Mrs. Oliver's United States History 2019 - Home



A Time to Review # 3CIVIL WAR and GROWTH The Civil War, 1861 – 186533616908255Which argument did President Abraham Lincoln use against the secession of the Southern States?Slavery was not profitable The government was a union of people and not of states. The Southern States did not permit their people to vote on secession. As the Commander in Chief, he had the duty to defend the United States against foreign invasion.Which statement best explains President Abraham Lincoln’s justification for the Civil War?As an abolitionist, President Lincoln wanted to end slavery in the United States. President Lincoln wanted to keep the South economically dependent on the industrial North. President Lincoln’s oath of office required him to defend and preserve the Union. To keep the support of Great Britain and France, President Lincoln had to try to end slavery immediately. 3. Which phrase best completes the title for the partial outline shown below? I. Reasons for the ________________Increasing sectionalism Disagreements over states’ rights issues Breakdown of compromise D. Election of 1860 Start of the Revolutionary War Adoption of the Bill of Rights Failure of the Whiskey Rebellion Secession of Southern States from the Union “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” -Abraham Lincoln, 1858 4.According to this quotation, Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately sectional differences threatened to destroy the Union the Southern states should be allowed to secede to save the nation, the North should compromise with the South on slavery00Which argument did President Abraham Lincoln use against the secession of the Southern States?Slavery was not profitable The government was a union of people and not of states. The Southern States did not permit their people to vote on secession. As the Commander in Chief, he had the duty to defend the United States against foreign invasion.Which statement best explains President Abraham Lincoln’s justification for the Civil War?As an abolitionist, President Lincoln wanted to end slavery in the United States. President Lincoln wanted to keep the South economically dependent on the industrial North. President Lincoln’s oath of office required him to defend and preserve the Union. To keep the support of Great Britain and France, President Lincoln had to try to end slavery immediately. 3. Which phrase best completes the title for the partial outline shown below? I. Reasons for the ________________Increasing sectionalism Disagreements over states’ rights issues Breakdown of compromise D. Election of 1860 Start of the Revolutionary War Adoption of the Bill of Rights Failure of the Whiskey Rebellion Secession of Southern States from the Union “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” -Abraham Lincoln, 1858 4.According to this quotation, Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately sectional differences threatened to destroy the Union the Southern states should be allowed to secede to save the nation, the North should compromise with the South on slaveryFort Sumter, 1861:The American Civil War became on April 12, 1861 when the Confederate States of America attacked the federal fort, Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South CarolinaAfter two days of shelling, the garrison surrendered and was allowed to leaveWar had begunThe Union v. the Confederacy:The North or the UnionPresident Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the UnionUnion soldiers wore blue uniformsThe South or the ConfederacyPresident Jefferson DavisConfederate soldiers wore gray uniformsThe Army of Northern Virginia was led by Robert E. LeeNorthern AdvantagesThe North had a larger populationThe North had a stronger navyThe North had greater farm acreageThe North had more bank depositsThe North had superior industry and a greater amount of railroad tackleft43180“This is essentially a People’s contest. On the side of the Union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men -- to lift artificial weights from all shoulders -- to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all -- to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life.” ~ Abraham Lincoln00“This is essentially a People’s contest. On the side of the Union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men -- to lift artificial weights from all shoulders -- to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all -- to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life.” ~ Abraham Lincoln 27876508890 The Anaconda Plan:The South needed to export cotton to trade with EuropeThe North placed its navy around Southern ports and enforced a blockade of all Southern goods coming in and out of the ConfederacyThe idea was to strangle the South like an anaconda (snake)257175069850“This 1861 cartoon propaganda map published in Cincinnati depicts Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott’s (1786–1866) plan to crush the South both economically and militarily. Scott’s plan called for a strong blockade of the Southern ports and a major offensive down the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy and cut off supplies and assistance to its heartland. The press ridiculed Scott’s strategy as the “Anaconda Plan,” after the snake that kills by constriction, but it had its supporters. This general strategy contributed greatly to the eventual Northern victory.” ~ 00“This 1861 cartoon propaganda map published in Cincinnati depicts Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott’s (1786–1866) plan to crush the South both economically and militarily. Scott’s plan called for a strong blockade of the Southern ports and a major offensive down the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy and cut off supplies and assistance to its heartland. The press ridiculed Scott’s strategy as the “Anaconda Plan,” after the snake that kills by constriction, but it had its supporters. This general strategy contributed greatly to the eventual Northern victory.” ~ 23876001524000 Major Civil War Battles:right14605“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure…” Lincoln00“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure…” LincolnBull Run/Manassas Junction 1861Manassas Junction was the Confederate name for the battleFirst major battleThe Union lostAntietam/Sharpsburg 1862Bloodiest single day with over 23,000 casualtiesNo one won but the Union claimed victoryBattle of Gettysburg 18633702050266065General Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy went as far north as PennsylvaniaThe Union wonIt was a turning point of the Civil WarGeorge Pickett of the Confederacy led a losing charge across an open fieldThere were more casualties in the three days at Gettysburg than any other Civil War battleIn November of 1863, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address 47561501409705. In the 1850s, why did many runaway slaves go to Canada?They feared being drafted into the Northern army. The Fugitive Slave Act kept them at risk in the United States. More factory jobs were available in Canada. Northern abolitionists refused to help fugitive slaves.005. In the 1850s, why did many runaway slaves go to Canada?They feared being drafted into the Northern army. The Fugitive Slave Act kept them at risk in the United States. More factory jobs were available in Canada. Northern abolitionists refused to help fugitive slaves.The Emancipation Proclamation:One of the most important events of the Civil War was the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation (1862)Lincoln announced that all slaves in states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freedThe Proclamation gave a moral purpose to the warIt also kept Britain out of the warBritain had strong ties to the South because of the cotton tradeHowever, now Britain could not support the Confederacy, as the British had abolished slavery decades earlierHowever, it soon became unclear whether Lincoln had the constitutional power to free the slavesCongress proposed the Thirteenth AmendmentWhen it was ratified in 1865, it abolished slavery throughout the United States.The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry:The first official African American regiment recognized by the Union ArmyIn the Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, President Lincoln announced that black men would be accepted into the U.S. Army and NavyOf the estimated 2 million people who fought on the Union side, some 180,000 black soldiers and sailors fought for the Union and for freedom during the Civil WarThe Copperheads:Peace Democrats in the North and MidwestPro-Union but against the Civil WarWore pennies on their lapels in CongressWere compared to the poisonous snake by their opponentsClement Vallandigham was a leaderAbraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and had him deported during the warA president can suspend habeas corpus during warIt is important to remember that habeas corpus means a person must be brought to the judge or court and be charged with a crimeThe New York City Draft Riots:The Enrollment Act of 1863 meant that for the first time in history, the United States could draft troopsNew York City was a Democratic stronghold and there was opposition to the draftThe draft law favored the rich; a person could pay $300 or find a substitute to get out of the draft…“A rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”There was racial conflict between the Irish and African Americans in New York City as they often competed for the same jobs and housingThere was anti-war and anti-Republican sentiment in Democratic New York CityThe riot erupted in July 1863 and led to violence against poor and affluent African Americans, Republican supporters, and rich whitesA Bit More on Civil War Battles:At the Battle of Shiloh (1862), the Union won on the second day under the leadership of General Ulysses S. GrantAt the Battle of New Orleans (1862), Admiral David Farragut won an important naval battle for the UnionAt the Siege of Vicksburg (1863), the Union won and divided the Confederacy in half by controlling the Mississippi RiverBetween 1864 and 1865, Union General Grant chased Confederate General Lee through Virginia, fighting at the Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Courthouse and PetersburgLee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865Some Southern States that Did Not Join the Confederacy:Several states that had been considered Southern did not secedeKentucky, Maryland, and Delaware remained in the UnionWhat is now West Virginia broke off from the state of Virginia during the war to form a new stateThe Impact of the Civil War:right8255“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” ~ Abraham Lincoln00“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” ~ Abraham LincolnThe Civil War was bloody – one million casualties in a population North and South of approximately 31 million; expensive – the