The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900



The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900

I. Beginnings of Industrialization

A. Industrial Revolution Begins:

1. The ______________________ Paves the Way

a. Wealthy landowners began buying up many:

i. These landowners:

■ They could now cultivate larger fields called:

■ Experimented:

➢ One of the first Scientific farmers:

➢ He invented:

• This allowed:

■ They also tried:

➢ This included:

•

• This idea said that if you divide a field into different crops then you should move those crops to another part of the field next year.

■ Finally, large landowners brought in:

➢ A Tenant Farmer:

• Farmers who didn’t want to do this were forced:

b. Livestock breeders:

i. For example in the 1700s a man named _____________ increased his Mutton output by only allowing his best sheep to breed

■ This increased the size of lambs:

➢ Increased:

➢ As food and living conditions improved:

• A growing population has a growing demand:

2. Why Industrial Revolution began in England

a. Natural Resources

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

b. Britain also had a growing economy to support industrial growth

i. Businesspeople invested:

ii. Loans:

iii. Britain was:

c. Britain was also:

i. Even though Britain took part in many of the wars of the 1700s:

■ Military successes:

d. Parliament:

B. Inventions Spur Industrialization

1. Changes in the Textile Industry

a. 1733:

i. This was:

■ This doubled:

b. 1764:

i. Name:

ii. This allowed:

c. 1769:

i.

d. 1779:

i. This was:

ii. Made:

e. 1787:

2. These items:

a. They couldn’t:

b. Merchants:

3. England:

a. The demand for cotton:

i. 1793:

■ This was:

■ Increased:

■ Increased American:

C. Improvements in Transportation

1. The Steam Engine

a. 1765:

b. 1774:

i. An entrepreneur:

ii. He:

2. Water Transportation

a. Steam:

b. Robert Fulton:

i. Made:

c. Canals

i.

ii. By the mid 1800s:

■ This cut:

3. Road Transportation

a. Road transportation:

i. In the early 1800s:

ii. On top:

■ During even rainy weather heavy carriages could travel over the macadam roads without sinking

b. Private investors:

i. Called turnpikes because:

D. The Railway Age Begins

1. Steam Driven Locomotives

a. 1804:

i. Others soon:

b. George Stephenson

i. 1821:

■ It was to run:

c. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

i. Investors wanted:

ii. In 1829:

■ Stephenson’s Rocket:

iii. The railroad:

d. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

i. Had four major effects

■

■

➢ Miners provided:

■ The railroads:

■ Made travel:

➢ Lured:

➢ Created:

II. Industrialization

A. Industrialization Changes Life

1. Industrial Cities Rise

a. Before 1800:

b. After 1800:

i. Because of factories

c. Between 1800 and 1850:

d. Most of Europe's urban areas:

i. This is called:

■

e. Factories developed:

i. Major new industrial centers:

f. Britain’s capital, London was the most important city

i. During the 1800s:

➢ This provided:

ii. London became Europe’s largest city

■ Began to be challenged by newer cities

➢ Birmingham and Sheffield:

➢ Leeds and Manchester:

➢ Liverpool and Manchester:

2. Living Conditions

a. Rapid growth:

i. There were:

ii. Also, no:

iii. Most:

b. Sickness was also widespread

i. Often:

■ Average lifespan:

c. Wealthy landowners:

i. They often moved to the suburbs

3. Working Conditions

a. To increase production:

i. The average worker:

b. People:

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v. Coal dust:

vi. Many women and children:

■ They were:

■ Also:

B. Class Tensions Grow

1. The Middle Class

a. The:

i. In the past:

■ They:

■ Now:

ii. Soon:

■ It was divided into sub classes

➢ Upper middle class:

➢ Lower middle class:

2. The Working Class

a. During the 1800s:

i. Some were:

■ Some even:

➢ The Luddites

• Named after:

• They attacked:

o This actually destroyed laborsaving machinery

ii. Others rioted:

C. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

1. Had a number of benefits

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

2. Long-term Effects

a.

b.

c.

i. These can be invested:

D. The Mills of Manchester

1. Had many advantages:

a. Easy access:

2. Was:

3. Industrialists made a fortune

a. Their money:

b. To make:

i. Children:

4. The first:

a. The government:

III. Industrialization Spreads

A. Industrial Development in the United States

1. Began in the Textile Industry

a. Britain:

i. 1789:

■

ii. 1790:

■

iii. 1813:

■

■

b. Thousands of young women:

i. Allowed:

ii. Worked:

c. Eventually:

2. Later Expansion of the U.S. Industry

a. While the Northeast:

i. This ended:

b. The U.S., like Britain, had many reasons for its growth

i. Natural Resources

■

■

■

ii. New inventions

■

■

■

iii. Growing:

iv. Development of Railroads:

■ 2/3:

➢ They controlled:

3. The Rise of Corporations

a. To raise money:

i. Stocks:

ii. People:

■ A corporation:

iii. Large corporations:

■ The larger the company:

➢ Workers:

B. Continental Europe Industrializes

1. European businesses:

a. Interrupted by:

2. Beginnings in Belgium

a. Belgium:

b. A British worker:

i.

