Conversions - Campbell County Schools



Conversions and Density Chapters 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Chemistry Mr. Hines

Part A – Background Information About Conversions

| |Learning Targets |I CAN |

|1 |Define conversion. | |

|2 |Explain why it is important to learn how to convert units of measurement. | |

|3 |Match the appropriate measurement with its proper unit. | |

|4 |Identify the different forms of conversions common in chemistry. | |

|5 |Identify the various units common in the English System. | |

|6 |Explain how the metric system is organized | |

|7 |Compare and contrast the metric system and English system | |

|8 |Identify abbreviations for measurements common in chemistry | |

Part B – Calculations and Conversions

|9 |Perform unit conversions within the metric system | |

|10 |Multiply fractions | |

|11 |Understand mathematical cancellations | |

|12 |Define/recognize dimensional analysis | |

|13 |Use dimensional analysis to convert back and forth between units in the English system and units in the metric system | |

|14 |Convert various units of temperature – English, metric, and SI | |

|15 |Define Absolute Zero and explain how the Kelvin Temperature scale was developed. | |

Part C – Density

|16 |Describe/define density | |

|17 |Explain density as a measure of compactness. | |

|18 |Calculate the volume of various forms of matter including solid shapes – cube, sphere, irregular using the metric system. | |

|19 |Explain the relationship between milliliters and cubic centimeters | |

|20 |Solve single variable algebraic equations | |

|21 |Calculate density | |

|22 |Calculate volume | |

|23 |Calculate mass | |

|24 |Explain density as a relationship between volume and particle spacing | |

|25 |Explain how objects of different sizes can have the same mass. | |

|26 |Explain how objects of the same size can have different masses. | |

|27 |Calculate the density of substances and predict which substances will float on which. | |

Vocabulary

|Conversion |Measurement |Unit |SI system |Gram |Meter |Liter |

|Metric system |Dimensional analysis |Conversion factor |Cubic centimeter |Irregular shape |Pound |Gallon |

|Joule |Base unit |Toe |Kelvin |Numerator |Denominator |Mass |

|Prefix |Fahrenheit |Energy |Celsius |Temperature |Volume |Length |

|Absolute zero |Density |Substance |Compact |Moon |Solid |Feet |

|Atom |Element |Calorie |Sphere |Liquid |Milliliter |abbreviation |

|float |cube |unit |Graduation |Space |Matter |Nothing |

|Part A – Background Information about Conversions |

Target 1 - Define conversion

A. Conversion - method where a measurement is rewritten using different units.

[pic]

B. For example – If you measure the length of a cube to be 8.35 centimeters, you can calculate how many inches this would be – this is a conversion (centimeters to inches)

C. Using the ruler above, perform the following conversions

| |English unit (inches) |Metric unit (centimeters) | |English unit (inches) |Metric unit (centimeters) |

|1 |1.00 inch | |4 |1.50 inches | |

|2 |2.00 inches | |5 |3.50 inches | |

|3 |3.00 inches | |6 |4.00 inches | |

Target 2 - Explain why it is important to learn how to convert units of measurement

A. It is important to learn how to convert units of measurement because scientists of different parts of the world use different ______________.

B. Living in the United States is a very unique place when it comes to taking measurements. The rest of the world uses the metric or _____ system while we Americans use the English system.

C For example, Americans measure large distances in units called “miles” while the rest of the world uses “________________________.” So in order for scientists to communicate with one another, they need some form of math to convert units of miles to units of kilometers.

D. The space shuttle Columbia (source unknown) blew up in 1981 because scientists made mistakes

converting English units to Metric Units. A small ________________ in measurement can be disastrous when dealing with complicated machinery.

E. So therefore, it is important to be able to convert English and Metric units back and forth.

F. In chemistry, we will be using mostly the Metric system for measurements.

G. The metric system is advantageous because it is based on the ___________________. (English system is not).

H. There are several methods for converting units of measurement. We will use the method used widely in college known as “___________________________________.”

Target 3 - Match the appropriate measurement with its proper unit.

| |Universe |Measurement |English unit |Metric unit |SI unit |

|1. |Matter |Mass (weight) | | | |

|2. |Space |Volume | | | |

|3. |Energy |Temperature | | | |

|4, |Time |Time | | | |

Target 4 - Identify the different forms of conversions common in chemistry

A. There are 4 kinds of conversions that we will study

1. Metric to ________________

2. Metric to ________________(and in reverse)

3. _____to English (and in reverse) ****SI stands for System International****

Target 5 – Identify the various units common in the English System.