estimated cost of over $20 billion; and long – it lasted four arduous yearsThe South’s strategy was to hold on and wear the North down38290508083550The North’s strategy was to blockade the South in order to isolate it from markets and potential allies; to capture the capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond; and to split the South into two parts along the Mississippi River and then by a thrust through Georgia to the sea to split it further into three unitsThe North won the Civil WarThe North had immense long-term advantages: a larger population, more money, more railroad lines, greater manufacturing facilities, and superior naval powerYet despite these advantages, it took the North four years to defeat the Southright63506. What was a major result of the Civil War?The judiciary became the dominant branch of the federal government.Congress passed an amendment to provide for the direct election of senators.The power of the central government was strengthened.States were given the right to secede from the Union.006. What was a major result of the Civil War?The judiciary became the dominant branch of the federal government.Congress passed an amendment to provide for the direct election of senators.The power of the central government was strengthened.States were given the right to secede from the Union.Reconstruction:Reconstruction, the name given to the process of reestablishing the Union to again include the seceded states, began during the war and lasted until 1877The South’s infrastructure had to be rebuiltAfrican Americans needed to be given Constitutional rightsThe Southern states had to be readmitted into the Union and agree to follow the ConstitutionDiffering Plans for Reconstruction:Presidential ReconstructionLenientDid not want to punish the SouthAbraham Lincoln believed secession was unconstitutional, and so legally, the Southern states were still in the UnionHe believed the executive branch, particularly the president, should establish the process of reconstruction and the terms should be generousRadical ReconstructionHarsherInvolved military troops enforcing laws in the SouthThe Radical Republicans, led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, had been a force in Congress since before the warThey were intolerant of slavery, strong abolitionists, and prepared to make the South “pay” for the war343852510985500The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Conflict over Reconstruction:John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865Lincoln was shot at Ford’s Theater After shooting Lincoln, Booth leaped to the stage and broke his leg yet he managed to escapeAndrew Johnson became President when Lincoln died the next dayBoth Lincoln and Johnson wanted lenient Reconstruction that would peacefully bring Southern states back into the unionThe Radical Republican Congress wanted harsh Reconstruction that punished the South and gave immediate constitutional rights to the newly freed slavesThe Ten Percent Plan or the Wade Davis Bill:In December President Lincoln proposed a reconstruction program that would allow Confederate states to establish new state governments after 10 percent of their male population took loyalty oaths and the states recognized the “permanent freedom of slaves.”Several congressional Republicans thought Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan was too mildA more stringent plan was proposed by Senator Benjamin F. Wade and Representative Henry Winter Davis in February 18644219575173990right6985A pocket veto is an absolute veto that cannot be overridden. The veto becomes effective when the President fails to sign a bill after Congress has adjourned and is unable to override the veto.00A pocket veto is an absolute veto that cannot be overridden. The veto becomes effective when the President fails to sign a bill after Congress has adjourned and is unable to override the veto.The Wade-Davis Bill required that 50 percent of a state’s white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the UnionIn addition, states were required to give blacks the right to voteCongress passed the Wade-Davis Bill, but President Lincoln chose not to sign it, killing the bill with a pocket vetoLincoln continued to advocate tolerance and speed in plans for the reconstruction of the Union in opposition to the CongressAfter Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, however, the Congress had the upper hand in shaping Federal policy toward the defeated South Congress imposed the harsher reconstruction requirements first advocated in the Wade-Davis BillThe Reconstruction Amendments:right63507. After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly becausethe amendments were not intended to solve their problems many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights 4000007. After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly becausethe amendments were not intended to solve their problems many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights The Thirteenth AmendmentAbolished slavery throughout the United States“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”The Fourteenth AmendmentEqual Rights for Citizens“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”The Fifteenth AmendmentUniversal Male Suffrage (voting rights for male citizens)“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”The Freedmen’s Bureau:right72390?General William T. Sherman issued a special field order that would have provided each African American family 40 acres of land and an army mule to work the land. But President Johnson overturned the order.00?General William T. Sherman issued a special field order that would have provided each African American family 40 acres of land and an army mule to work the land. But President Johnson overturned the order.Established in 186539116009525Looked to adjust newly-freed African Americans to Southern societyThe organization aimed to help with housing, education, food, healthcare, and jobsPresident Johnson later vetoed a bill in 1866 that would have increased the Bureau’s powerright1631958. Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used todeny African Americans the right to vote extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens raise money for political campaignsprevent immigrants from becoming citizens 008. Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used todeny African Americans the right to vote extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens raise money for political campaignsprevent immigrants from becoming citizens Black Codes:Southern states passed Black Codes to preserve traditional Southern lifestyles despite the ban on slaveryBlack Codes made it illegal for freedmen to hold public office, travel freely or serve on juriesBlack Codes denied freed African Americans their Constitutional rights such as the freedom of speech and the right to serve on juriesSouthern whites feared that if freed African Americans had rights, they would feel empowered to dismantle the Southern plantation systemRadical Republicans looked to end these unfair codesReconstruction Acts of 1867:Passed over President Andrew Johnson’s vetoDivided the South into five districts occupied by Union troopsForced all former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth AmendmentMade the former Confederate states create new state constitutions which would ensure voting rights of former slaves and the federal government would have to approve the new state constitutionsSouthern states had to obey these acts to be readmitted to the Union414020019050Carpetbaggers and Scalawags: Carpetbaggers were Northerners who went South to profit from ReconstructionA carpetbagger was a label for a Northerner who went to the South for political and/or economic gain during ReconstructionCarpetbaggers were resented by SouthernersNorthern travelers to the South often carried carpet bags or luxury bags Scalawags were Southern whites who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction and freedmenA scalawag was a Southerner loyal to the Republican PartyA scalawag often worked alongside carpetbaggers and newly-freed blacks to create new state constitutionsThere were more scalawags than carpetbaggersIt is also important to remember that traditionally Southerners were DemocratsKu Klux Klan:The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee36449001905“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. . . .”— 15th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution, 1870 9. Which actions did Southern States take to keep African Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed in this amendment?suspending habeas corpus and denying women the right to votecollecting poll taxes and requiring literacy testsestablishing religious and property-holding requirements for votingpassing Black laws and establishing segregated schools020000“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. . . .”— 15th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution, 1870 9. Which actions did Southern States take to keep African Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed in this amendment?suspending habeas corpus and denying women the right to votecollecting poll taxes and requiring literacy testsestablishing religious and property-holding requirements for votingpassing Black laws and establishing segregated schoolsIt was established as a direct response to the South’s defeat in the Civil WarAs a secret terrorist group, the Klan targeted black freedmen and their alliesIt sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including beatings, lynching, and murderAfrican Americans lived in fear of groups like the Klan who exerted a reign of terror across the South where their crimes were rarely prosecutedThe organization disbanded after the Enforcement Act (1870) and the Ku Klux Act (1871)The Klan would make a comeback in the 1920sThe new KKK’s rapid growth was based not only on the idea of white supremacy, but also on anti-immigration, anti-Catholicism, Prohibition, and anti-SemitismThe KKK reached its peak nationwide in the 1920sThe Impeachment of Andrew Johnson:The Radical Republicans dislike Johnson, the Democratic PresidentWhen Johnson fired the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, he violated the Tenure of Office Act (the President was supposed to consult with Congress first)The House of Representatives impeached Johnson (brought him up on charges)However, the Senate found him not guilty by one vote501651186690Only two Presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Yet neither was convicted or removed from office.00Only two Presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Yet neither was convicted or removed from office.He was never removed from officeLincoln’s PlanCongressional PlanJohnson’s PlanA moderate approach to Reconstruction; based on the belief that the war was a rebellion of individual citizens and that, since secession was not constitutionally