3. Germany Industrializes

a. Unlike the rest of Europe:

i. Industrialized:

■

ii. Germans began:

iii. Imported:

iv. Built:

b. This development:

i. By:

4. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe

a. Most:

i. Tended to:

■ Bohemia:

■ Catalonia:

■ Northern Italy:

ii. France

■ Most:

■ Had:

iii. Elsewhere

■ Most other countries:

➢

• Mountains and:

C. The Impact of Industrialization

1. Rise of Global inequality

a. Increased:

i. Raw materials:

■ Developed into economic imperialism

➢ The policy:

2. Transformation of Society

a. 1700 – 1900:

i. There is now:

ii. The middle class:

■ They:

■ Led:

iii. The upper class:

iv. People’s:

IV. Reforming the Industrial World

A. The Philosophers of Industrialization

1. Laissez Faire Economics

a. Laissez Faire:

i. Let people do as they choose

b. Adam Smith

i. A professor:

ii. Wrote:

■ Economic:

■ Listed:

➢ Law of Self Interest

•

➢ Law of Competition

•

➢ Law of Supply and Demand

•

2. Capitalism

a. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo:

i. This is an economic system:

b. 1798 – Malthus wrote:

i. Population tended:

ii. Without wars and epidemics:

c. 1817 - David Ricardo wrote:

i. Believed:

ii. Wages:

■ Better wages:

■ These new workers can:

■ Lower wages:

B. The Rise of Socialism

1. Utilitarianism

a. Jeremy Bentham

i. Felt that people:

ii. Felt that government:

■ Government:

b. John Stuart Mill

i. Mill felt that the government:

ii. Wanted:

iii. Favored:

2. Utopian Ideas

a. Robert Owen

i. Built a factory:

■ He provided:

■ Prohibited:

■ Provided:

ii. In 1824:

■ Built:

➢ This utopian community only lasted for 3 years

3. Socialism

a. In socialism:

b. Felt that the government should plan:

i. Felt that government control:

C. Marxism: Radical Socialism

1. The Communist Manifesto

a. Written by:

i. Argued that:

ii. The haves and the have-nots

■ The Haves

■ The Haves

■ The Haves

■ Change

■

2. The Future According to Marx

a. Believed that:

i. Factories would:

ii. The workers would:

iii. Workers would then:

■ This would be a:

iv. After a period of cooperative living:

b. This final phase is called:

i. A form:

ii. Private property:

iii. All:

c. The Communist Manifesto (1848)

i. There were:

■ Most were:

ii. Not until the 1900s:

■

■

■

➢ This was adaptive communism, created to meet specific national needs

iii. Marx and Engels believed:

■ They:

■ They also:

D. Labor Unions and Reform Law

1. Unionization

a. A Union is a:

b. Unions spoke:

c. They engaged:

i. Bargained:

ii. If factory owners:

■

d. Unions:

e. Many governments:

i. The Combination Acts:

■ These were:

f. British unions:

i. By 1875:

■ Had a membership:

g. In the U.S., skilled workers belonged to unions since the 1800s.

i. In 1866:

2. Reform Laws

a. In both Great Britain and the U.S.:

i. Parliament:

■ Passed:

➢ New law:

➢ Children from the ages of 9-12:

➢ From 13-17:

■ In 1842:

■ The 10 Hours Act:

ii. In the U.S. reform laws were also passed

■ In 1904:

➢ Union members:

➢ Urged government to ban:

➢ 1919:

• Left it up to the states to decide

E. The Reform Movement Spreads

1. The Abolition of Slavery

a. William Wilberforce:

i. 1807:

ii. 1833:

■ Motives:

b. Slavery:

c. 1873:

d. Spain:

e. 1888:

2. Fight for Women’s Rights

a. Industrialization:

i. Higher wages:

ii. Only 1/3:

b. In the mid 1800s:

c. Some served:

d. College educated:

i. This was a:

■ It included:

e. In both the U.S. and GB:

f. 1848:

i. Women from all over the world:

■ Women from 27 countries:

3. Reforms spread

a. Horace Mann of Massachusetts

i. Favored:

■ By the 1850s:

■ In Western Europe:

ii. 1831 – Alexis de Tocqueville:

■ Wanted to help:

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