SUFFRAGE AMENDMENTS- 15, 19, 23, 24, 26
SUFFRAGE AMENDMENTS- 15, 19, 23, 24, 26
15th Amendment- Allowed former slaves the right to vote.
19th Amendment- By 1900 4 States had given women the right to vote. Between 1910 and 1914 seven other States gave women the right to vote (all in the west). Finally proposed on June 4 1919 and ratified on August 18 1920 women were given the right to vote by Constitutional Amendment.
23rd Amendment- Gave voting rights and presidential electors to the citizens of Washington D.C. Proposed June 16 1960 and ratified March 29 1961.
24th Amendment- Eliminated a poll tax. Proposed 9-14-62 ratified 1-23-64.
26th Amendment- Made the national voting age 18. Proposed March 23, 1971, ratified July 1, 1971
PRESIDENTIAL AMENDMENTS
12TH Amendment- Set in place where both president and vice president are voted on independently in the electoral vote. Previously each elector cast two votes for President, the one with the most votes was the president and the person with the second most votes was vice president. Today each set is informally voted together by parties. Proposed 12-9-1803 ratified 6-15-1804.
20th Amendment- Changed the day the president took office, moved it up so we wouldn’t have a “lame duck” presidency for an extended time. It also put in place a process to replace the president if he died before he took office. Proposed 3-2-1932 ratified 1-23-1933.
22nd Amendment- Stipulated that no president may serve more than two elected terms. The maximum a person can serve is two and just under half terms. Franklin Roosevelt was actually elected to four terms before this amendment took place. Proposed 3-24-1947 ratified 2-27-1951.
25th Amendment- Cleared up Article 2 of the constitution by stipulating the process of the Vice-president taking office. Also provided the process on how Vice-presidents can be selected if they die or are removed during the term. Proposed 7-6-1965 ratified 2-10-1967.
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS 13, 14, 15
13TH Amendment- Slavery and Involuntary Servitude
There is debate on whether the Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of law because Lincoln had just based his authority as commander in chief of the U.S. military to be able to free the slaves. To settle the controversy, The Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress on Jan. 31, 1865 and ratified by 3/4s of the States 8 months after the end of the Civil War on Dec. 6, 1865. The amendment forbids slavery in the United States and in any area under its control. It forbids forms of forced labor except as punishment for crimes. It has been interpreted to allow compulsory service such as jury duty and selective service.
14th Amendment- Rights of Citizens
This amendment made African Americans citizens of the United States and of the States in which they lived. It forbade States to deprive citizens of the rights of life, liberty, and property without due process of the law, or to deny any citizen “the equal protection of the laws.” It went further and excluded former Confederate leaders from holding public office, state or federal. It provided for the reduction of Congressional representation of the states that deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens. It also forbade southern states to repay confederate war debts or to compensate former slave owners for the loss of their slaves.
15th Amendment- Right to Vote-Race, Color, Servitude
The 15th Amendment was short and to the point. “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The 15th Amendment was ratified by three fourths of the States and became part of the Constitution in 1870. Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia- the last three southern States to return to the Union- were required to ratify the amendment as a condition for readmission. Women were not included in the 14th or 15th Amendment.
HOUSEKEEPING AMENDMENTS 11, 16, 17, 18, 21, 27
11th Amendment- Established that a State could not be sued in a federal court by a resident of another state or foreign country. The Supreme Court has also said that this amendment does not allow a State to be sued by a foreign country or a citizen of its own in a federal court. Proposed 3-4-1794 ratified 2-7-1795.
16th Amendment- Give Congress the power to directly tax income regardless of State population.
17th Amendment- Established popular elections for Senators and the process for replacing them.
18th Amendment- Outlawed the making, selling, transporting, importing, or exporting of alchoholic beverages in the United States.
21st Amendment- Repealed the 18th amendment
27th Amendment- Delays pay increases for legislators until after the next election.
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