permissible, the South had never legally left the UnionReconstruction should be lenient and carried out by the PresidentAll Southerners, except high-ranking Confederate officials, would be pardoned and regain citizenship when they took an oath to support the Constitution and the emancipation of slavesWhen 10% of the voters in a state took this oath, they could establish a legal government that would be recognized by the President ~ Adapted from U.S. History and GovernmentThe “Radical” Republicans in Congress did not agree with Lincoln’s planThey looked beyond emancipation to the problem of civil liberties of African Americans and felt that Congress should play a greater role in the assurance of libertiesRequired that 50% of the voters take the loyalty oath rather than 10%Confederate officials be disenfranchisedConfederate debts be repudiatedLincoln killed this Wade-Davis bill with a pocket veto because it would have postponed the readmittance of the Southern StatesIn May 1865, after Lincoln’s assassination on April 14, 1865, Johnson issued his plan of ReconstructionA general pardon of all Southerners willing to take an oath upholding the Constitution, except military leaders and those whose wealth exceeded $20,000Recognition of the governments of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana, which had been established under Lincoln’s Reconstruction planThe remaining Southern states could reenter the Union whey they repudiated war debts (bonds sold by the Confederate government to individuals to finance the war, disavowed their ordinance of secession, and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, thereby abolishing slavery330835016383010. In the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction, Republicans agreed towithdraw federal troops from the Southsupport the Black Codesaward the presidency to Democrat Samuel Tildenaccept the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford11. The Radical Republicans in Congress opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction because Lincolncalled for the imprisonment of most Confederate leadersrejected the idea of harsh punishments for the Southplanned to keep Northern troops in the South after the wardemanded immediate civil and political rights for formerly enslaved persons12. The Reconstruction plans of President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson included a provision for theresumption of full participation in Congress by Southern Stateslong-term military occupation of the Confederacypayment of war reparations by Southern Statesharsh punishment of former Confederate0010. In the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction, Republicans agreed towithdraw federal troops from the Southsupport the Black Codesaward the presidency to Democrat Samuel Tildenaccept the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford11. The Radical Republicans in Congress opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction because Lincolncalled for the imprisonment of most Confederate leadersrejected the idea of harsh punishments for the Southplanned to keep Northern troops in the South after the wardemanded immediate civil and political rights for formerly enslaved persons12. The Reconstruction plans of President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson included a provision for theresumption of full participation in Congress by Southern Stateslong-term military occupation of the Confederacypayment of war reparations by Southern Statesharsh punishment of former ConfederateThe End of Reconstruction:In 1877, Reconstruction officially ended when the last remaining Northern troops were withdrawn from the SouthHome rule was restored to Southern state governmentsFormer Confederate leaders could now serve in officeState legislatures quickly moved to bar African Americans from the political processHow Reconstruction EndedSamuel J. Tilden (Democrat) was leading Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) in both the popular and Electoral voteBut twenty electoral votes were disputedA Electoral Commission had to decide who would receive the votesA compromise was reached in 1877The Republicans received all of the Electoral Votes, which gave Hayes the Presidential ElectionUnion troops were removed from the South, thus ending ReconstructionThe Solid South:For over a century after Reconstruction, every Southern State would vote Democratic in Presidential ElectionsThus, the South during this period was called the Solid SouthThe Sharecropping System:right195613. In the ten years following the Civil War, a large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becomingconductors on the Underground Railroadworkers in Northern factoriessharecroppers on Southern farmsgold miners in California40000013. In the ten years following the Civil War, a large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becomingconductors on the Underground Railroadworkers in Northern factoriessharecroppers on Southern farmsgold miners in CaliforniaWithout slave labor, the old plantation system could not be restoredMany plantation owners entered into share-cropping arrangements with their former slavesA sharecropper was a tenant farmer who was provided with credit for seed, tools, living quarters, and food and who worked the land and received an agreed share of the value of the crop minus chargesThe charges were usually exceptionally high and thus, the sharecropper lived in a state of permanent debt and poverty40513003810A lien is a right to keep possession of property belonging to another person until a debt owed by that person is discharged. Sharecroppers had to borrow from landlords for seeds, tools, living quarters and food. They were always in debt.00A lien is a right to keep possession of property belonging to another person until a debt owed by that person is discharged. Sharecroppers had to borrow from landlords for seeds, tools, living quarters and food. They were always in debt.Sharecropping meant farming for only a share of harvested crops, with much of the profit going to the landlord for rentIn such a “crop-lien” system, the landlord also provided supplies but had a lien on the crops yet to be grown3517900203835Because of this, sharecroppers experienced “debt peonage,” or povertyThis practice continued into the twentieth century36195034925Freedom without forty acres and a mule often meant debt peonage or holding a person in servitude until the debt was paid back.00Freedom without forty acres and a mule often meant debt peonage or holding a person in servitude until the debt was paid back.418465010858514. “Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen.” Which evidence best supports this statementpassage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments refusal of Southern States to allow sharecroppingpassage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 40000014. “Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen.” Which evidence best supports this statementpassage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments refusal of Southern States to allow sharecroppingpassage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 Jim Crow Laws:Racial segregation laws in the South after ReconstructionCreated separate bathrooms, schools, and water fountainsJim Crow laws deprived African Americans of their legal rights in the South24193505715Separate facilities in the South were never equal. Jim Crow laws deprived African Americans of their rights.00Separate facilities in the South were never equal. Jim Crow laws deprived African Americans of their rights.Preventing African Americans from Voting in the South:To deny African American males the right to vote granted by the Fifteenth Amendment, Southerners used poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clausesA poll tax is a tax on voting.The Twenty-Fourth Amendment outlawed this practice in 1964A literacy test is a test given to determine if a person can voteLiteracy tests were very difficult exams for anyone to pass but whites did not have to take the tests because of grandfather clausesA grandfather clause stated that a person could vote if his grandfather voted in the Election of 1860Of course, 1860 was before the Thirteenth Amendment, the amendment that abolished slaverySlaves could not vote in 1860Therefore, grandfather clauses allowed whites to vote but not African Americans521335012065015. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) affected African Americans bygranting voting rightsexpanding civil rightsupholding racial segregationguaranteeing equal wages0015. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) affected African Americans bygranting voting rightsexpanding civil rightsupholding racial segregationguaranteeing equal wagesPlessy v. Ferguson:In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation in Plessy v. FergusonThe Court upheld a Louisiana law segregating railroad facilitiesThe court held that if facilities were separate but equal, the African-American was not deprived of equal protection of the law under the Fourteenth AmendmentSeparate was not unequal according to the 1896 Court This concept of “separate but equal” remained the “law of the land” until reversed by the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 195439370085090The Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was legal if the facilities were “separate but equal.” Later, the Court reversed this decision.00The Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was legal if the facilities were “separate but equal.” Later, the Court reversed this decision.left306945816. The formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was primarily a response toracism and prejudicenationalism and patriotismabolition and temperance17. Which leader founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans?George Washington CarverFrederick DouglassW. E. B. Du BoisBooker T. Washington40000016. The formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was primarily a response toracism and prejudicenationalism and patriotismabolition and temperance17. Which leader founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans?George Washington CarverFrederick DouglassW. E. B. Du BoisBooker T. WashingtonBooker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBoisBooker T. Washington was born into slavery in 1856.In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.In 19011, he wrote Up From Slavery, an autobiography.Washington believed that African Americans should first concentrate their efforts on trying to achieve economic independence before seeking full social equality.He believed economic prosperity could best be achieved by vocational training and practical, job-related education.He wanted young African Americans to develop skills and attitudes that would help them to survive in an environment of increasing violence and discrimination.W.E.B. DuBois was the first African American to obtain a Ph.D. from