand supported from the source:Methods used by the government to control the Chartists:??It provides evidence that the government was well prepared for aninsurrection by the Chartists??It provides evidence that the government first tried persuasion,accompanied by threats, keeping an armed response in reserve??It provides evidence that the government used the police to implementtheir directives.Attitudes of the Chartists to the government:??It suggests that the Chartists on Kennington Common were peaceful(music and banners) and did not seem to fear government violence??It provides evidence that some Chartists had been planning an armeddemonstration against the government as represented by the forces oflaw and order??It provides evidence that O’Connor was anxious to agree to thegovernment’s conditions insofar as presenting the Petition was concerned,suggesting that that the presentation of the Petition to parliament tookpriority for him over the march.3. Knowledge of historical context should be deployed to support and developinferences and to confirm the value of the source in revealing the methodsused by the government to control the Chartists and the attitudes of theChartists to the government. Relevant points may include:??Government awareness of 1848 revolutions in Europe would have ledthem to be fearful of the Chartist rally on Kennington Common??The rally was in support of the third petition to be presented toparliament; the government, in the face of a huge rally, could beexpected to be nervousPearson Edexcel7 How far do you agree that the reform of parliamentary representation was driven bypressure, in the years 1815–1928, from those excluded from the franchise?(Total for Question 7 = 20 marks)Question Indicative content3 Answers will be credited according to candidates’ deployment of material inrelation to the qualities outlined in the generic mark scheme. The indicativecontent below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include allthe material which is indicated as relevant.Candidates are expected to reach a judgement on the suggestion that effectiveleadership was key to the success of the campaign for the repeal of theContagious Diseases Acts in 1886 and the failure of the WSPU to obtain votes forwomen by 1914.Arguments and evidence that effective leadership was responsible for the successof the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts should beanalysed and evaluated. Relevant points may include:??The work of Josephine Butler and Elizabeth Wolstenholme in forming theLadies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts??Its efficient leadership and management in publicising and driving thecampaign nationwide??The unity of the leadership team.Other factors may include:??The nature of the problem – a single-issue campaign that that did not havewider social implications??The support of many influential people – moralists, feminists and those whoperceived the Acts as being an attack on civil liberties??The nature of the opposition, primarily the Association for the Extension ofthe Contagious Diseases Acts, which was perceived as being reactionary.Arguments and evidence that ineffective leadership of the WSPU did not accountfor the lack of success of the campaign for women’s suffrage by 1914 should beanalysed and evaluated. Relevant points may include:??The work of Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters in founding the WSPUand turning it into a national movement??The organisational skills of the leadership ‘team’??The divisions in their leadership and the impact of these on the movement??The perception by many, and many potential supporters, that themovement was too middle class and that this was encouraged by theleaders.Other factors may include:??The nature of the problem: although appearing to be a single-issuecampaign, it had far-reaching social and political implications??The increasing militancy of the campaign, including criminal acts, alienatedmany??The onset of war.Other relevant material must be credited.8 To what extent was the Representation of the People Act 1867 the key turning pointin the development of political parties in the years 1790–1928?(Total for Question 8 = 20 marks)Question Indicative content4 Answers will be credited according to candidates’ deployment of material inrelation to the qualities outlined in the generic mark scheme. The indicativecontent below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include allthe material which is indicated as relevant.Candidates are expected to reach a judgement about the significance of thereport of the Samuel Commission (1926) in bringing about the General Strike ofthat year.Arguments and evidence that for the significance of the Samuel Commission’sreport in bringing about the strike should be analysed and evaluated. Relevantpoints may include:??The significance of the specific recommendation of the Samuel Commissionthat miners’ pay be reduced by 13.5 per cent??The reasons why the mine owners proposed a reduction of 10 to 25 per centand accompanied it with the threat of a lock-out??The significance of the MFGB refusal of both wage reduction and regionalnegotiation??The role of the TUC in attempting to effect a compromise??The attitude of the Labour Party leaders to the Commission and its impact.Arguments and evidence that the Samuel Commission’s report was not significantshould be analysed and evaluated. Relevant points may include:??The heavy domestic use of coal during the First World War led to a loss ofoverseas markets??The desire of mine owners to maintain profits, leading to longer workinghours and lower pay for miners??The reintroduction of the gold standard in 1925, making the pound toostrong for the profitable exporting of coal??The Dawes Plan (1924) allowing Germany to export coal??The fall in coal output per man accompanied by falling coal prices.Other relevant material must be credited.Sources for use with Section A.Answer the question in Section A on the option for which you have been prepared.Option 36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780–1928Source for use with Question 1.Source 1: From Josephine Butler, Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade, published1898. Here she outlines the main demands of the ‘Women’s Protest’, firstpublished in the national press in January 1870, and how they were received.The ‘Women’s Protest’ was the manifesto of the Ladies’ Association for theRepeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts.The Ladies’ Association made the following declaration:‘We enter our solemn protest against these Acts because, so far as women areconcerned, they remove every guarantee of personal security which the law hasestablished and held sacred. The Acts put women’s reputation, their freedom,and their persons absolutely in the power of the police. The law is bound, in anycountry professing to give civil liberties to its subjects, to define an offence whichit punishes. It is unjust to punish the sex who are the victims of a vice, and leaveunpunished the sex who are the main cause, both of the vice and its dreadedconsequences; and we consider that liability to arrest, forced medical treatment,and (where this is resisted) imprisonment with hard labour, to which these actssubject women, are punishments of the most degrading kind. These measuresare cruel to the women who come under their action – violating the feelingsof those whose sense of shame is not wholly lost, and further brutalising eventhe most abandoned. The disease which these Acts seek to remove has neverbeen removed by any such legislation. The conditions of this disease in the firstinstance, are moral, not physical.’Among the two thousand signatures which the manifesto obtained in a shorttime were those of many well known in public life.A pause ensued, a silence on the part of our opponents, induced by the firstshock of this unexpected and powerful manifesto. A Member of Parliament, fullysympathetic with us, said to me, ‘Your manifesto has shaken us very badly in theHouse of Commons.’ A leading member of the House remarked, ‘We know howto manage any other opposition in the House or in the country, but this is veryawkward for us, this revolt of the women. It is quite a new thing. What are we todo with such an opposition as this?’This temporary pause was succeeded by signs of much agitation and businessamong our opponents in preparation for an organised stand against our attitudeand claims. Simultaneously was begun the great ‘Conspiracy of Silence’ in thepress which continued until the autumn of 1874. ................
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