Loudoun County Public Schools



People EventsDocuments/ DoctrinesVocabularyMichelangeloDa VinciErasmusShakespeareMartin LutherJohn CalvinKing Henry VIIIQueen ElizabethCardinal RichelieuJan HusJohn WycliffeVasco da GamaChristopher ColumbusHernando CortesFrancisco PizarroFerdinand MagellanFrancis DrakeJacques CartierPrince Henry Nicolaus CopernicusJohannes KeplerGalileo GalileiIsaac NewtonWilliam HarveyLouis XIVPeter the GreatOliver CromwellCharles ICharles IIWilliam and MaryThomas HobbesJohn LockeMontequieuJean-Jacques RousseauVoltaireThomas JeffersonLouis XVINapoleonJohann Sebastian BachWolfgang A. MozartMiguel de CervantesEugene DelacroixToussaint L’OuvertureFr. Miguel HidalgoSimon BolivarJames MonroeOtto von BismarckCount CavourGiuseppe GaribaldiJames HargreavesJames WattEli WhitneyLouis PasteurHenry BessemerEdward JennerAdam Smith Karl MarxFriedrich EngelsArchduke FerdinandKaiser Wilhelm IWoodrow WilsonTsar Nicholas IIVladimir LeninJoseph StalinAdolph HiterBenito MussoliniHideki TojoHirohitoFranklin D. RooseveltHarry TrumanDwight EisenhowerDouglas MacArthurGeorge C. MarshallWinston ChurchillChiang Kai-ShekMao ZedongHo Chi MinhIndira GandhiMargaret ThatcherMikhail GorbachevDeng XiaopingMohandas GandhiJawaharlal NehruJomo KenyattaNelson MandelaGolda MeirGamal Abdul NasserOsama bin LadenRenaissanceProtestant ReformationThirty Years’ WarEdict of NantesCouncil of TrentGlorious RevolutionCommercial RevolutionEnlightenmentFrench RevolutionStorming of the BastilleReign of TerrorHaitian RevolutionCongress of Vienna1848 RevolutionsFranco-Prussian WarIndustrial RevolutionBoxer RebellionWorld War ILeague of NationsFebruary/ March RevolutionOctober/ November RevolutionRusso-Japanese WarGreat DepressionStock Market Crash of 1929Great PurgeInvasion of EthiopiaWorld War IIInvasion of PolandTreaty of VersaillesBattle of BritainD-DayAtomic BombingHolocaustFinal SolutionArmenian GenocideCambodian GenocideRwandan GenocideNuremburg TrialsBerlin WallUnited NationsNATOWarsaw PactCold WarYalta ConferenceCuban Missile CrisisChinese Civil WarKorean WarVietnam WarIndian National CongressPartition of IndiaYom Kippur WarInternational Monetary FundWorld Trade Organization (WTO)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Munich Olympics9/11 Attacks95 ThesesEnglish Bill of RightsDeclaration of IndependenceConstitution of the USDon QuixoteMonroe DoctrineBalance of Power DoctrineThe Wealth of NationsThe Communist ManifestoDas KapitalNew Economic Policy5 Year Plan Universal Declaration of Human RightsIron CurtainContainmentDeterranceSelf-determinationEncomienda systemSphere of influenceProtectorateColonyTaj MahalVersaillesShogunMercantilismHumanismRomanticismViceroysCreolesMestizosLiberalismConservatismNationalismRealpolitikCapitalismCommunismSuez CanalMilitarismMandate SystemNazismCollectivizationIndustrializationFascismAppeasementGenocideAnti-semetismWARSThirty Years’ War: War between the Catholics and the Protestants in France Glorious RevolutionBloodless revolution in England that puts William and Mary on the throne following the English Civil WarFrench RevolutionWar to overthrow the French monarch in 1789; Led to the execution of Louis XVI and Marie AntoinetteHaitian RevolutionSlave rebellion in Haiti following the French Revolution…Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture1848 RevolutionsA series of failed revolutions following the Congress of ViennaFranco-Prussian WarWar between Prussia and France that led to the Unification of GermanyBoxer RebellionArmed rebellion in China against the “Foreign DevisWorld War I1914-1919 War between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire VS. Britain, France, Russia, and the US (Italy changes sides)February/ March RevolutionThe Russian Revolution that overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and established the provisional governmentOctober/ November RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution that overthrew the Provisional Government and put Vladimir Lenin in powerRusso-Japanese WarWar over territory between Russia and Japan. Russia’s loss is one of the reasons for their own revolutionWorld War II1939-1945 war between the Allies (US, Britain, France, Russia) and the fascist dictators (Germany, Japan, and Italy)Chinese Civil WarWar in China between the Nationalists and the Communists….Ends with the communists seizing powerKorean WarWar in Korea that the US got involved in due to the policy of containment; Ended in a stalemate with the DMZ still maintaining soldiers there to this dayVietnam WarWar in Vietnam that the US got involved in due to the policy of containment. Ended with the communists taking VietnamYom Kippur WarWar fought between Egypt and Syria against Israel with the goal of destroying the state of IsraelCold War1945-1991: War between the USSR and the US that includes events like the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, the Berlin Wall, etc. Major EventsMunich Olympics1972 Summer Olympics attack