A. Mass – pounds, ounces

B. Volume – Gallons, quarts, pints, cups, tablespoons, fluid ounces, etc

C. Energy – Fahrenheit (temperature)

D. Time – seconds, minutes, hours

Target 6 – Explain how the Metric system is organized with units

Metric system

*This chart can be expressed with reverse exponents depending on the mathematical point of view

|Giga |

Target 8 – Identify abbreviations for measurements common in chemistry

|Mass | |Volume | |Energy | |Time | |

| |Abbrev | |Abbrev | |Abbrev | |Abbrev |

|Pound | |Gallon | |Joule | |Hour | |

|Ounce | |Fluid Ounce | |Calorie | |Minute | |

|Gram | |Liter | |Fahrenheit | |Second | |

|Kilogram | |Kiloliter | |Celsius | |millisecond | |

|Milligram | |Milliliter | |Kelvin | |microsecond | |

|Part B – Calculations and Conversions |

Target 9 - Perform unit conversions within the metric system

|Thumb rule |

|Giga |

|Mega |

|Kilo |

|Hecto |

|Deca |

|Base |

|Deci |

|Centi |

|Milli |

|Micro |

|nano |

| |

|G |

|M |

|k |

|h |

|da |

| |

|d |

|c |

|m |

|µ |

|n |

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A. Mass

1. What is the metric base for measuring mass? ___________________

2. What is mass a measure of? ______________________

|1. |25 kg | |7. |3.00 kg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |g | | |dg |

|2. |753 g | |8. |40.09 dag | |

| | | | | | |

| | |kg | | |kg |

|3. |1021 mg | |9. |45 mg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |kg | | |kg |

|4. |468.3 mg | |10. |43.56 mg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |g | | |dag |

|5. |2.67 kg | |11. |.0633 kg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mg | | |dg |

|6. |454 mg | |12. |21.55g | |

| | | | | | |

| | |g | | |mg |

( Questions

1. How many grams are in 1 kilogram?______________________

2. How many milligrams are in 1 gram?_____________________

3. How many milligrams are in 1 kilogram?__________________

4. Name an object that weighs about 1 gram. ___________________

5. Name an object that weighs about 1000 milligrams. _________________

6. Name an object that weighs about 1 kilogram. __________________

B. Volume

What is the metric base unit for measuring volume?__________________

What is volume a measure of? _________________________________

|1. |37 Liters | |7. |1.2 dL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mL | | |mL |

|2. |7088 mL | |8. |1499 mL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |L | | |hL |

|3. |45 kL | |9. |7.3 ML | |

| | | | | | |

| | |L | | |L |

|4. |333 L | |10. |45.7 GL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |kL | | |kL |

|5. |5 kL | |11. |44 kL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mL | | |mL |

|6. |60 000 mL | |12. |4 000 000 mL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |kL | | |µL |

( Questions

1. How many liters are in 1 Kiloliter?______________

2. How many milliliters are in 1 liter?______________

3. Name an object that has a volume of about 1 liter.______________

4. Name an object that has a volume of about 1 milliliter._______________

5. Name an object that has a volume of about 1 kiloliter._______________

|1. |23.6mg | |7. |77 kL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |g | | |daL |

|2. |33.6 L | |8. |5.5 kg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mL | | |hg |

|3. |.006 kL | |9. |23.6 L | |

| | |mL | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | |µL |

|4. |10 Gg | |10. |86.2 µL | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mg | | |mL |

|5. |3.1 g | |11. |.867 µg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |mg | | |mg |

|6. |56 L | |12. |45 kg | |

| | | | | | |

| | |µL | | |Mg |

Questions (

1. The mass of a potato is measured in _____________.

2. The amount of water in a beaker is measured in _____________.

3. The length of a table is measured in ______________.

4. A 2.0 liter bottle of Mountain Dew is how many mL?_________________

5. A 5.0 gram vitamin pill is how many milligrams? _________________

Target 10 - Multiply fractions

A. In order to be successful at dimensional analysis (target 13), you must be able to multiply fractions.

B. There are 3 steps for multiplying fractions.

1. Multiply ALL numbers in the numerator – write down the answer

2. Multiply ALL numbers in the denominator – write down the answer

3. Divide the final numbers.

Numerator - top 5

Denominator – bottom 7

Multiply these fractions, record your answers, and use proper sig figs in your final answer

