San Marcos High School APUSH Review – The expectations of ...



Unit 2

Questions 1-4 refer to the excerpt below:

|“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these |

|are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of |

|the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute |

|new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and |

|Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience |

|hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. |

|But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, |

|it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and |

|such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. “ |

The Declaration of Independence, 1776

1. Based on the excerpt above, which of the following viewpoints most directly influenced the writers of the Declaration of Independence?

(A) A belief in the right of self-rule through a republican government

(B) A belief in the power of human reason to shape governments

(C) A belief that corrupt governments are still worthy of some loyalty

(D) A belief in unconditional submission to government authority

2. Evidence in the excerpt most clearly reflects the influence of which of the following movements?

(A) The Great Awakening

(B) Educational secularization

(C) The Enlightenment

(D) Religious toleration

3. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the ideas described in the excerpt?

(A) Unification of American support for independence

(B) Establishment of constitutions within individual colonies

(C) American creation of a national government system

(D) Strengthening of the Loyalist cause against independence

4. Which of the following best describes the primary difference between American and European societies in the 18th century?

(A) American citizens enjoyed complete equal opportunity.

(B) European society was more open and fluid.

(C) America was a nation of small freeholders of property.

(D) Europeans emphasized privilege through birth right.

Questions 5-8 refer to the excerpt below.

|“On Wednesday, the 14th of December, 1763, fifty-seven men, from some of our frontier townships, who had projected the destruction of this little Common-wealth |

|[the Native American community], came, all well-mounted, and armed with firelocks, hangers and hatchets, having travelled through the country in the |

|night, to Conestogoe Manor. There they surrounded the small village of Indian huts, and just at break of day, broke into them all at once. Only three men, two |

|women, and a young boy were found at home, the rest being out among the neighboring white people, some to sell the blankets, brooms and bowls they manufactured, |

|and others on other occasions. These poor defenseless creatures were immediately fired upon, stabbed and hatcheted to death! . . . All of them were scalped and |

|otherwise horribly mangled. Then their huts were set on fire, and most of them burnt down. When the troop, pleased with their own conduct and bravery, but enraged |

|that any of the poor Indians had escaped the massacre, rode off, and in small parties, by different roads, went home. |

| |

|The universal concern of the neighbouring white people on hearing of this event, and the lamentations of the younger Indians, when they returned and saw the |

|desolation, and the butchered half-burnt bodies of their murdered parents, and other relations, cannot well be expressed. The Magistrates of Lancaster sent out to |

|collect the remaining Indians, brought them into the town for their better security against any farther attempt; and it is said condoled with them on the |

|misfortune that had happened, took them by the Hand, comforted and promised them protection.” |

Benjamin Franklin, A Narrative of the Late Massacres, in Lancaster County, of a Number of Indians, Friends of this Province, by Persons Unknown, With some Observations on the Same, 1764

5. Which of the following led most directly to the conflict depicted in the excerpt above?

(A) Attempts by Native Americans to reassert their power in western lands

(B) Ineffectual leadership by British-appointed Indian superintendents

(C) Internal conflicts between western settlers and colonial governments

(D) Tensions between settlers and natives over fur trade markets

6. Which of the following best reflects the goal of the British government in limiting the settlement of western lands?

(A) To manage the fear and costs associated with Native American conflicts

(B) To punish greedy colonial land entrepreneurs

(C) To protect western and eastern trade markets

(D) To allow expansion of a military presence in the western territories

7. Which of the following most directly led to conflicts between Native Americans and the American government in the late 18th century?

(A) The disorderly and unstable western land policies created by the national government

(B) The refusal of most Native Americans to accept or sign government land treaties

(C) Attacks on natives led by white settlers within disputed territories

(D) The ineffective use of government treaties ceding large areas of land claimed by Native Americans

8. Conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers led to which of the following developments in the late 18th century?