where eleven Israeli team members were taken hostage and killed along with a few others by Palestinian group Black September9/11 AttacksSeptember 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon and World Trade Center buildings orchestrated by Osama bin LadenPartition of IndiaThe split that occurred between Hindus and Muslims that led to the formation of PakistanStock Market Crash of 1929The crash of the stock market which symbolizes the beginning of the Great Depression. The world’s reliance on the US economy created economic issues worldwideGreat PurgeStalin’s killing of many elites, political rivals, Bolshevik revolutionaries, etc. Invasion of EthiopiaMussolini’s invasion of the African nation prior to WWII where he gassed many.Invasion of PolandThe invasion by Hitler that started WWII. Battle of BritainGerman bombing of Britain by aerial attacks during WWII. D-DayAllied invasion on the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944Atomic BombingBombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that led to the Japanese surrender in WWIIHolocaustGenocide that occurred during WWII by the Nazis that lead to the killing of Jews, Slavs, communists, homosexuals, the handicapped, and many moreFinal SolutionHitler’s plan to exterminate all of the Jews during WWIIArmenian GenocideKilling of the minority in the Ottoman EmpireCambodian GenocideKilling of scholars in Asia by the ruler Pol PotRwandan GenocideKilling of many Tutsis by the Hutu majority in AfricaNuremburg TrialsTrials of the Nazi war criminalsBerlin WallActual wall that separated East and West Berlin built by the Soviets to keep those fleeing to West Berlin. Finally torn down in 1990Storming of the BastilleEvent that really signifies the beginning of the French Revolution where many stormed the fort to steal gunpowderReign of TerrorPeriod in the French Revolution where Robespierre killed many enemies via the guillotineCuban Missile CrisisClosest we have ever come to Nuclear War that started because the USSR was putting missiles in Cuba and ended when the US Navy blockaded their shipsAgreements/ ConferencesIndian National CongressGroup that fought for and eventually obtained independence from the British in the 1940sEdict of Nantes1598 Edict signed by Henry IV that granted the Huguenots (French Calvinists) religious tolerance in France. It was later revoked by Louis XIV. Council of TrentMeeting of the Catholic Church in the mid 1500s to figure out how to handle the Protestant Reformation. This launched the Counter ReformationCongress of ViennaMeeting of diplomats in Europe to figure out what to do after the defeat of Napoleon. Their goals were balance of power, a new map, re-establishing king’s reign through legitimacy, and overall conservatism at this point in time. Remember Balance of Power A new map Conservatism Kings ruleLeague of NationsGroup that formed after WWI that was the idea of Woodrow Wilson whose goal was to promote world peace; however, lack of membership (including the US) and any means of enforcement left it powerless. It was replaced by the United NationsTreaty of VersaillesTreaty that ended WWI that required Germany to accept all blame and pay reparations for starting the war. Yalta ConferenceMeeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin to determine what to do with post-WWII Europe Berlin Conference1884 Conference that led to the dividing up of Africa among European colonial powersOrganizationsInternational Monetary Fundan?international organization?headquartered in?Washington, D.C., in the?United States, of 188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the worldWorld Trade Organization (WTO)an?intergovernmental organization?which regulates?international trade.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)an agreement signed by?Canada,?Mexico, and the?United States, creating a trilateral?rules-basedtrade bloc?in?North AmericaUnited Nationsan?intergovernmental organization?established 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective?League of Nations, the organization was created following the?Second World War?to prevent another such conflictNATOMilitary alliance of mutual defense in response to an attack (primarily made up of the US and other western democracies during the Cold War)Warsaw PactMilitary alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nationsMovementsRenaissance“rebirth” of culture in the mid-1400s through the 1600s that started in Italy and worked its way North…characterized by patrons, art, literature, and humanismProtestant Reformationthe 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern mercial Revolutiona period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th centuryEnlightenmenta European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.Great DepressionWorldwide depression that occurred between WWI and WWII due to the Treaty of Versailles, the stock market crash, and high tariffsIndustrial RevolutionPeriod of rapid