Harvard University and became a notable historian and writer.Unlike Booker T. Washington, DuBois urged the next generation of African Americans to move in a new direction.DuBois believed African Americans should agitate for full social and political equality immediately and not rest content with an inferior social and economic status.In his writings, DuBois encouraged African Americans not to define themselves as whites saw them, but to take pride in their dual heritages – as both Africans and Americans.In 1909, he helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.) – to win rights through the courts.3246799221620118. One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois supported is thatAfrican Americans should have increased civil rightsvocational training was the best approach to educationimmigration was responsible for racial segregationJim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans02000018. One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois supported is thatAfrican Americans should have increased civil rightsvocational training was the best approach to educationimmigration was responsible for racial segregationJim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans327279017145“I sit with Shakespeare, and he winces not. Across the color line I move arm and arm with Balzac and Dumas, where smiling men and welcoming women glide in gilded halls. From out of the caves of evening that swing between the strong-limbed Earth and the tracery of stars, I summon Aristotle and Aurelius and what soul I will, and they come all graciously with no scorn nor condescension. So, wed with Truth, I dwell above the veil. Is this the life you grudge us, O knightly America? Is this the life you long to change into the dull red hideousness of Georgia? Are you so afraid lest peering from this high Pisgah, between Philistine and Amalekite, we sight the Promised Land?” ~ W.E.B. Du Bois00“I sit with Shakespeare, and he winces not. Across the color line I move arm and arm with Balzac and Dumas, where smiling men and welcoming women glide in gilded halls. From out of the caves of evening that swing between the strong-limbed Earth and the tracery of stars, I summon Aristotle and Aurelius and what soul I will, and they come all graciously with no scorn nor condescension. So, wed with Truth, I dwell above the veil. Is this the life you grudge us, O knightly America? Is this the life you long to change into the dull red hideousness of Georgia? Are you so afraid lest peering from this high Pisgah, between Philistine and Amalekite, we sight the Promised Land?” ~ W.E.B. Du Bois The Gilded Age: 1870 – 1890 340804510795“…no country can be well governed unless its citizens as a body keep religiously before their minds that they are the guardians of the law and that the law officers are only the machinery for its execution, nothing more.” ~ Mark Twain00“…no country can be well governed unless its citizens as a body keep religiously before their minds that they are the guardians of the law and that the law officers are only the machinery for its execution, nothing more.” ~ Mark TwainMark Twain coined the term, “Gilded Age: to describe this period3045668106674Gilded meant that it appeared to be golden on the outside but that it was not truly golden386080024768219. “Prices and wages should be determined by the marketplace.” The author of this statement would most probably supportgovernment ownership of utilities minimum-wage laws wage and price controls laissez-faire capitalism 0019. “Prices and wages should be determined by the marketplace.” The author of this statement would most probably supportgovernment ownership of utilities minimum-wage laws wage and price controls laissez-faire capitalism In this era, “robber barons” or powerful business owners grew rich and monopolies developed but the vast majority of Americans were laborers or workersWorkers were exploited, often overworked and underpaidUnions or organization of workers struggled to increase wages and promote safer working conditionsMillions of the “new immigrants” arrived to work in factoriesright25844520. Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900?high worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions availability of investment capital establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians decline in the number of people attending schools 0020. Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900?high worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions availability of investment capital establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians decline in the number of people attending schools As American became a more industrialized society, many problems developed The Industrial Revolution:The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s, and reached the United States in the early 1800sright59309021. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was byforming monopolies or trusts developing overseas markets increasing the prices of their products paying high wages to their workers 22. In the late 1800s, the term robber baron was used to describe some owners of big businesses primarily because theyfavored free tradeeliminated competition using ruthless methodsopposed the formation of corporationsprovided workers with high wages0021. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was byforming monopolies or trusts developing overseas markets increasing the prices of their products paying high wages to their workers 22. In the late 1800s, the term robber baron was used to describe some owners of big businesses primarily because theyfavored free tradeeliminated competition using ruthless methodsopposed the formation of corporationsprovided workers with high wagesNew inventions [Elias Howe: sewing machine; Alexander Graham Bell: telephone; Thomas A. Edison: electric light bulb; Orville and Wilbur Wright: airplane] were createdNew ideas introduced new ways of making goods and meeting people’s needsInstead of producing goods by hand at home, people worked in factoriesGoods were produced faster and thus could be sold at lower pricesWater power or steam engines powered the machines in factoriesAs goods became cheaper, demand increased, creating more jobsCities grew as people moved into them in order find workMovement to cities is called urbanization However, cities were often unprepared for so many new arrivalsUnsanitary conditions often developed in these unprepared citiesRobber Barons:Ruthless tactics were used by some business owners to destroy competition and to keep down worker’s wagesTwo of the most famous entrepreneurs in the Gilded Age were Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) and John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937)Carnegie worked his way up from a penniless Scottish immigrant to become one of America’s richest menHis steel mills ruthlessly undercut all competitionHis workers put in 12-hour shifts at low wagesCarnegie hired thugs to crush any worker attempts to unionizeJohn D. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Company in 1870Rockefeller forced railroad companies to give him special, secret rates for shipping his oil, while they charged his competitors higher pricesAlthough many considered these successful business owners captains of industry who were beneficial to the country, others called them robber baronsright49794A trust is formed when one company takes over the stock of similar companies while a monopoly occurs when one seller controls the entire market for a particular product. Without competition in the market, products are often inferior in quality and higher in price. Competition is good for consumers. Monopolies are good for monopolists.00A trust is formed when one company takes over the stock of similar companies while a monopoly occurs when one seller controls the entire market for a particular product. Without competition in the market, products are often inferior in quality and higher in price. Competition is good for consumers. Monopolies are good for monopolists.The Gospel of Wealth:right8890“This then is held to be the duty of the man of wealth. First: to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him, and after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is strictly bound as a matter of duty, to administer in the manner which in his judgment is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community.” ~ Andrew Carnegie00“This then is held to be the duty of the man of wealth. First: to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him, and after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is strictly bound as a matter of duty, to administer in the manner which in his judgment is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community.” ~ Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie argued that the rich should administer their wealth through their lifetime to benefit society 3001142390518Andrew Carnegie did so, spending over $350,000,000 he got from the sale of Carnegie Steel to establish libraries and endow the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of TeachingFollowing Carnegie, charitable contributions and philanthropy became the way followed by many of the great entrepreneurs of the ageSocial Darwinism:Many business leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries followed the tenets of Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism loosely applied Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to economicsSocial Darwinists believed those on top in the business world were there because they were the fittestThey had survived the battle of the marketplace because they were the bestSocial Darwinists believed that the state should not interfere in economic lifeAny interference in the free market operation would wreck the economy and upset its natural evolution408755811254right41846523. During the late 1800s, the idea of SocialDarwinism was used to explain thedevelopment of the Granger movementneed for settlement homescreation of a national parks systemsuccess or failure of businesses0023. During the late 1800s, the idea of SocialDarwinism was used to explain thedevelopment of the Granger movementneed for settlement homescreation of a national parks systemsuccess or failure of businessesleft590607How does this cartoon reflect the ideas of Social Darwinism?00How does this cartoon reflect the ideas of Social Darwinism?This view of economics is referred to as laissez-faire or the government does not intervene in the market The Crédit Mobilier Scandal:Occurred during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant1872A Scandal where the railroad companies and construction suppliers were owned by the same peopleThe supplier, Crédit Mobilier, charged very high or inflated prices for construction materialsThe government-backed Union Pacific happily paid these pricesWith inflated prices came bribes and kickbacks (a percentage of income given to a person in a position of power or influence as payment for having made the income possible) to the Congressmen involvedBoss Tweed:28740106350“Who stole the people’s money?”Corruption means dishonest conduct in government.Corruption in government hurts the people!00“Who stole the people’s money?”Corruption means dishonest conduct in government.Corruption in government hurts the people!William M. Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall, a political machine in New York City where people voted to support the Democratic PartyTweed and his supporters basically ran New York City as members of the Democratic Party controlled all powerful offices there2521308394869Tammany Hall also helped immigrants find jobs in exchange for votesThis is an example of municipal (relating to a city or town or its governing body) corruption as bribery and kickbacks were commonThe New York Times eventually exposed Tweed with the help of cartoonist Thomas NastAfter being prosecuted, Tweed went to prison148907567310Of course, the first civil service system was created during the Han Dynasty of China.00Of course, the first civil service system was created during the Han Dynasty of China.122618510663The Pendleton Act:After President James Garfield was assassinated by an disgruntled office-seeker, this act attempted to rid the country of the spoils system411480017081524. During the latter half of the 19th century, many business organizations in the United States combined into large corporations becauseincome levels for workers would be improved government intervention in economic affairs would decline efficiency in production methods could be increased economic possibilities outside the United States could be explored 25. In the second half of the 1800s, which development led to the other three?expansion of political machinesgrowth of American citiesdevelopment of tenement housingincrease in crime0024. During the latter half of the 19th century, many business organizations in the United States combined into large corporations becauseincome levels for workers would be improved government intervention in economic affairs would decline efficiency in production methods could be increased economic possibilities outside the United States could be explored 25. In the second half of the 1800s, which development led to the other three?expansion of political machinesgrowth of American citiesdevelopment of tenement housingincrease in crimeDo you remember the spoils system? It was created during the presidency of Andrew Jackson and it rewarded political supporters with government jobsThis act provided for a civil service test to be taken by all government office-seekersA test for government service creates a meritocracy where government service is based on abilityIndustrialization and Its Impact on Workers:Industrial working conditions in the late 19th century were often quite hazardousSafeguards around machinery were inadequateThousands of workers were injured or killed in accidents each yearWorkers faced a six-day work week of 10 to 14 hours per dayPay averaged from $3 to $12 weeklyIndustrial workers could be fired for any reasonThere was no unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation, health insurance or old-age insuranceUnions:With the rise of big business, individual workers lost all bargaining power with their employers36887154127540601905080A union is an organization of workers that promotes higher wages and safer working conditions. A worker alone has little power but workers united are more powerful. In the early days of industrialization, the government favored bosses and workers in unions were often punished by government policies.00A union is an organization of workers that promotes higher wages and safer working conditions. A worker alone has little power but workers united are more powerful. In the early days of industrialization, the government favored bosses and workers in unions were often punished by government policies.Many workers realized that some form of labor organization was needed to protect their interestsThey formed unions so that they could act as a groupUnions organized strikes and other forms of protest to obtain better working conditionsIndustrialists like Carnegie used immigrant workers or closed down factories rather than negotiate with unionsThe Knights of Labor:right635026. Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century argued thatthe National Government should not interfere in the activities of big business …big business national wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold the idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation’s economic growth government should protect society through the regulation of business 0026. Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century argued thatthe National Government should not interfere in the activities of big business …big business national wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold the idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation’s economic growth government should protect society through the regulation of business Founded in 1869: An industrial union led by Terence PowderlyFought for an end to child labor, an 8-hour workday, and equal pay for equal workAfrican Americans and women were allowed to joinOften used strikesA strike occurs when workers refuse to work in protest of working conditions or wagesThe Knights of Labor joined together all skilled and unskilled workersThe Knights of Labor collapsed after a general strike for an eight-hour day failed in Chicago and the Haymarket Massacre occurred in 1886right444527. The formation of national labor unions in the late 1800s was mainly a response topassage of federal laws that favored workerslaws restricting immigration and naturalizationpoor working conditions and low wages in many industrieseconomic depressions that had led to high unemployment0027. The formation of national labor unions in the late 1800s was mainly a response topassage of federal laws that favored workerslaws restricting immigration and naturalizationpoor working conditions and low wages in many industrieseconomic depressions that had led to high unemploymentThe Haymarket Affair: 1886Occurred when labor leaders were blamed when a bomb exploded at a demonstration of striking workers at Haymarket Square in ChicagoSeven police were killedThe remaining police opened fire on the crowEight anarchists were later arrested, accused of the bombing, and triedFour were found guilty and hung, yet no one was found guilty of throwing the bombBoth political and business leaders were frightened by the incident, and the average American citizen saw a threat to the traditional standards of society in the actions of unionsThe rumor that the Knights of Labor were connected to anarchists frightened the middle class and destroyed the union which was seen as the organizer of the incidentright7048528. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a major goal of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was toend restrictions on child laboradmit women to the industrial workforceimprove wages and working conditionsjoin all workers into a single union0028. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a major goal of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was toend restrictions on child laboradmit women to the industrial workforceimprove wages and working conditionsjoin all workers into a single unionThe American Federation of Labor:Formed in 1886 by Samuel GompersA craft union where people of a similar craft were grouped togetherUnited workers with similar economic interestsConsisted of separate unions of skilled workers joined together into a federationGompers limited his goals to winning improved wages and working conditions for workers, higher pay, and an 8-hour work dayGompers fought hard to improve members’ job security by seeking closed shops (places where only union members were hired)The AFL quickly emerged as the principal voice of organized laborUnlike the Knights of Labor, Samuel Gompers urged striking only when necessaryGompers fought for “bread and butter” issues such as an 8-hour workday and higher wagesThe AFL also promoted collective bargainingCollective Bargaining:Collective bargaining is the process in which working people, through their unions, negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment, including pay, benefits, hours, leave, job health and safety policies, ways to balance work and family and moreCollective bargaining is a way for workers and bosses to solve workplace problemsThe Industrial Workers of the World (the Wobblies):Founded in 1905Led by a vocal socialist, Eugene V. DebsThe most radical of all of the unionsLargely comprised of the “new immigrants”Opposed the?American Federation of Labor’s acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers in craft unions34855845248The Wobblies wanted one big union for all workers.00The Wobblies wanted one big union for all workers. The Molly Maguires:Irish-American coal miners in Pennsylvania388810516891029. In a United States history textbook, the terms bread and butter unionism, Gospel of Wealth, and mechanization would most likely be found in a chapter entitledReconstruction (1865–1877) Industrialization (1870–1900) Imperialism (1898–1905) The Roaring Twenties (1920–1929) 02000029. In a United States history textbook, the terms bread and butter unionism, Gospel of Wealth, and mechanization would most likely be found in a chapter entitledReconstruction (1865–1877) Industrialization (1870–1900) Imperialism (1898–1905) The Roaring Twenties (1920–1929) Belonged to a secret societyLabeled anarchists who opposed established governmentSought labor rights in the minesIn the 1870s, were charged with a number of crimesWith some questionable evidence, several members were executedThe Homestead Strike: 1892Workers at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania began to unionizeCarnegie opposed unionization418719017780“Labor Leaders Executed for Causing Haymarket Riot”“State Militia Called In To End Homestead Strike”“1,000 Jailed as Silver Miners Protest Wage Cuts”30. Which statement about labor unions in the late 1800s is illustrated by these headlines? Strikes by labor unions usually gained public support. The government frequently opposed labor union activities. Labor union demands were usually met. Arbitration was commonly used to end labor unrest. 