James Price Johnson ( February 1, 1894 – November 17, 1955)



The Charleston in the 1920s: the Dance, the Composers, and the Recordings.

By Albert Haim

Introduction.

The Charleston dance became a world-wide craze in the Roaring Twenties. The dance and the song, composed by James P. Johnson (music) and Cecil Mack (lyrics), were introduced in 1923 in the Broadway musical Runnin’ Wild, and became the quintessential

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jazz age symbols: flappers dancing frantically to the Charleston rhythm and drinking prohibition booze. The success of the Charleston was not confined to the U.S.: Europeans and South Americans went wild over it. We will see below that some of the first recordings of Charleston were made in Buenos Aires and Berlin. Part of the huge success of the Charleston in Paris was due to Josephine Baker’s doing the dance in 1926 at the Folies Bergère.

Runnin’ Wild, a two-act musical comedy taking place in Jimtown and St. Paul, MN, about the adventures of two likable scamps played by F. E. Miller and Aubrey Lyles, was presented in other eastern cities before it opened on Broadway. The show had a successful two-week run in the Howard Theatre in Washington DC beginning on August 25, 1923. From there the show moved to the Selwynn Theatre in Boston, MA where it was reviewed very favorably. It then opened in the New Colonial Theatre on Broadway at 63rd where it ran from October 29, 1923 to May 3, 1924, and again, as a new edition, from June 23, 1924 to June 28, 1924. The theatre, with a capacity of about 1300, was inaugurated in 1905 as the Colonial Music Hall. In 1917, it was renamed New Colonial Theatre, and in the 1920s it presented musical comedies based on black themes, The Chocolate Dandies among them. Runnin’ Wild was produced by George White (famous for his Scandals productions), music by James P. Johnson, book by F. E. Miller and Aubrey L. Lyles; lyrics by Cecil Mack, choreographed by Lyda Webb. Oddly enough, the tune Runnin’ Wild, composed by Johnson and Mack in 1922, was not included in the production.

Interestingly, the feature tune of the show was Old Fashioned Love. The August 30, 1923 issue of Variety declared “Of the musical numbers, which are the work of James Johnson while the lyrics are by Cecil Mack, there isn't one but that will register. The "love number" is the theme song and will undoubtedly be one of the big sellers of the coming season.” Of course, the tune that went on to become the “theme song” of the jazz age was Charleston. Among the performers on opening night on Broadway were Adelaide Hall and Elizabeth Welsh. The number was sung by Elizabeth Welsh with the male chorus line singing and dancing the Charleston. The reviewer of the show for the October 30, 1923 issue of the New York Times wrote, “Runnin’ Wild excels in eccentric dancing-some of the most exciting steps of the season (steps is not always the word, for knees are used more often than ankles) are now on view at the Colonial.”

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Cover of Sheet Music for Charleston.

After its run on Broadway, the show traveled in the vicinity of New York City for two years: the Shubert Theatre in Newark, the Opera House in the Bronx and Werba’s Theatre in Brooklyn. The show was revived in 1926 in the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem. In 1928, a traveling group brought the show to London.

Charleston, the Dance.

There is evidence that some of the dance steps used in the Charleston number of the Runnin’ Wild production were danced long before the show opened on Broadway. Golden and Grayton, a couple of white minstrel artists performing in blackface, claimed to have danced the Charleston in 1890 in their Patting Rabbit Hash dance number. According to Leroi Jones, the Charleston comes from an Anshati ancestor dance. Noble Sissle recalled learning the dance in Savannah in 1905. Rubberleg Williams stated that “The first contest I ever won was a Charleston contest. It was in Atlanta in 1920.” [1] Several productions in theatres and nightclubs had dancers performing some of the steps of the Charleston; examples are Liza (1922-1923), How Come (1923) and the Ziegfield Follies of 1923. One of the numbers in the production of Liza was called Charleston Dancy [sic]. It was composed by Maceo Pinkard (music) and Nat Vincent (lyrics). How Come included two numbers, Charleston Cut-Out and Charleston Finale. Garvin Bushell [2] traces the roots of the Charleston to a Geechie dance done in the Georgia South Sea Islands. James P. Johnson himself noted, “These people were from South Carolina and Georgia where the cotillion was popular- and the "Charleston" was an offspring of that. It was a dance figure like the "Balmoral." A lot of my music is based on set, cotillion and other southern country dance steps and rhythms." [3] In a letter to the New York Times dated December 19, 1926 and published on December 26, 1926, composer William Marion Cook stated that the Charleston rhythm was introduced by Thomas Morris in his 1923 composition Charleston Strut.

Although there may have been some steps similar to those in the Charleston before it was introduced in the production of Runnin’ Wild, it is clear that the extraordinary popularity of the dance came about as a consequence of the success of the song and the show. Harold Courlander wrote [4] “It is, of course, possible to perceive in the Charleston certain steps or motifs extracted out of Negro tradition, but over all it was a synthetic creation, a newly-devised conglomerate tailored for wide spread popular appeal.”