industrialization that started in Great Britain. Population increased, quality of life increased, pollution increased, literacy increased, Books/ Writings95 ThesesMartin Luther’s list of grievances against the Catholic Church that he posts on the Church door and triggers the Protestant ReformationDon Quixote1st (European) novel written by CervantesThe Wealth of NationsBook by Adam Smith that emphasizes the free market and “laissez-faire” economicsThe Communist ManifestoBook by Karl Marx that discusses class warfare and promotes the idea of a class-less society (communism)Das KapitalBook by Karl Marx that even further looks at capitalism and oppression of the lower classes Legal documentEnglish Bill of RightsAn Act Declaring the?Rights?and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal…signed by William and MaryDeclaration of IndependenceDocument written by Thomas Jefferson inspired by the Enlightenment listing American colonies’ grievances against the king and explains why they are breaking off from themConstitution of the USConstitution was inspired by Enlightenment thinkersUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsa?declarationadopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris.Doctrine/ PolicyMonroe DoctrineDoctrine by the US that Europe should no longer interfere in affairs in the Western HemisphereBalance of Power DoctrineDoctrine followed by the Congress of Vienna that no European nation should be more powerful than anotherNew Economic PolicyPolicy set up for the USSR by Lenin following the Bolshevik Revolution that allowed for some competition (NOT PURE COMMUNISM)5 Year Plan Stalin’s plan for rapid industrialization and agricultural production. While some goals were met, many starved and were worked to deathIron CurtainSymbolic divide in Europe between the democratic west and the communist east. Term coined by Winston ChurchillContainmentPolicy of the US to deal with the spread of communism. The idea was to keep it contained so that no other countries would fall to it (domino theory)DeterrenceThe policy that neither the US nor the USSR would actually use their nuclear bombs or it would end in complete destruction of the worldSelf-determinationthe process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.ArtistsMichelangeloFamous Renaisance painter known for painting the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel and sculpting the statue of DavidDa VinciFamous “Renaissance man” known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last SupperJohann Sebastian BachFamous German baroque composer (Bach was BAROQUE)Wolfgang A. MozartFamous classical composer and child prodigyEugene DelacroixFamous romantic painter WritersErasmusWriter of Praise of Folley during the RenaissanceShakespeareWrote plays and sonnets in England during the Elizabethan age…Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Taming of the Shrew Thomas HobbesEnlightenment thinker responsible for writing Leviathan believed men were evil at heart and needed government John LockeEnlightenment thinker who wrote Two Treatise on Government; believed in natural rights to life, liberty, property “LOCK in your rights”MontequieuEnlightenment thinker who believed in separation of powers (inspired our 3 branches of government)Mon-Tes-Quieu (3 Branches)Jean-Jacques RousseauEnlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract (RouSOCIAL CONTRACT)VoltaireEnlightenment thinker who emphasized religious tolerance (VolTOLERANCE)Thomas JeffersonWrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…Miguel de CervantesWrote the first European novel Don QuixoteAdam Smith Wrote The Wealth of Nations, a book on capitalismKarl MarxWrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital with EngelsFriedrich EngelsCo-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl MarxMonarchs/ Emperors/ Nobility King Henry VIII King of England and Protestant reformer. Broke off from the Catholic Church to obtain a divorce in hopes of producing a male heir; founded the Church of EnglandQueen ElizabethDaughter of Henry VIII and ruler of England during the Elizabethan Age. Defeated Spanish Armada and nationalized the Anglican ChurchLouis XIVThe absolute ruler of France who had Versailles built where the nobility was forced to live and complete medial tasks such as hold his slippersPeter the GreatAbsolute ruler of Russia who helps westernize RussiaCharles IEnglish king who was beheaded during the English Civil WarCharles IIEnglish king who was well liked and came to power after Cromwell’s reignWilliam and MaryEnglish king and queen who took over in the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of RightsLouis XVIFrench king who was beheaded during the French RevolutionArchduke FerdinandArchduke who was assassinated by a terrorist group – which triggered WWIKaiser Wilhelm IRuler of Germany during WWITsar Nicholas IIRuler of Russia right before the Russian Revolution. Very incompetent and gave in to