| |Multiply |Divide |Final answer |

|1 |4 x 5 | ____________ | |

| |2 5 | | |

|2 |4.2 x 2.3 | ____________ | |

| |.86 .20 | | |

|3 |.24 x 3.3 x 2.3 | ____________ | |

| |.16 .20 2.7 | | |

|4 |3.9 x 6.6 x 12.4 | ____________ | |

| |2.1 3.3 2.0 | | |

|5 |.099 x .42 x .088 | ____________ | |

| |313 .22 .0000022 | | |

|6. |21 x 42 x 57 | ____________ | |

| |25 31 44 | | |

|7. |3.6 x 107 x 4.4 | ____________ | |

| |2.5 x 108 2.2 | | |

|8. |9.6 x 106 x 3.4 x 104 | ____________ | |

| |2.5 x 108 7.7 x 103 | | |

Target 11 - Understand mathematical cancellations

A. Numbers written as fractions are actually numbers that should be divided.

B. Any number divided by itself equals 1. For example: 33 ÷ 33 = 1 (33/33 = 1)

C. Since any number multiplied by one equals itself, it makes sense to cancel numbers within fractions whenever possible.

|Notes – give examples of cancellation |

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Target 12 - Define/recognize dimensional analysis

A. Dimensional analysis – most common method for converting various units of measurement

|Example: A woman from Germany says “I traveled 102 kilometers today.” Since you are an American, you probably would not understand the distance that |

|the woman traveled. However, you are cool and have your calculator in your pocket and will perform the following conversion. |

| |

|You will need to know how many kilometers are in a mile. This is called a conversion factor. |

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|1.0 mile = 1.6 kilometers |

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|To perform the conversion, you should first write down what information you were given by the German Woman (102 kilometers) |

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|102 km |

|1.0 |

| |

|Notice that this has been written as a fraction. This is good practice since we will be multiplying fractions. |

| |

|Here is where you will need your conversion factor. |

| |

|In order to convert 102 km to miles, you need to set up your multiplication of fractions so that kilometers will cancel. |

| |

|102 km x 1.0 mile = |

|1.0 1.6 km |

| |

|Your answer is 64 miles (63.8 miles). This tells you that she traveled 64 miles. |

| |

|This will work in all cases when you know the conversion factor. |

Target 13 - Use dimensional analysis to convert back and forth between units in the English system and units in the metric system

A. Mass Conversions

What is the metric base unit for measuring mass? ___________________________

Useful information: 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 ton = 2000 pounds

Perform the following conversions

|1 |65.2 pounds to grams |

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|2 |1.29 pounds to grams |

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|3 |856 grams to pounds |

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|4 |234 grams to pounds |

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|5 |235 ounces to pounds |

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|6 |4.266 ounces to grams |

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|7 |.207 kilograms to pounds |

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|8 |34.5 pounds to tons |

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|9 |9.71 tons to grams |

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|10 |3.23 x 109 grams to tons |

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B. Volume conversions

What is volume? __________________________________________

What is the metric base unit for measuring volume? _____________________

Perform the following conversions

|1 |6.23 liters to quarts |

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|2 |6.39 quarts to liters |

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|3 |22.5 liters to gallons |

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|4 |89 gallons to liters |

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|5 |12.3 gallons to quarts |

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|6 |823 quarts to gallons |

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|7 |12 liters to quarts |

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|8 |85.2 liters to pints |

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|9 |344 tablespoons to cups |

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|10 |26.9 fluid ounces to quarts |

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***What is the difference between an ounce and a fluid ounce?

___________________________________________________________________________

Target 14 - Convert various units of temperature – English, metric, and SI

A. Celsius and Fahrenheit

|(ºF – 32) x .56 = ºC |(ºC x 1.8) + 32 = ºF |

|Notes |

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Perform the conversions

|1 |Convert 77.1 ºC to ºF | |6 |Convert - 42.4 ºCelsius to ºFahrenheit | |

|2 |Convert 58.6 ºC to ºF | |7 |Convert 55.0 ºFahrenheit to ºCelsius | |

| | | | | | |

|3 |Convert 11.0 ºF to ºC | |8 |Convert -68.5 ºCelsius to ºFahrenheit | |

|4 |Convert 101.2 ºF to ºC | |9 |Convert 2.6 x 102 ºF to C | |

| | | | | | |

|5 |Convert 97.6 ºF to ºC | |10 |Convert 0.11 ºC to º F | |

| | | | | | |

B. Celsius and Kelvin

|K = ºC + 273 | ºC = K - 273 |

a. Convert degrees Celsius to Kelvins - add 273 to the Celsius temperature.

