Biology 10/31



Respiratory system labs (Labs 42 and 43)Do all of the following in exercises 42 and 43. Lab 42Figure 42.1: Label all blanks.Use textbook figure 16.1 for answersFigure 42.2: Label all blanks.Use textbook figure 16.4 for answersAssessment A: Answer all questions. Assessment C: Answer all questions.In addition to the above, Sketch and label the microscope slides of the trachea and the lung tissue that are on the side counter.For the trachea slide, sketch and label the lumen, the epithelial tissue, the cartilage tissue, and the connective tissue. Refer to figures 42.3 and 42.4 for help interpreting this slide. Be as specific as possible about the type of epithelial tissue. 280035149225For the lung tissue slide, sketch and label the alveoli and the epithelial tissue. Refer to figure 42.6 for help interpreting this slide. Be as specific as possible about the type of epithelial tissue.165735193040Lab 43For lab 43, use the procedures that begin on the next page of this handout.. But you should still read lab 43 for background information and do the assessment questions for lab 43 that are listed below. Assessment A: Skip questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, and 12.Assessment B: Skip questions 7 and 8. Lung model activitya) Obtain the mechanical lung model from the front desk.b) Gently push up and down on the rubber sheet at the bottom of the model. Notice the effect this has on the pair of balloons inside the lung model. Answer the following questions about the lung model and its operation.1) Describe what happens to balloons when you push up on the rubber sheet:The balloons deflate.2) Describe what happens to the balloons when you pull down on the rubber sheet: The balloons inflate.3) The balloons in the lung model represent the Lungs of the respiratory system. The rubber sheet represents the Diaphragm of the respiratory system. The upper part of the Y-shaped tube represents the Trachea, and the lower part of the Y-shaped tube represents the Primary bronchi of the respiratory system. The plastic bell jar represents the Thoracic cavity (rib cage is also a correct answer). Spirometry activitya) Go to the one of the spirometers (the devices that measure volumes of air breathed). Select a volunteer from your group to have their lung volumes measured. Be sure that the volunteer breaths in and out of a disposable cardboard tube, not directly into the plastic tube of the spirometer. b) Perform the spirometry measurements listed. After each and every measurement, but sure to reset the spirometer to zero volume. Enter all results in the data table on the next page. c) Tidal Volume (TV): Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in a normal relaxed breath. Measure it in this way: After a normal inspiration, your volunteer puts the spirometer tube into their mouth and does a normal relaxed expiration into the spirometer. In the data table on the next page, record the volunteer’s TV volume. Repeat this TV measurement a total of 3 times. In other words, record three separate of TVs of the volunteer. Then take the average of the three measured TVs. Record this in the data table as your volunteer's average TV. The predicted TV value of a normal healthy person is 500 ml. Lastly, calculate the percent of the volunteer's average TV compared to the predicted TV. Record this percent of predicted for TV in the results table.d) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal expiration. Measure it in this way: After a normal expiration, the volunteer puts the spirometer tube in their mouth and expires as much air as possible into the spirometer. In the data table on the next page, record the volunteer’s ERV volume. Repeat this ERV measurement a total of 3 times. In other words, record three separate ERVs of the volunteer. Then take the average of the three measured ERVs. Record this in the data table as your volunteer's average ERV. The predicted ERV value of a normal healthy person is 1200 ml. Lastly, calculate the percent of the volunteer's average ERV compared to the predicted ERV. Record this percent of predicted for ERV in the results table.e) Vital Capacity (VC): The vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximum inspiration. Measure it in this way: After a maximum inspiration, the volunteer puts the spirometer tube into their mouth and expires as much air as possible into the spirometer. In the data table on the next page, record the volunteer’s VC volume. Repeat this VC measurement a total of 3 times. In other words, record three separate VCs of the volunteer. Then take the average of the three measured VCs. Record this in the data table as your volunteer's average VC. The expected VC value differs greatly from person to person, depending on their age, height, and sex. Use either table 43.1 (for females) or table 43.2 (for males) to find the expected VC of the volunteer. Lastly, calculate the percent of the volunteer's average VC compared to the predicted VC. Record this percent of predicted for VC in the results table.f) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal inspiration. IRV can’t be measured using our expiration-only spirometers. Instead, calculate it using the formula IRV = VC – ERV – TV. In the data table on the next page, record the volunteer’s IRV volume and their percent compared to average. The expected IRV value is 2300 ml.Data table:Volunteer’sVolunteer'spercentVolunteer’saveragePredictedof Measurement:volume:volume:volume:predicted:Tidal Volume:400 ml383 ml500 ml76.6 %300 ml450 mlExpiratoryReserve Volume:1100 ml1017 ml1200 ml84.7 %1000 ml950 mlVital Capacity:4300 ml4133 ml4480 ml*92.3 %4000 ml4100 mlInspiratoryReserve Volume:2733 ml2300 ml118.8 %*find predicted VC using table 43.1 or 43.2(The predicted vital capacity of 4480 ml came from chart 43.2 in the lab manual, for a patient who is a 25 year old male who is 5 foot 11 inches tall. The patient's height (converted into centimeters) is 180 cm. So the 180 centimeter column on the chart was used. The chart does not have a row for 25 years old so the line for 24 years old was used. Cross referencing the 180 cm row and the 24 year old row shows a predicted vital capacity of 4480 ml) ................
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