(A) Efforts by the American government to protect Native American land claims

(B) Establishment of a strong native confederacy

(C) A decline in white expansion in the West

(D) Conflicts within and between Native American tribes

Questions 9-12 refer to the excerpt below.

|“An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio. |

| |

|Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate |

|representation of the people in the legislature; and of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for |

|capital offenses, where the proof shall be evident or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. |

|No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land; and, should the public exigencies make it necessary, |

|for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just |

|preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any |

|manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed. |

|Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be |

|encouraged . . . |

|Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have |

|been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, |

|such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.” |

----Northwest Ordinance

9. During which of the following historical eras was the ordinance excerpted above most likely passed into law?

(A) Colonial before 1776

(B) Early republican during the late 1700s

(C) Antebellum of the early and mid-1800s

(D) Reconstruction during the 1860s and 1870s

10. Which of the following articulates a commonality between the legislation referenced in this excerpt and significant laws organizing lands passed by the U.S. Congress in the mid-1800s?

(A) Both aimed to solidify U.S. territorial control over lands to the west of the nation's borders.

(B) Both contained provisions that prevented debate over the expansion of slavery to the territories.

(C) Both established clear guidelines for the establishment and funding of local public schools.

(D) Both mostly met the needs of large land speculation companies rather than individual farmers.

11. Which of the following best represents a direct, short-term result of the historical process reflected in this excerpt on the American Indian populations residing in the Americas?

(A) American Indians urged enslaved African Americans to rebel about white domination.

(B) An absence of strong Indian leaders prevented groups from resisting white settlement.

(C) Infighting among American Indian groups over land increased significantly.

(D) American Indian populations migrated as they experienced territorial loss and warfare.

12. Which of the following factors most contributed to the growing sectional tensions that contributed to some of the provisions of this excerpt?

(A) Frontier farmers mostly supported centralized federal authority.

(B) Northern economic systems benefited relatively little from slavery.

(C) Lower population densities discouraged emigration from the South.

(D) Immigrants to the western frontier were mostly European Catholics.

Questions 13-17 refer to the excerpt below.

|“The members of this Congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's Person and Government . . . esteem it our |

|indispensable duty to make the following declarations of our humble opinion, respecting the most essential rights and liberties Of the colonists, and of the |

|grievances under which they labour, by reason of several late Acts of Parliament. |

|. . . That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies, are entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of|

|Great-Britain. |

|That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, |

|given personally, or by their representatives. |

|That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. |

|That the only representatives of the people of these colonies, are persons chosen therein by themselves, and that no taxes ever have been, or can be |

|constitutionally imposed on them, but by their respective legislatures. |

|. . . That the late Act of Parliament, entitled, An Act for granting and applying certain Stamp Duties, and other Duties, in the British colonies and plantations |

|in America, etc., by imposing taxes on the inhabitants of these colonies, and the said Act, and several other Acts, by extending the jurisdiction of the courts of |

|Admiralty be- yond its ancient limits, have a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonists.” |

---- Resolutions of the Continental Congress, October 19, 1765

13. Which of the following events most directly contributed to the development of the dispute exemplified in this excerpt?

(A) Colonial charters allowed the establishment of local colonial governments in some places.

(B) Great Britain incurred heavy debts fighting a war for the benefit of its American colonies.

(C) Private companies established colonies in the Americas with high expectations for financial return.

(D) The British king attempted to create a supercolony that placed several existing colonies under one governor.

14. The political ideals expressed in this excerpt most clearly reflect the influence of which of the following movements of the era?

(A) Abolitionist society members who demanded an end to the slave trade

(B) Ministers of the Great Awakening who called for a revival of religious sentiment

(C) Enlightenment thinkers who argued for natural rights and rationality

(D) Spanish conquistadors who wished to locate valuable gold and resources

15. Which of the following arguments would most likely have been used by opponents of the ideas expressed in this excerpt at that time?

(A) American colonists had a duty as British subjects to respect the laws of the commonwealth.

(B) The colonial population was too geographically dispersed to form a central government.

(C) British leaders had no authority to ever impose taxes on the American colonies

(D) Colonial claims of self-government and natural rights were hypocritical in light of the slave trade.

16. The issuance of the excerpted document reflected which of the following political processes taking place at this time?

(A) Political leaders across the colonies had begun to see themselves primarily as citizens of a nation separate from Britain.

(B) The New England colonies were separating from other regions due to their continued support for Parliamentary action.

(C) Supporters of the Patriot cause were demanding that Loyalists be removed from colonial political positions.

(D) Colonies were increasingly managing their relations with Britain through regional political organizations.

17. Which of the following colonial groups would have been most likely to agree with the ideals expressed in this excerpt?

