Chapter 4—Federalists & Republicans 1789-1820



Chapter 4—Federalists & Republicans 1789-1820

Chapter 4 Section 1---The Federalist Era

Creating a New Government (pp. 152-153)

Cabinet---Group of department heads who advises the President of the United States

1. Sec. Of Treasury---Alexander Hamilton

2. Sec. Of War---Henry Knox

3. Sec. Of State---Thomas Jefferson

4. Attorney General---Edmund Randolph

1 Judiciary Act of 1789

5. established 13 federal district courts & 3 court of appeals

6. Supreme Court established---John Jay—1st Chief justice

1791—Bill of Rights—1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution

1. 1st 8—Protect individual rights against actions of the federal government

2. 9th Amendment—People have rights other than the ones listed

3. 10th Amendment—Any powers not specifically listed to the federal government would be reserved for states

***14th Amendment---applied the Bill of Rights to the states***

Hamilton’s Financial Plan (pp. 153-155)

U.S. pay debts owed on bonds to gain confidence in government

Federal Government take over the States’ debts from the war

***1790—Southerners convinced to vote for the plan in return for the relocation of the U.S. capital to a Southern location along the Potomac River***

Create a Bank of the United States—Govt. manage its debt & interest payments

1. give loans to the government & individuals

2. issue paper money

***Article 1 Section 8---Elastic Clause---implied powers---powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but necessary for the government to do its job***

1791—Excise Tax on Whiskey (25% tax)

1. 1794—Whiskey Rebellion

a. President Washington sent 13,000 troops in to stop the rebellion

The Rise of Political Parties (page 155)

2 Political Parties formed over the split in Hamilton’s Financial Plan

1. Federalists---Hamilton & Democratic-Republicans---Madison & Jefferson

|Hamilton’s Federalist Party |Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican |

|1.National Government Supreme |1. State Governments Supreme |

|2.Ruling power given to wealthy & |2. Ruling power given to all land- |

|educated. |owners. |

|3. Government should promote |3. Government should promote |

|manufacturing & trade |agriculture. |

|4. Loose interpretation of the U.S. |4. Strict interpretation of the U.S. |

|Constitution |Constitution |

|5. Protective tariff protect domestic |5. Protective tariff burdens farmers |

|industries | |

Washington’s Foreign Policy (pp. 155-156)

Americans divided over the French Revolution

1. Federalists---opposed it because of the violence.

2. Dem-Republicans---supported it because of the fight for liberty

***Washington issued a Proclamation of neutrality toward Great Britain & France***

2 Jay Treaty (Britain)--1794

3. U.S. received most-favored nation status---American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain

4. Britain seized cargo headed for French ports

Pinckney’s Treaty (Spain)--1795

1. U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi River & to deposit goods at New Orleans

2. 31st Parallel as northern boundary of western Florida

A New Administration (pp. 157-159)

Washington’s Farewell Address

1. Avoid Sectionalism—division of the country

2. warned against political parties

3. warned against permanent alliances to a forein country

3 President John Adams—elected in 1896

4. XYZ Affair--France demanded bribes form American negotiators

Alien & Sedition Acts (Federalist Laws)

1. Immigrants could not become citizens for 14 years

2. President could deport without a trial any alien that seemed dangerous to the United States

3. Made it unlawful to say or print anything false or scandalous against the government or its officers (Sedition Act)

4. 1798 & 1799—Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions---If the Federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to nullify the law or declare it invalid

The Election of 1800 (page 159)

Jefferson elected President after being chosen by the House of Representatives to break the tie

Chapter 4 Section 2---The Republicans Take Power

Thomas Jefferson Takes Office (pp. 161-162)

Jefferson began paying off the government debt, cut government spending, eliminated the Whiskey Tax, & reduced the armed forces

B. Judiciary Act of 1801---created 16 new federal judges (passed by the Federalists)

1. Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801—eliminated the “midnight judges”

