Imperialism
Imperialism
Imperialism-- domination by one country of the political, social, economic and cultural life of another country
#1 Cause
Economic Interests
The Industrial Revolution created a need for certain raw materials that were not available in European countries.
Rubber (for tires), Manganese (for steel), Petroleum, palm oil (for machinery)
#2 Cause
Political & Military Interests
Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies.
The seized islands or harbors to satisfy their needs.
Some claimed colonies for national security.
#3 Cause
Humanitarian & Religious Goals
Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization, including medicine, law, and Christianity.
#4 Cause
Social Darwinism
European races thought they were superior to all others.
Europeans applied Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies and nations.
They thought that the conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species.
Why was Imperialism successful?
Europeans had the advantages
Strong economies
Well-organized governments
Powerful armies and navies.
Improved medical knowledge that allowed them to survive deadly tropical diseases.
Maxim machine gun, repeating rifles, and steam-driven warships.
Some older civilizations were in decline, especially the Ottoman Middle East, Munghal India, and the Qing in China
The draining effects of the slave trade had undermined established empires, kingdoms, and city states in Africa
What do you know about Africa?
It is a huge continent, four times the size of Europe
The people spoke hundreds of languages and developed varied governments.
Some people lived in large centralized states, and others lived in village communities, some herded food and others were food-gathering societies
North Africa-
fertile along the Mediterranean
Huge Sahara Desert
Influenced by Muslim world including Egypt, ruled by the Ottoman empire.
West Africa
grassy planes
Islamic forces
Some small states felt no loyalty to central government turned on each other for protection from others.
The European imperialists exploited the lack of unity.
East Africa
Islam had long influenced the region from the Red Sea down the coast of East Africa,
Some of the port cities were controlled by the Portuguese
Southern Africa
Early 1800s it was in turmoil
Shaka Zulu united the Zulu nations, his conquests set off mass migrations and wars
1830s the Zulus were battling the Boers, who were migrating north from Cape Colony
Forms of Imperial Control
Colonies- European countries sent out governors, officials, and soldiers to control the people and set up a colonial bureaucracy.
The French practiced direct rule, sending officials from France to administer their colonies. Their goal was to impose French culture on the colonies and turn them into French provinces.
The British used indirect rule. They used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers as their agents in governing their colonies. They encouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britain.
Protectorates- a system where local rulers were left in place and expected to accept the advice of European advisers on an issue such as trade or missionary activity. It cost less to run a protectorate than a colony and it did not require a large military commitment.
Sphere of influence- an area in which outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. Example- The United States claimed Latin America as a sphere of influence.
Berlin Conference 1884--Africa is Carved up by the Europeans
European Leaders met in Germany to divide up Africa peacefully– they did not invite any Africans.
European leaders tried to avoid wars with other Europeans
Impact of the slave trade
In the early 1800s European nations outlawed the slave trade.
Abolitionists began the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.
In 1787 the British organized Sierra Leone in West Africa as a colony for freed slaves.
Freed slaves from USA settled in Liberia. By 1847 Liberia became an independent republic.
The Boer War 1899-1902
Britain gained control of Cape Colony in Southern Africa from the Boers (Dutch Farmers) in 1806.
The Boers hated British rule and moved to the north to avoid the British.
In the late 1800s the Boers found gold and diamonds on their land which set off the Boer War.
The British won the Boer War.
Apartheid
In 1910, the British united the Cape Colony and the former Boer republics into the Union of South Africa- under British rule.
They set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation (Apartheid) that would remain in force until 1993.
Nelson Mandela
Born 1918
Jailed 1962 for acting out against Apartheid
Freed 1990
South Africa ends Apartheid in 1993
Elected President of South Africa in 1994
Nobel Prize Speech 1993
“We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social system whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression, and the impoverishment of an entire people”
The British take over India
India
How did Britain manage to take over India?
India was very diverse
Mughal power was crumbling
Indians spoke dozens of languages with different traditions and could not unite against Britain
British East India Company
Goals for British East India Company:
1# Make Money
But the British East India Co. also
improve roads, preserved peace, and reduced banditry
tried to westernize the education and legal procedures in India.
Sent Missionaries who tried to Christianize the Indians.
The Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoys- an Indian troop who was forced to fight for the British
The Sepoy Rebellion
The British East India Company took several unpopular steps…
1. They required the Sepoys to travel overseas… which was against their religion
2. They encouraged widows to remarry, which was totally against Hindu tradition…
3. In 1857, the British issued new rifles to the Sepoys.
▪ The cartridges were greased with animal fat --, either cows (sacred) or pigs (forbidden)
▪ Angry Sepoys brutally massacred a few British men, women, and children.
▪ The British retaliated, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of innocent Indians.
Results: Fear, Hatred, Mistrust on all sides.
India: Another piece of the British Pie
1858: The British ended the rule of the British East India Company.
They placed India directly under British rule– which was very unpopular with the Indians.
The British also taxed the Indians very heavily to help pay for the troops who were stationed in India.
India was a market for England and a source of raw materials.
The British built roads and an railroad system to help trade.
After Suez Canal (1869) connected Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea, British trade with India soared.
Tragedy for India: The British flooded India with inexpensive machine-made textiles, ruining India’s prosperous weaving industry.
The British introduced…
medical improvements
farming methods
Result= rapid population growth
The growing number of people + farmland was being used for cash crops (poppy) = strained the food supply and there were terrible famines in India.
Some upper class Indians benefited from British policies; rich Indians sent their sons to British schools and were trained for posts in the civil service and military.
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Born 1869 in India
Goes to South Africa to practice Law in 1893
Returns to India to fight for civil rights
Used peaceful non-violent protest
Gandhi’s Salt Marches
England grants India independence in 1947
Gandhi is assassinated in 1948
China
Closed Door Policy
Chinese rulers placed very strict limits on trade with foreign countries.
China sold silk, porcelain, and tea, in exchange for gold and silver.
China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade-- exporting more than they imported.
Western Countries had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold them.
Tough times in China
By the late 1700’s
1. China entered a period of decline
2. Industrial Revolution created a need for expanded markets and European goods.
Britain discovered they could make huge profits selling opium (cash crop from India) to the Chinese in exchange for tea.
Soon, many Chinese people became addicted to the Heroin-like drug.
Gold and sliver flowed out of China to buy opium, ruining the Chinese economy.
Chinese Government fights Back
The Chinese outlawed opium and executed drug dealers
They begged the British to stop selling opium-- but the British refused.
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with the British merchants ships, triggering the
Opium Wars
Addicts in China, no match!
China signs the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842
1. China had to pay Britain a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in war
2. The British also gained Hong Kong– and kept it till July 1, 1997.
3. British citizens in China were granted extraterritoriality, or the right to live under British rule and be tried in British courts, all while living in China
The Taiping Rebellion
The most devastating Rebellion in history!
1850 to 1864, led by a school teacher who was forced to take a bogus exam and failed!
The Taiping rebels won control of large parts of China and held out for 14 years. In the end the Chinese government crushed the rebels
Results: The Taiping rebellion caused 20-30 million deaths
Boxer Uprising
The Righteous Harmonious Fists, a group with anti-foreign feelings formed a secret society and they tried to drive foreigners out of China.
Japan crushed the Boxer Rebellion
Although the Boxer rebellion was not successful, the flames of Chinese Nationalism spread.
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