00“Labor Leaders Executed for Causing Haymarket Riot”“State Militia Called In To End Homestead Strike”“1,000 Jailed as Silver Miners Protest Wage Cuts”30. Which statement about labor unions in the late 1800s is illustrated by these headlines? Strikes by labor unions usually gained public support. The government frequently opposed labor union activities. Labor union demands were usually met. Arbitration was commonly used to end labor unrest. Violence occurred between strikers and Pinkerton (private) detectivesA gun battle resulted in which a number of Pinkerton agents and strikers were killed and many were injuredStrikers were arrested and tried for treasonThe Pullman Strike of 1894:Pullman cars were luxury railroad carsWhen wages went down at the Pullman factory, the workers went on strikeEugene V. Debs, a socialist, instructed railroad workers to halt trains with Pullman cars on themMuch violence and property damage accompanied the strikePresident Grover Cleveland said that the strike actions disrupted federal mailThe President got a court order (injunction) to end the strikeDebs went to prisonAnother example in the early years of unions where the government sided with bossesAmid the crisis, on June 28th, President Grover Cleveland and Congress created a national holiday, Labor Day, as a conciliatory gesture toward the American labor movementThe Interstate Commerce Act:right1016031. From 1865 to 1900, how did the growth of industry affect American society?The United States experienced the disappearance of the traditional agriculturePopulation centers shifted from the Northeast to the South Restrictions on immigration created a more homogeneous culture. The percentage of Americans living in urban areas increased. 0031. From 1865 to 1900, how did the growth of industry affect American society?The United States experienced the disappearance of the traditional agriculturePopulation centers shifted from the Northeast to the South Restrictions on immigration created a more homogeneous culture. The percentage of Americans living in urban areas increased. This act created the Interstate Commerce Committee that looked to ensure that railroad shipping fees were fairBefore the Interstate Commerce Commission was created, farmers pressured Illinois to create legislation to prevent inflated prices for hauling crops on railroadsIn Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court supported state government attempts to regulate railroadsThe Court reversed itself in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), ending state regulation of railroadsIn 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, which prohibited railroads from charging different rates to customers shipping goods an equal distance, and other unfair practicesAn Interstate Commerce Commission was created to investigate complaints and to enforce the actThus, a Federal Interstate Commerce Commission was created to address the controversial issue of railroad pricingIt is important to remember that Congress regulates interstate commerce or trade between statesright16319532. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended toprevent large corporations from eliminating their competitiondistinguish good trusts from bad trustsregulate rates charged by railroadsforce large trusts to bargain with labor unions0032. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended toprevent large corporations from eliminating their competitiondistinguish good trusts from bad trustsregulate rates charged by railroadsforce large trusts to bargain with labor unionsThe Sherman Anti-Trust Act: 1890Attempted to break up monopolies and trusts that harmed consumers“Any contract or combination in restraint of trade is illegal.”Did not define “restraint of trade” wellThus, the law was mostly used at first to break up unions 43513529596833. The “new immigrants” to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came primarily fromsouthern and eastern Europenorthern and western EuropeEast AsiaLatin America34. Why did the United States follow a policy of open immigration during much of the 1800s?Many United States citizens wanted to live abroad.The United States had a shortage of labor.Prosperous conditions in Europe resulted in fewer immigrants coming to the United States.Immigrants provided United States industry with capital.02000033. The “new immigrants” to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came primarily fromsouthern and eastern Europenorthern and western EuropeEast AsiaLatin America34. Why did the United States follow a policy of open immigration during much of the 1800s?Many United States citizens wanted to live abroad.The United States had a shortage of labor.Prosperous conditions in Europe resulted in fewer immigrants coming to the United States.Immigrants provided United States industry with capital.The “Old Immigrants” and the “New Immigrants”:Late 19th-century America experienced a sudden flood of immigrantsUp until 1880, most immigrants had come from Northern EuropeIn general, these “Old Immigrants” were Protestant, except for Irish Catholics, and most spoke EnglishImmigration patterns changed in the 1880sRailroads and steamships made the voyage to America more affordableMost “New Immigrants” came from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and RussiaThey were Catholics and Jewish, spoke no English, were poor, and dressed differently from Northern Europeansleft227330“When the connection was finally made the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific engineers ran their engines up until their pilots touched. Then the engineers shook hands and had their pictures taken and each broke a bottle of champagne on the pilot of the other’s engine and had their picture taken again.” ~ An eyewitness account by Alexander Toponce00“When the connection was finally made the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific engineers ran their engines up until their pilots touched. Then the engineers shook hands and had their pictures taken and each broke a bottle of champagne on the pilot of the other’s engine and had their picture taken again.” ~ An eyewitness account by Alexander ToponceAsian immigrants also arrived Two Theories on Immigration: The Melting Potright8224“America’s strength lies in its diversity. Many immigrant groups have joined the mainstream of American life, while maintaining their languages, religions, and traditions. This has made the United States a strong nation.”35. The author of this statement could best be described as a supporter ofnativism ethnocentrism cultural pluralism limited social mobility020000“America’s strength lies in its diversity. Many immigrant groups have joined the mainstream of American life, while maintaining their languages, religions, and traditions. This has made the United States a strong nation.”35. The author of this statement could best be described as a supporter ofnativism ethnocentrism cultural pluralism limited social mobilityPeoples from various cultures come to America and contribute aspects of their?culture?to create a new, unique American cultureThe result is that contributions from many cultures are indistinguishable from one another and are effectively “melted” togetherCultural PluralismImmigrants maintain their cultural identity as they coexist with other AmericansAccording to this?“Salad Bowl Theory,”?there are times when newly arrived immigrants do not lose the unique aspects of their culturesThe unique characteristics of each culture are still identifiable within the larger American society, much like the ingredients in a salad are still identifiable, yet contribute to the overall makeup of the salad bowlright5670836. Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800’s?Business and industry depended on the foreign capital brought by immigrants. The American economy needed many unskilled workers. Most Americans desired a more diversified culture. The United States wanted to help European nations by taking in their surplus population. 0036. Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800’s?Business and industry depended on the foreign capital brought by immigrants. The American economy needed many unskilled workers. Most Americans desired a more diversified culture. The United States wanted to help European nations by taking in their surplus population. Nativism:Nativism is an anti-immigrant attitudeAs the flood of immigrants grew at the end of the 1800s, nativist hostility mountedNativists called for the restriction of immigration to the United StatesNativists argued that “New Immigrants” were inferior to “true” Americans – white, Anglo-Saxon and ProtestantNativists believed that people of other races, religions, and nationalities were physically and culturally inferiorThe Know Nothing Party was a Nativist Party and it was anti-Irish-Catholic in sentiment49574452286037. The Gentlemen’s Agreement, literacy tests, and the quota system were all attempts by Congress to restrictimmigration property ownership voting rights access to public education 0037. The Gentlemen’s Agreement, literacy tests, and the quota system were all attempts by Congress to restrictimmigration property ownership voting rights access to public education The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882:The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was passed to pacify anti-Chinese feelings in California against the flood of Chinese workers: all Chinese immigration was bannedThe Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907: The Japanese government promised to limit future Japanese immigrationAsian immigrants had often faced segregation and discrimination in the U.S.The Quota Acts of the 1920s:Specifically the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924Set limits on immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern EuropeThis meant that government policy favored more assimilated (Americanized) immigrants from Western European nations such as Britain52438308255To us perfectly green aliens, you – humans – are pretty much the same.00To us perfectly green aliens, you – humans – are pretty much the same.4846154855900Immigration from Eastern Europe was greatly curtailedThe quota acts were inspired by a belief in eugenics-Eugenics attempted to rank the races-Proponents of eugenics ranked Southern and Eastern European immigrants lower than Western Europeans4106683284598173-4445I love Little Italy in Manhattan and Chinatown too!00I love Little Italy in Manhattan and Chinatown too!Urbanization and the “New Immigrants”:Urbanization refers to movement to cities“New immigrants” often settled in cities“New immigrants” were unfamiliar with American customs, lived in crowded apartments, and worked as unskilled laborers for long hours at low payThey often faced hostility and discrimination from native-born Americans and from other ethnic groupsMany of the New Immigrants settled with others of the same nationality in neighborhoods known as ghettosA ghetto is a section of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social, legal, or economic pressureHowever, this isolated many “new immigrants” from mainstream American lifeWhile some attended night school to learn English, most were too busy working or caring for families to learn a new language or cultureIt was left to their children to learn English and become familiar with American customs45755345113138. The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911 drew national attention to the need