(A) Tribal authorities within the Iroquois Confederacy

(B) French trappers operating along the western frontier

(C) Landowning members of the Virginia House of Burgesses

(D) Enslaved laborers on a South Carolina plantation

Questions 18-21 refer to the excerpt below.

|“Philadelphia, 1794 |

|In the early periods of the French Revolution, a warm zeal for its success was in this Country a sentiment truly universal. The love of Liberty is here the ruling |

|passion of the Citizens of the United States… As long therefore as the Revolution of France bore the marks of being the cause of liberty it united all hearts and |

|centered all opinions. But this unanimity of approbation has been for a considerable time decreasing. . . . They have been witnesses to one volcano succeeding |

|another . . . spreading ruin and devastation far and wide . . . |

|. . . It is not among the least perplexing phenomena of the present times, that a people like that of the United States—exemplary for humanity and moderation |

|surpassed by no other in the love of order and a knowledge of the true principles of liberty, distinguished for purity of morals and a just reverence for Religion |

|should so long persevere in partiality for a state of things the most cruel sanguinary and violent that ever stained the annals of mankind, a state of things which|

|annihilates the foundations of social order and true liberty, confounds all moral distinctions and substitutes to the mild & beneficent religion of the Gospel a |

|gloomy, persecuting and desolating atheism. To the eye of a wise man, this partiality is the most inauspicious circumstance, that has appeared in the affairs of |

|this country. It leads involuntarily and irresistibly to apprehensions concerning the soundness of our principles and the stability of our welfare.” |

----Alexander Hamilton Papers

18. Hamilton’s concerns, represented in the excerpt above, most closely reflect which of the following diplomatic policies of the new U.S. government?

(A) Establishment of strong foreign alliances

(B) Isolationism with no foreign contact

(C) Limited support for foreign allies

(D) Unconditional neutrality in foreign affairs

19. The influence of the French Revolution contributed most directly to which of the following developments?

(A) Divisions and conflicts among American political parties

(B) Strengthening of the alliance between America and France

(C) Attacks on organized religion in America

(D) Radicalization of American politics

20. Based on the excerpt above, which of the following aspects of the French Revolution most directly opposed Hamilton’s views?

(A) The anti-aristocratic nature of the movement

(B) Unchecked power in the hands of the masses

(C)Overt religious persecution

(D) The overthrow of the monarchy

21. The evidence in the excerpt above led most directly to which of the following?

(A)A deterioration in French and American relations

(B)Weakening of American ties with Britain

(C) Increased trade agreements with France

(D) Normalized diplomatic relations between America and France

Questions 22-25 refer to the excerpt below.

|“Shall a woman be kept ignorant, to render her more docile in the management of domestic concerns? How illy capable is such a person of being a companion for a man|

|of refinement? How miserably capable |

|of augmenting his social joys, or managing prudently the concerns of a family, or educating his children? Is it not of the utmost consequence, that the tender mind|

|of the youth receive an early direction for future usefulness? And is it not equally true, that the first direction of a child necessarily become the immediate and|

|peculiar province of the woman? And may I not add, is not a woman of capacious and well stored mind, a better wife, a better widow, a better mother, and a better |

|neighbor; and shall I add, a better friend in every respect. . . . |

|When women, no longer the humble dependent, or the obsequious slave, but the companion and friend, is party to an attachment founded on mutual esteem, then, and |

|not till then, does man assume his intended rank in the scale of creation. . . . |

|Suppose one who has from her youth been indoctrinated and habituated to sentiments of female inferiority . . . is left a widow with a large property and a flock of|

|small dependent children? . . . How poorly capable is she to fill the vacancy, and act . . . as both father and mother? How incapable also is she of assisting in |

|the settlement and adjustment of the estate; how liable to fraud, and how probably to be injured by unreal or exaggerated debts.” |

----The Female Advocate, Written by a Lady, New Haven, 1801

22. The views expressed in the above excerpt most clearly reflect which of the following?

(A) The acceptance of traditional gender roles within the family

(B) The rejection of religious ideals regarding female morals

(C) The notion of women’s empowerment through education

(D) The establishment of appropriate public roles for women

23. Which of the following best reflects the primary goal of the movement represented in the excerpt?

(A) To encourage women to instill republican ideals in their children

(B) To expand women’s legal rights within marriage

(C) To better define women’s roles within the domestic sphere

(D) To allow women access to the male world of politics and business

24. The excerpt above most clearly reflects influence from which of the following?

(A) The Great Awakening

(B) Republicanism

(C) Evangelicalism

(D) The Enlightenment

25. The evidence in the excerpt above led most directly to which of the following long-term developments?

(A) Social reform movements dominated by women

(B) Religious backlash against female political activists

(C)A breakdown of the traditional nuclear family

(D)A decrease in educational opportunities for women

Questions 26-29 refer to the excerpt below.