the whims of his wife who was under influence of RasputinHirohitoPowerless emperor of Japan during WWIIRevolutionaries/ Reformers/ Unifiers Martin LutherProtestant reformer and author of the 95 Theses- starts Lutheranism. Primarily took issue with indulgencesJohn CalvinProtestant reformer who emphasized the concept of predestination where those going to Heaven were chosen by God before they were bornKing Henry VIIIKing of England and Protestant reformer. Broke off from the Catholic Church to obtain a divorce in hopes of producing a male heir; founded the Church of EnglandJan HusCriticized the Church in the late Middle Ages. Believed that Jesus was the head of the Church, not the Pope. Burned at the stake.John WycliffeCritic of the Church in the late Middle Ages. Believe the Bible was the ultimate authority on Christian life. Inspired translation of the Bible. Burned at the stake. Oliver CromwellRuler in England during the English Civil War. Ruled as a dictator. ..eventually beheadedThomas JeffersonWrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…NapoleonFrench Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled 2x and defeated at Battle of WaterlooToussaint L’OuvertureFormer slave a leader of the Haitian RevolutionFr. Miguel HidalgoPriest who triggered the Mexican Revolution by ringing the Church bell Simon BolivarGeneral and leader of the revolutions in Central and South America.Otto von BismarckPolitician who unified Germany through his policy of realpolitikCount CavourPolitician who helped unify northern Italy and eventually all of Italy through diplomacyGiuseppe GaribaldiLeader of the Red Shirts who helped unify southern ItalyVladimir LeninLeader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first ruler of the USSR who enacted his NEP to help convert them over slowly to communismChiang Kai-ShekLeader of the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil WarMao ZedongLeader of the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and ruled China afterHo Chi MinhVietnamese communist revolutionary who helped trigger the Vietnam WarMohandas GandhiLeader of the INC and the Indian Independence Movement. Dies during the Partition of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru1st President of India after independenceJomo KenyattaLeader during the fight for Kenya’s independence and the Mau Mau Uprising. Kenya’s first presidentNelson MandelaLeader of the ANC and fought for South African independence. 1st black president of South Africa who abolished apartheid. Golda Meir“iron lady” of Israel; 4th prime minister of Israel who was responsible for winning the Yom Kippur War and initiated the alliance with the USGamal Abdul NasserRevolutionary who took control of Egypt and the Suez Canal. Industrialized and modernized Egypt as well as had the Aswan Dam built.GeneralsNapoleonFrench Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled 2x and defeated at Battle of WaterlooHideki TojoGeneral during WWII who invaded Manchuria, Korea, and ChinaDwight Eisenhower5 star general and Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII. Later became PresidentDouglas MacArthurUS General who played a prominent role in the Pacific during WWII“Villains”**depending on perspectiveCardinal RichelieuCardinal of France during the Thirty Years’ WarNapoleonFrench Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled 2x and defeated at Battle of WaterlooJoseph StalinRuler of Russia following Lenin’s reign around World War II. Responsible for the Five Year Plan and the Great PurgeAdolf HiterRuler of Germany during World War II and the primary instigator of WWII; Responsible for the Holocaust. The “Fuhrer”Benito MussoliniFascist dictator of Italy leading up to and during WWII. Invaded Ethiopia “Il Duce”Osama bin LadenHead of terrorist organization responsible for the 9/11 attacksPresidents and Prime Ministers and other important politiciansThomas JeffersonWrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…James MonroePresident of the United States….responsible for the Monroe DoctrineWoodrow WilsonPresident of the United States during WWI; Came up with the Fourteen Points and League of NationsFranklin D. RooseveltPresident of the United States during the Great Depression and WWII (not VJ Day).Harry TrumanPresident of the United States at the end of WWII who decided to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He also was responsible for Containment policy that later got the US involved in Korea and VietnamGeorge C. MarshallSec. of State who is responsible for the Marshall Plan- the plan to rebuild Europe after WWIIWinston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during WWII….first to coin term “iron curtain”Indira GandhiLeader in India during the Cold War who developed close ties to the USSR and launched programs to build nuclear weaponsMargaret Thatcher“iron lady” and longest serving prime minister in Britain. Responsible for Britain’s close alliance with the USMikhail