torestrict immigration from southern Europeestablish full-time fire departmentsprotect the safety of workersimprove conditions for tenement dwellers02000038. The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911 drew national attention to the need torestrict immigration from southern Europeestablish full-time fire departmentsprotect the safety of workersimprove conditions for tenement dwellersIn this way, immigrant children were eventually assimilated or “Americanized.”The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire:The fire occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New York City sweatshopA sweatshop is a shop or factory in which employees work for long hours at low wages and under unhealthy conditionsThe fire touched off a national movement for safer working conditionsAlmost 150 young women workers died because the factory doors had been bolted shut from the outsideMost of the workers were immigrantsSoon after the fire, Congress passed legislation favorable to unions right9398039. The mechanization of agriculture in the United States led directly toan increase in productionless dependence on railroads by farmersfewer agricultural exportsthe decreasing size of the average farm40000039. The mechanization of agriculture in the United States led directly toan increase in productionless dependence on railroads by farmersfewer agricultural exportsthe decreasing size of the average farmThe West:26435058890“Where the?Indian?killed one?buffalo, the hide and tongue hunters killed fifty.” ~ Chief Red Cloud00“Where the?Indian?killed one?buffalo, the hide and tongue hunters killed fifty.” ~ Chief Red Cloud17286636903001860-1890The Homestead Act:Passed during the Civil WarProvided public land for private use“Free Land” became the slogan3143250253365Exodusters in Kansas wanted to escape racism in the South.00Exodusters in Kansas wanted to escape racism in the South.476250016446540. In the period from 1860 to 1900, the Federal Government encouraged the settlement of the West bypassing an increased number of liberal immigration laws selling the most fertile public land to Native American Indians providing free transportation to settlers moving to the frontier granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction 0040. In the period from 1860 to 1900, the Federal Government encouraged the settlement of the West bypassing an increased number of liberal immigration laws selling the most fertile public land to Native American Indians providing free transportation to settlers moving to the frontier granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction About 270 million acres (10% of the U.S.) were claimed and settled under this actA homestead was usually 160 acres in size282575051435Homesteaders became “sodbusters,” as they had to bust through the thick sod to plant and build homesMany African Americans looked to escape racism in the South and fled to western states as wellThese “exodusters” hoped for a better opportunity in Kansas The Transcontinental Railroad:A railroad that linked the entire country togetherThe Central Pacific (built with the labor of Chinese immigrants) built east from Sacramento, CaliforniaThe Union Pacific built west from Council Bluffs, IowaThe Golden Spike was hammered at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869The railroads led to the development of cities in the west 4527550444541. What was a major goal of the Dawes Act (1887)?to provide a tribal legislature to govern all reservationsto remove the Cherokees from the southeastern United Statesto strengthen Native American Indian tribal unityto encourage assimilation of Native American Indians0041. What was a major goal of the Dawes Act (1887)?to provide a tribal legislature to govern all reservationsto remove the Cherokees from the southeastern United Statesto strengthen Native American Indian tribal unityto encourage assimilation of Native American IndiansThe Dawes Severalty Act of 1887:The goal of this act was to assimilate Native American Indians and to break up reservation tribal lands in favor of individual ownershipThe government granted plots of land and United States citizenship to Native American Indians who “adopted the habits of civilized life”This program failed because the best land was typically granted to whites and the government would not give full control of the land until 25 years after its issuanceIt also failed to respect the indigenous cultures of the Native American IndiansNow that the Buffalo Are Gone:50228505080“Oh, it’s all in the past you can say But it’s still going on here today The government now want the Iroquois land That of the Seneca and the Cheyenne It’s here and it’s now you can help us dear man Now that the buffalo’s gone.”~ Buffy Sainte-Marie?00“Oh, it’s all in the past you can say But it’s still going on here today The government now want the Iroquois land That of the Seneca and the Cheyenne It’s here and it’s now you can help us dear man Now that the buffalo’s gone.”~ Buffy Sainte-Marie?Buffalo were vital for Native American Indians on the western plainsThe buffalo provided food as well as materials for shelter, tools, and clothingIn 1870, there were 13 million buffalo on the plainsBy 1883, there were only a few hundred left47307508890Buffalo hunters had killed many for sportTrains offered voyages where people could fire guns at animals from railroad carsBy killing the buffalo unnecessarily and for sport, the way of life of the Plains Indians was destroyedLittle Big Horn, 1876:The location of General George Custer’s “Last Stand”After gold was reportedly spotted in the Black Hills of Montana, the army went to inspectSix tribes outnumbered the American forces, and killed everyone including CusterThe Battle of Little Big Horn was a short-lived victory for the Native AmericansFederal troops soon poured into the Black HillsWhile many Native Americans surrendered, Sitting Bull escaped to CanadaThe Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee, 1890:An American Indian spiritual movementThe ghost dance began in Nevada in 1889 when a Paiute named Wovoka prophesied the extinction of white people and the return of the old-time life and superiority of the IndiansThe Ghost Dance movement taught that the Indians were defeated and confined to reservations because they had angered the gods by abandoning their traditional waysIf they practiced the Ghost Dance ritual and rejected white ways, many Sioux believed the gods would create the world anew, destroy the unbelievers, and bring back murdered Indians and the giant herds of bisonThe Indians could return to their lands and the buffalo would once again roam the Great PlainsBy late 1890, Pine Ridge Indian agent James McLaughlin was alarmed by the movement’s increasing influence and its prediction that whites would be wiped outOn December 29, the 7th Cavalry under Colonel James Forsyth surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under the Sioux Chief Big Foot near Wounded Knee Creek and demanded they surrender their weaponsBig Foot and his followers had no intentions of attacking anyone, but they were distrustful of the army and feared they would be attacked if they relinquished their gunsNonetheless, the Sioux agreed to surrender and began turning over their gunsAs that was happening, a scuffle broke out between an Indian and a soldier, and a shot was firedThough no one is certain which side fired it, the ensuing melee was quick and brutalWithout arms and outnumbered, the Sioux were reduced to hand-to-hand fighting with knives, and they were cut down in a withering rain of bullets, many coming from the army’s rapid-fire repeating Hotchkiss gunsBy the time the soldiers withdrew, 146 Indians were dead (including 44 women and 18 children) and 51 wounded. - The 7th Cavalry had 25 dead and 39 wounded The Wounded Knee Massacre became a symbol of Native American discrimination and oppressionHelen Hunt Jackson:right4445“There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected....It makes little difference...where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain. The story of one tribe is the story of all, varied only by differences of time and place....Colorado is as greedy and unjust in 1880 as was Georgia in 1830, and Ohio in 1795, and the United States government breaks promises now as deftly as then, and with the added ingenuity from long practice.”~ Helen Hunt Jackson00“There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected....It makes little difference...where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain. The story of one tribe is the story of all, varied only by differences of time and place....Colorado is as greedy and unjust in 1880 as was Georgia in 1830, and Ohio in 1795, and the United States government breaks promises now as deftly as then, and with the added ingenuity from long practice.”~ Helen Hunt JacksonIn 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor, a nonfiction work that detailed the horrors of Native American Removal in the nineteenth century2628900486410She documented how thousands of Native Americans were pushed from the eastern US to the west, and their lack of Constitutional protectionsLike?Uncle Tom's Cabin,?The Jungle,?and?Silent Spring, Helen Hunt Jackson's?Century of Dishonor aroused the nation’s conscience and stimulated political action against injustice, in this case the nation’s unjust treatment of Native American IndiansThe Turner Thesis:After the closing of the American frontier, Harvard professor, Frederick Jackson Turner wrote a thesis in 1893 concluding that the West (the frontier) personified the story of AmericaHe believed that he West was the most important component of the American storyHe displayed the importance of how the frontier line had always sparked individual strength and democracyHe also argued that the frontier offered free land and promised opportunity which diffused economic and social conflictNot all historians agreed with Turner; some argued that Turner failed to emphasize other critical factors like slavery and industrializationWord Bank: Reconstruction, North, Emancipation Proclamation, John Brown, West Virginia, Jim Crow, Radical Republicans, Thirteenth, Black Codes, MarketsThe ______Thirteenth_________ Amendment prohibited slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment gave former slaves citizenship, and guaranteed all citizens that they would enjoy “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of law” from state governments. The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed freed slaves the right to vote. ______John Brown_________ was an abolitionist who believed one should fight the evil of slavery. He organized a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, hoping to seize weapons to arm slaves and start an uprising. He was captured, tried, and executed, but his action epitomizes the growing split in the nation. He became a martyr in the North, and verses and songs were written about his attempts to end slavery. Meanwhile, Southerners had expanded their rhetoric in defense of the institution of slavery.The American Civil War became on April 12, 1861 when the Confederate States of America attacked the federal fort, Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. After two days of shelling, the garrison surrendered and was allowed to leave. War had begun. The four states of the Upper South seceded to join the Confederacy. The capital was then moved to Richmond, Virginia. Robert E. Lee, a graduate of West Point, accepted the command of the army of his home state of Virginia, having turned down command of the Union army. Several states that had been considered Southern did not secede. Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware remained in the Union, and what is now ____West Virginia__________ broke off from the state of Virginia during the war to form a new state.The Civil War was bloody – one million casualties in a population North and South of approximately 31 million; expensive – the estimated cost of over $20 billion; and long – it lasted four arduous years. The South’s strategy was to hold on and wear the North down. The North’s strategy was to blockade the South in order to isolate it from _______Markets_______________ and potential allies; to capture the capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond; and to split the South into two parts along the Mississippi River and then by a thrust through Georgia to the sea to split it further into three units.The North___________________ won the Civil War. The North had immense long-term advantages: a larger population, more money, more railroad lines, greater manufacturing facilities, and superior naval power. Yet despite these advantages, it took the North four years to defeat the South.One of the most important events of the Civil War was the issuance of the ____Emanciaption Proclomation_______ (1862). Lincoln announced that all slaves in states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. The Proclamation gave a moral purpose to the war. However, it soon became unclear whether Lincoln had the constitutional power to free the slaves. Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment. When it was ratified in 1865, it abolished slavery throughout the United States._____Reconstruction_______________, the name given to the process of reestablishing the Union to again include the seceded states, began during the war and lasted until 1877. Abraham Lincoln believed secession was unconstitutional, and so legally, the Southern states were still in the Union. He believed the executive branch, particularly the president, should establish the process of reconstruction and the terms should be generous. Members of Congress in 1864 presented their own much less generous plan, but Lincoln did not sign the bill, angering the radical or extreme Republicans in Congress. The Radical Republicans, led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, had been a force in Congress since before the war. They were intolerant of slavery, strong abolitionist, and prepared to make the South “pay” for the war.President Lincoln believed the Southern states should be treated leniently. But only a few days after the South surrendered, Lincoln was assassinated. The new President, Andrew Johnson, sought to follow Lincoln’s plan. Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau to help freed slaves (known as freedmen). However, Southern states passed _________Black Codes ____________ to preserve traditional Southern life-styles despite the ban on slavery. For example, it was made illegal for freedmen to hold public office, travel freely or serve on juries.Northerners were outraged at the election of rebel leaders in the South and the passage of Black Codes. Congress refused to recognize the new Southern governments. The _____Radical Republicans___________, a group of Northern Congressmen with a majority in Congress, wanted the freedmen to have political equality. The Radical Republicans passed a Civil Rights Bill guaranteeing freedmen’s rights, and imposed military rule on the South. To ensure that this legislation would not be held unconstitutional, they rewrote the act as the Fourteenth Amendment – granting citizenship to all former slaves. President ______Lincoln and Johnson____ opposed the Congressional program. The Radical Republicans suspected Johnson, a Southerner from Tennessee, of being overly sympathetic to the South. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, limiting the President’s power to dismiss his own Cabinet members. When Johnson dismissed his Secretary of War, the House of Representatives impeached (indicted) Johnson. In the Senate, the Radical Republicans fell just one vote short of convicting and removing him from office.Starting in the 1880s, Southern legislatures passed “_____Jim Crow______________” laws segregating African Americans from whites. African Americans were not permitted to ride in the same train cars, attend the same schools, or use any of the same public facilities as whites. Word Bank: Standard Oil Company, Muckrakers, Laissez-faire, “The Gospel of Wealth”, Social Darwinism, Closed Shops, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Gilded Age, Unions, Trusts, Robber Barons, Northern EuropeBecause of the lavish lifestyles of those who became rich from industry, the period from 1856 to 1900 became known as the _______Gilded Age____________. Gilded means covered in gold.Through the efficiencies of large-scale production, these industrialists lowered the prices of goods, making them more affordable. But some called these entrepreneurs _________Robber Barrons____________ because of the ruthless tactics they used to destroy competition and to keep down worker’s wages. Two of the most famous entrepreneurs in the Gilded Age were Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919). Carnegie worked his way up from a penniless Scottish immigrant to become one of America’s richest men. His steel mills ruthlessly undercut all competition. His workers put in 12-hour shifts at low wages. Carnegie hired thugs to crush any worker attempts to unionize. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) formed the ____Standard Oil Company______________ in 1870. Rockefeller forced railroad companies to give him special, secret rates for shipping his oil, while they charged his competitors higher prices.Beginning with the Depression of 1873, many large producers like Carnegie and Rockefeller began driving smaller companies out of business or acquiring them. In other cases, rival companies reached agreements to consolidate (join together), often in _____Trusts_________________________. Many producers hoped to eliminate competition by establishing a monopoly (a single seller dominating a market). Monopolistic power allowed them to dictate their own price to consumers.Many business leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries followed the tenets of __ Social Darwinism___________. This philosophy loosely applied Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to economics. Taking Darwin’s suggestions of the survival of the fittest as the determinant in evolution, proponents of this philosophy believed that the state should not interfere in economic life. They believed those on top in the business world were there because they were the fittest. They had survived the battle of the marketplace because they were the best. Social Darwinists believed that any interference in the free market operation would wreck the economy and upset its natural evolution. This view of economics is referred to as ____Laissez Faire___________________. Social Darwinists believed any person with ability could rise to the top, and laborers were where they were because of natural selection.By the end of the century one millionaire, Andrew Carnegie, added a new twist to Social Darwinism in a speech “___Gospel of Wealth_________________.” In 1889, Carnegie argued that wealth was essential for civilization and by the natural law of competition only a few could achieve it. However, what these few did with their wealth was crucial for society. Carnegie argued that the rich should administer their wealth through their lifetime to benefit society.With the rise of big business, individual workers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Many workers realized that some form of labor organization was needed to protect their interests. They formed ______Unions___________ so that they could act as a group. Together workers organized strikes and other forms of protest to obtain better working conditions. Industrialists like Carnegie used immigrant workers or closed down factories rather than negotiate with these labor associations.The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting workers with similar economic interests. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL consisted of separate unions of skilled workers joined together into a federation. Gompers limited his goals to winning improved wages and working conditions for workers, higher pay, and an 8-hour work day. Gompers fought hard to improve members’ job security by seeking ___Closed Shops_______________ (places where only union members were hired). The AFL quickly emerged as the principal voice of organized labor.In the early 20th century, the attitude of the government and public towards unions began to change. One event that caused this change was a fire at the ___Triangle Shirt Waist Company____________________________ in 1911. The fire occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New York City sweatshop. A sweatshop is a shop or factory in which employees work for long hours at low wages and under unhealthy conditions. The fire touched off a national movement for safer working conditions. Late 19th-century America experienced a sudden flood of immigrants. Up until 1880, most immigrants had come from ____North Europe__________________. In general, these “Old Immigrants” were Protestant, except for Irish Catholics, and most spoke English. Immigration patterns changed in the 1880s. Railroads and steamships made the voyage to America more affordable. Most “New Immigrants” came from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and Russia. They were Catholics and Jewish, spoke no English, were poor, and dressed differently from Northern Europeans. Asian immigrants also arrived.Among the most influential Progressives were investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists that exposed government corruption and the abuses of industry. These writers became known as _____Muckrackers ____. They examined the rise of industry and the abuses that often led to the accumulation of large fortunes. They also examined business practices affecting consumers and the lives of the poor. They provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States. ................
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