C. John Marshall—Chief Justice for 34 years

1. responsible for making the Supreme Court a powerful independent branch of the federal government

D. Marbury v. Madison(1803)----Established Judicial Review

1. Power to decide whether laws passed by the Congress were constitutional or unconstitutional.

The United States Expands West (pp. 163-164)

Louisiana Purchase (April 30, 1803)---U.S. paid 15 Million to France

1. doubled the size of the United States

2. Napoleon sold it because he needed money to finance his wars in Europe

Lewis & Clark (1803)—increased American knowledge of the Louisiana Territory & gave the U.S. a claim to the Oregon territory

Zebulon Pike (1805)—explored the upper Mississippi River, Rio Grande, & Colorado

1. Detail information on the Great Plains & the Rocky Mountains

Due to expansion, New England Federalists felt their region was losing political influence

Rising International Tensions (pp. 164-165)

Britain & France declared that neutral countries could not trade with the enemy

1. American ships being search & seized by the French & British

British ships stopped & search American ships for: Ex: Chesapeake v. Leopard

1. Contraband (smuggled Goods)

2. Impressment of American sailors

Embargo Act of 1807---Government ban on trade with Great Britain & France

1. Hurt the U.S. more that it did France or Great Britain

2. Repealed in 1809

Non-Intercourse Act—Banned trade with France & England while authorizing the President to reopen trade with whichever country removed its trade restrictions first (Failed)

Macon’s Bill #2—U.S. promised to stop importing goods from the other nation if a country dropped its trade restrictions. (France accomplished this 1st)

War Hawks---Supporters of the War of 1812

1. South & West----Because of trade restrictions & believed British were to blame for the clashes with the Native Americans

Tecumseh & Prophet sparked Native American resistance against the Americans

1. Battle of Tippecanoe—November 1811

a. shattered Native Americans’ confidence in their leadership

b. Tecumseh fled to British-held Canada

June 1812---Congress declared war on Great Britain

1. South & West---favored war

2. Northeast---against the war

The War of 1812 (pp. 165-167)

A. U.S. Primary Objective at the beginning of the War of 1812: Conquering Canada

1. Failed in 3 attacks on Canada

Battle of Lake Erie---Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British

Battle of the Thames---William Henry Harrison defeated British & Native American forces

1. Tecumseh was killed

1814—British attack Washington, D.C.

1. White House & Capitol set on fire

Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore)

1. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner (National Anthem)

Federalists in New England against the war & urged secession

1. Hartford Convention---called for several constitutional amendments that would increase New England’s political power

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

1. Andrew Jackson---military hero

2. destroyed the Federalist Party

3. Nationalism (feeling of strong Patriotism) was strong in the United States

Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814)

1. restored prewar boundaries & no territory changed hands

Effects of the War of 1812:

1. Increased American prestige overseas

2. created a new feeling of patriotism & national unity

Chapter 4 Section 3------------------The Growth of American Nationalism

I. Political Unity (pp. 170-171)

Era of Good Feelings---No trouble in the United State; Great loyalty & harmony in the federal government

1. One major political party----Republicans

II. Economic Nationalism (page 171)

Henry Clay’s American System (Economic Program)

1. Creating a new national bank (2nd Bank of the U.S.)

2. protective tariff to protect American manufacturers from foreign competition (Tariff of 1816)

3. improving transportation in order to link the country together----State & local governments & private businesses paid for road & canal construction

III. Judicial Nationalism (pp. 171-172)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)—2nd Bank of the U.S. was Constitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)---Constitution granted the federal government control over interstate commerce(trade)

IV. Nationalist Diplomacy (pp. 172-173)

Nationalism in the U.S. influenced the nation to expand its borders & assert itself in world affairs

1. Adams-Onis treaty (1819)

a. Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States

2. Monroe Doctrine

a. Non-Colonization—No new colonies allowed in the western hemisphere

b. Non-Intervention---We stay out of Europe & Europe stays out of the Western Hemisphere

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