Example - Convert 44 ºC to Kelvins. 44 + 273 = 317 K (Kelvins)

b. Convert Kelvins to degrees Celsius – subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature

Example – Convert 434 Kelvins (K) to degrees Celsius 434 – 273 = 161 ºC

|1 |Convert 45.1 ºC to Kelvins | |6 |Convert 62.5 ºC to K | |

|2 |Convert 22.6 ºC to Kelvins | |7 |Convert 442.0 K to ºC | |

|3 |Convert 442.0 Kelvins to ºC | |8 |Convert -88.5 ºC to K | |

|4 |Convert 97.2 Kelvins to ºC | |9 |Convert 2.6 x 102 ºC to K | |

|5 |Convert 77.2 Kelvins to ºC | |10 |Convert 0.0 K to º C | |

Target 15 – Define Absolute Zero and explain how the Kelvin Temperature scale was developed.

A. Each winter, some parts of the world experience cold weather.

B. Water __________________, it snows, and people must wear thicker clothing in order to remain warm.

C. Humans usually consider 0.0 ºC to be a cold temperature. (this is the freezing point of______________)

D. How much colder can it get? Is there a “lowest temperature?”

E. Yes, there is a lowest temperature – it is called _____________________________________.

F. Absolute Zero is -273 ºC (it can’t get any colder than this)

G. Scientists decided to create a new temperature measurement system that did not have any ____________________ numbers.

H. They decided that absolute zero would be the bottom – and set -273 º C as zero Kelvins.

I. In other words, the _________________ temperature scale has no negative numbers. This becomes useful in chemistry.

J. Absolute zero = zero Kelvins.

K. Therefore, in order to convert Celsius to Kelvins, you simply add 273 to the Celsius temperature

|PART C - DENSITY |

Target 16 - Describe/define density (Page 89)

A. There are several ways of describing density

1. Density is the relationship between an object’s ___________ and _________________.

2. Density can be calculated by dividing an object’s mass by its volume.

D = M / V or Density = Mass / Volume

3. Density will have 2 units – __________________________________

a. For example, the density of quartz is 19.30 grams/milliliters

4. Any sample size of the same substance will have the same density.

a. Example: a liter of water will have the same density as a swimming pool of water

5. Density can also be a description of how __________________ a sample of matter is.

6. A substance of lesser density will always float on a substance of greater density.

a. Example: oil floats in water – oil is less dense than water.

Objective 17 - Explain density as a measure of Compactness (Page 90)

A. What is meant by compact?

A. Remember that matter is anything made of _________________.

B. Atoms can be squeezed together to occupy less space (less volume).

C. When the _________________ of matter is squeezed together, it is more compact.

1. Example – You can squeeze a pillow to a smaller volume – the squeezed pillow would be considered more compact than a pillow left unbothered. However, the squeezed pillow would have the same mass as the unbothered pillow. Therefore the compact pillow is more dense.

2. More _________________ = more _________________.

D. If atoms are closer together, they occupy less space (more compact)

( Questions

1. What can you say about atoms that are squeezed together?

___________________________________________________________

2. What is meant by the term “compact?”

___________________________________________________________

3. Trevor Mann squeezes a sponge and it becomes smaller. What can be said about the density of the sponge after Trevor squeezed it? _______________________

4. How many units will a measurement of density have? ______

Target 18 - Calculate the volume of various forms of matter including solid shapes – cube, sphere, irregular - using the metric system.

A. Calculating the volume of a liquid is easy, just pour the liquid in a graduated cylinder and read the graduations.

B. Calculating the volume of a ________________ is more challenging; you have to know the dimensions.

C. We will measure (calculate) the volume of 3 shapes.

1. Cube/rectangular box

2. Sphere

3. Irregular

D. Measure the volume of a rectangle or cube. Formula --- Volume = L x W x H (use centimeters)

|Notes |

|[pic] |

E. Measure the volume of a sphere. Formula --- Volume = 4/3πr3 (use centimeters)

|Notes |

|[pic] |

Measure the volume of an irregular shape

|Notes |

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Target 19 - Explain the relationship between milliliters and cubic centimeters (page 89)

|1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter OR 1 mL = 1cm3 |

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( Questions:

1. How many cubic centimeters is 10 milliliters? ___________

2. How many cubic centimeters is 323.3 milliliters? _________

3. How many milliliters is 34 cubic centimeters? ___________

4. How many milliliters is 88.9 cubic centimeters? _________

5. What is the abbreviation for cubic centimeters? __________

6. What is the abbreviation for milliliters? _________

7. How many cm3 is 37 ml? ________

8. How many ml is 126.2 cm3? _______

Target 20 - Solve single variable algebraic equations

|Notes |

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Target 21 - Calculate density (Page 90)

A. Calculating density requires the following equation

D = M / V or Density = Mass / Volume

B. Just like in Algebra, you replace letters with appropriate numbers.

C. Whenever you are asked to calculate density, you will be given mass and volume.

|Notes |

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|1. Cody Vickers has a rock with a mass of 25 grams |2. Rachael Rankin has a ball of cookie dough with a |3. Tyler Kramer has a cube with a mass of 244 grams |

|and a volume of 75 milliliters. What is the density|mass of 912.0 grams and a volume of 755.2 |and a volume of 103 milliliters. What is the |

|of the rock? |milliliters. What is the density of the cookie |density of the cube? |

| |dough? | |

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Place the objects in order from lowest density to highest density.

|Low |Medium |High |

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Target 22 - Calculate volume (Page 92)

A. When calculating the volume of an object, you must know the density and the mass.

B. Calculating Volume uses the same equation as used above.

|Notes |

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|1. Nicole Bezold has a marble with a density of 2.61|2. Matt Chalk has a basketball with a density of |3. Keersten Feltner has a steel bowling ball with a |

|grams per milliliter (g/mL) and a mass of 101 grams.|.896 g/mL and a mass of 241 grams. What is the |density of 7.81 g/mL and a mass of 802 grams. What |

|What is the volume of the marble? |volume? |is the volume of the ball? |

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Place the objects in order from lowest volume to highest volume.

|Low |Medium |High |

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Target 23 - Calculate mass (Page 92)

A. When calculating the Mass of an object, you must know the density and the volume.

B. Calculating Mass uses the same equation as used above.

|Notes |

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Examples

|1. Steve Herald has a brass statue with a density of|2. Ashley Huff has a quartz crystal with a density |3. Tristen Schulze has a ball of modeling clay with |

|8.40 g/mL and a volume of 69 milliliters. What is |of 4.31 g/mL and a volume of 209 milliliters. What |a density of 1.67 g/mL and a volume of 562 |

|the mass? |is the mass? |milliliters. What is the mass? |

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4. Place the objects in order from lowest mass to highest mass.

|Low |Medium |High |

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Complete the table – mind your sig figs

|Substance |Mass (grams) |Volume (milliliters) |Density (g/mL) |

|Gold | |.301mL |19.3 g/mL |

|Table sugar |.960g | |1.59 g/mL |

|Gasoline |3.22g |4.29mL | |

Target 24 - Explain density as a relationship between volume and particle spacing.

Models of density – the cube

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|[pic] [pic] |

Target 25 - Explain how objects of different sizes can have the same mass (Page 89)

Calculate the density for each cube.

[pic]

( Questions

1. Calculate the density for each cube – write your answers in the table above.

2. How can the objects above have the same mass if they are different sizes?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Genius question - Convert the volume of each substance above to milliliters.

Lithium ____ mL

Water ____ mL

Lead ____ mL

Target 26 - Explain how objects of the same size can have different masses.

[pic] [pic]

A. Objects of the same size can have different masses because of particle spacing – when the spaces between particles are small, more particles can fit.

B. Which cube is more dense? How do you know? ___________________________________________

Target 27 - Calculate the density of substances and predict which substances will float on which.

A. Remember from earlier that a substance of lesser density will always float on a substance of greater density.

B. Example: oil floats in water – oil is less dense than water.

Example 1 - Predict which substance will float on which.

| |Mass (grams) |Volume (milliliters) |Density (g/mL) |

|Substance A |25.0 g |50.0 mL | |

|Substance B |50.0 g |25.0 mL | |

Which will float on which? _____________________________________________________________

| |Mass (grams) |Volume (milliliters) |Density (g/mL) |

|Substance C |22.60 g |34.35 mL | |

|Substance D |87.95 g |77.77 mL | |

|Substance E |37.38 g |34.00 mL | |

Which will float on which? __________________________________________________________

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