GorbachevLast president of the USSR who was responsible for glasnost and perestroika which led to the Soviet Union’s collapseDeng XiaopingCommunist leader in China who reformed the economy. Resigned after Tianamen SquareExplorers/ Inventors/ Discovered…Vasco da GamaPortuguese explorer who was the first to travel to India by sea (going around the tip of Africa)Christopher Columbus“Discovered” the New World. Sailed under Spain to the CaribbeanHernando CortesSpanish conquistador who conquered the AztecsFrancisco PizarroSpanish conquistador who conquered the IncaFerdinand Magellan1st crew to go around the world. Magellan never made it as he died in the Pacific. Sailed under SpainFrancis DrakeEnglishman who was the 2nd to circumnavigate the globeJacques CartierFrench explorer who discovered areas of Canada and the St. Lawrence SeawayPrince Henry Prince who built schools for navigation and ship building….help spur explorationNicolaus CopernicusScientist who thought up heliocentric theoryJohannes KeplerScientist who discovered that the planets orbit is ellipticalGalileo GalileiHelped prove heliocentric theory with his telescopeIsaac NewtonScientist who proved the theory of gravityWilliam HarveyScientist who discovered blood circulates through the heartJames HargreavesInventor of the spinning jennyJames WattInventor of the steam engineEli WhitneyInventor of the cotton ginLouis PasteurDiscovered bacteria and that by boiling liquids, you could rid the substance of itHenry BessemerInvented a better process for melting steelEdward JennerDiscovered a vaccine for smallpox-ismsAnti-semetismPrejudice against Jews (Hitler) FascismA political movement that promotes an extreme for of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule (Mussolini)NazismFascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers Party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry (Hitler)MilitarismA policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for warCapitalismAn economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit (Smith)CommunismAn economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally (Marx)LiberalismThose who advocated for change in the early 19th century by giving more power to the people (Parliament, etc.)ConservatismIn the 19th century, those who wanted to restore the monarchies (Congress of Vienna)NationalismThe belief that people should be loyal to mainly their nation- to those they share culture and history- rather than a king or an empireMercantilismAn economic policy which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by selling more than they boughtHumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievementsRomanticismAn early 19th century movement in art and thought which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and societyPlacesTaj MahalBeautiful tomb in Agra, India built by the Mughals VersaillesPalace built by Louis XIV right outside of Paris (epitomizes absolutism)Suez CanalManmade waterway that connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, opened in 1869Other VocabularyEncomienda systemthe Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and?Pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructureSphere of influenceA foreign nation in which a nation has control over trade and other economic affairsProtectorate?an?autonomous?territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger?state?or entityColonyA territory is under complete political control by another stateViceroysSpanish governors in the New World CreolesIn Latin America, those people of Spanish descent who were born in the AmericasMestizosThose of mixed Native American and Spanish descentShogunliterally "military commander" or "general") was a hereditary military governor in Japan during the shogunate period from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the?shoguns?were the de facto rulers of the country, though officially they were appointed by the emperor.RealpolitikThe practice of tough power politics without room for idealism (Bismarck)AppeasementThe attempt to stop something by placating it (If you give a mouse a cookie, maybe he will stop?)Genocidethe deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nationCollectivizationconsolidate individual land and labour into collective farms- elimination of private property in the USSRIndustrializationThe process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.Mandate SystemAll of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally?Imperial Germanyand the?Ottoman Empire. The mandates were fundamentally different from the?protectorates?in that the Mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations.The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases:The formal removal of?sovereignty?of the state previously controlling the territory.The transfer of mandatory powers to individual states among the?Allied Powers. ................
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