|“But the assumptions and conventions depicted in the advertisements of 1800 do not reflect a simple extension of the oppressive practices of whites and the |

|condition of dependency of people of color associated with the institution of slavery, during and after the expiration of the institution itself. On the contrary, |

|the particular conditions of gradual emancipation in New England generated a new concept of ‘racial’ difference on the part of whites in which the characteristics |

|of availability, dependency, and instrumentality associated with slave status were redefined as uniquely innate and permanent biological traits in persons of |

|color, irrespective of their status. The ideology and language of the antislavery movement produced and shaped this redefinition.” |

---- Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1860

26. Which turning point in the development of the African American identity does this excerpt most closely suggest?

(A) A few African Americans became prominent landowners and slave owners before the Civil War.

(B) Boston and other New England cities were hubs of the abolitionist movement by the 1830s.

(C) Free African Americans lost rights and status around the nation during the early 1800s.

(D) Southern states legalized the institution of chattel slavery during the colonial period.

27. How were the ideas about race and individual status referenced in this excerpt applied in frontier regions of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s?

(A) Frontier regions challenged these ideas by welcoming free blacks.

(B) Black codes confirmed the low status of African Americans by limiting their rights.

(C) The establishment of slavery created a racial caste system similar to that of the South. (

(D) Racial hierarchies did not exist because intermarriage among the races was common in the isolated frontier.

28. How did the tenets of the U.S. Constitution influence the process described in this excerpt during the early 1800s?

(A) It left the issue entirely in the hands of the states.

(B) It laid out a process of gradual emancipation for states to adopt.

(C) It reserved all such changes as a power of the U.S. Congress.

(D) It rejected the process by affirming the federal property rights of slaveholders

29. Which fact, if true, most weakens historian Joanne Pope Melish’s arguments as exemplified by this excerpt?

(A) Abolitionists mostly saw their cause as a moral rather than political one.

(B) Laws had defined slavery as a condition inheritable by race since colonial times.

(C) Some Northern states allowed people to remain enslaved well into the 1800s.

(D) Restrictive black codes limited the rights of free people in the North.

Questions 30-34 refer to the excerpt below.

|“1. Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government;|

|but that, by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for |

|special purposes —delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; |

|and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: that to this compact each State acceded|

|as a State, and is an integral part, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party: that the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive |

|or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but|

|that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the |

|mode and measure of redress.” |

---- The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798

30. How did the divisions over the meaning of the U.S. Constitution reflected in this resolution mostly shape the functioning of the political system in the early U.S. republic?

(A) By preventing the full ratification of the proposed constitution

(B) By leading certain states to withdraw their delegates from the legislature

(C) By contributing to the development of formal political parties

(D) By forcing the creation of the federalist system of shared powers

31. Which enduring debate in U.S. politics and government does this resolution most reflect?

(A) States’ rights v. federal authority

(B) Individual liberties v. common good

(C) Democratic v. Republican political parties

(D) Northern v. Southern sectional interests

32. Which of the following best summarizes a commonality between the arguments presented in this resolution and the claims of supporters of the later theory of nullification?

(A) Federal legislators lack the constitutional right to enact laws for the nation.

(B) The states have the final authority over the validity of federal legislation.

(C) Ratification of the U.S. Constitution did not commit a state to remaining in the Union.

(D) The Constitution grants the U.S. Congress rights over foreign but not economic policies.

33. Which historical political faction held a view most similar to the view supported by the authors of this resolution?

(A) Free-Soilers, who believed that the federal government had a constitutional right to prevent the expansion of slavery to the territories

(B) Federalists, who believed that the U.S. Constitution offered the best plan for a strong centralized government

(C) Tea Partiers, who believed that the legislature had a duty to enact laws that reduced the overall size of the federal government

(D) Anti-Federalists, who believed that the U.S. Constitution must reserve most powers for the states and individuals

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