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Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston at the Folies Bergère, Paris, in 1926

One of the claims for the origin of the Charleston seems a bit fanciful. In a full-page article in the August 8, 1926 issue of the New York Times, reporter Fred Austin titles his piece “The Charleston Traces Its Ancestry Back 400 years” with the subtitle “Its parents, so the experts say, was the Branle [6], a favorite dance for centuries at the Royal Court in France.” Austin continues, “Monarchs and princes, dukes and duchesses and courtiers of all degrees, clad in cloth of gold and precious stones, went through paces but slightly removed from the Charleston routine of a musical comedy hoofer of today.” This claim had been previously made by Leo Staats, director of the ballet at the National Opera in Paris. At the 48th annual convention of the American Society of Dancing Teachers in New York in June 1926, Staats stated, “It [the Charleston] showed plainly the influence of the Moyen Age when Le Greves, pas tortilles, pas levees, ru de vache and the Bransles [6] were in vogue.”

Soon after the introduction of the Charleston in Runnin’ Wild, the dance craze swept the country and the world. People danced the Charleston in dance halls, at the beach, on college campuses, on the roof of a London taxi (filmed by Pathé News), on boardwalks and at home. A headline in the sports section of the March 11, 1926 New York Times declared “(Coach) Bezdek Makes Football Squad Charleston. Penn State Adopts Dance as Exercise.” The Prince of Wales reportedly was a big fan of the Charleston. According to the Modesto News-Herald of November 6, 1926, “The Prince of Wales has mastered the Charleston and dances it with the skill and rhythm that only professional dancers can equal.”

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Headline in the December 3, 1926 issue of the New York Times.

The Prince of Wales was not the only member of the British royal family to indulge in the Charleston. On March 26, 1927, Prince George of England won a Charleston contest in the Sporting Casino in Cannes, France.

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Headline in the March 28, 1927 issue of the New York Times.

Other royalty was also fond of the Charleston. In the Fall of 1926, Queen Marie of Yugoslavia and her daughter Princess Ileana were in Paris on their way to their forthcoming visit to the U.S. It was reported that, although the Charleston was not popular in the courts of Europe, Princess Ileana “had learned the Charleston in preparation for her American visit.” [7] In contrast, Queen Victoria of Spain disliked the Charleston and barred it in Society circles beginning in March 1927. The Charleston was first danced at the Elysée, the official site of the French presidency, on January 26, 1927. President Gaston Doumergue, after he ordered an exhibition of the Charleston by a military attaché and a stenographer and did not find it objectionable, decided to allow the dance at a diplomatic dinner followed by a reception and a ball. [8] On the other hand, according to the Prescott Evening Courier of July 16, 1926, the Sultan of Morocco, after attending an exhibition of Charleston at a fashionable establishment in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, “registered marked disapproval at the livley motions of the dance.”

It is noteworthy that the Charleston was banned in various places around the world for sociological/political/religious/health reasons. Of course, the Charleston and other American dances such as the fox-trot were banned in Russia as symbols of American decadence and were tagged the “immoral manifestation of bourgeois luxury.” The archbishops of Rome and Vienna banned the Charleston for their parishioners citing moral reasons. At a world convention of dance teachers in Paris in 1926, a universal boycott of the Charleston was considered because “The negro dance is immoral and not fit for good society.” A plan to “purify” the Charleston was put into effect. [9] Several colleges in the U. S. banned the dance for being too “scandalous” or for lacking “grace and beauty.” According to the New York Times of December 10, 1926, “The Christian Churches of South Africa have declared war on the Charleston on the ground that it is essentially a Kaffir dance and that the performance of it by whites lowers their prestige in the native eyes.” On November 6, 1926 (report in the New York Times edition of November 7, 1926), the Prague, Czechoslovakia police chief implemented an order that prohibited the Charleston in all public places. The Minister of the Interior went farther: he forbad dancing of the Charleston in private places where public officials or diplomats were present. Such bans were repeated across Europe and England. One member of the District Council of Dayton (one of the most populous London suburbs) declared that “the man who invented Charleston was a fit candidate for the lunacy asylum and that the fools who attempted to dance it were balmy.” A Polish archbishop condemned the Charleston in March 1927 as an “unpardonable sin.” The Charleston was banned in Mexico City in August 1926 because it was likely to cause heart failure. Municipal authorities in Constantinople, Turkey banned the Charleston in November 1926 because it was a “menace to health.”

The Charleston was also banned in several cities in the US and around the world ostensibly because of building safety considerations. After a roof collapsed in the Pickwick Dance Club in Boston, MA on July 4, 1925 during a Charleston dance and killed 44 people, dancing to the rhythm of the Charleston was viewed as too dangerous and was banned in several cities. As reported in the New York Times of August 30, 1925, the Charleston dance was banned in halls of Passaic, New Jersey by the Chief of Police with the backing of the Supervisor of the Bureau of Buildings. The supervisor claimed that “old type halls were not strong enough to stand up under the strain of the Charleston.” “The Charleston is all right morally, so far as I know,” added the chief.” In contrast, the Buffalo city inspector justified the ban on the basis of both safety and moral reasons: according to the Schenectady Gazette of November 21, 1925 the chief declared, “The physical being of the young upstarts may be shattered with their morals through the agency of the Charleston.” A ban was also implemented in Concord, NH because the dance halls could not withstand the “strain caused by the Charleston.” An exception to the ban on dancing the Charleston in Berlin was made for a restaurant built 365 feet above ground near the top of the radio tower of a German radio corporation. This was reported in the New York Times of September 8, 1926 with the headline “Charleston Tower to Immortalize Charleston.”

Fatal accidents and illnesses were associated with the Charleston. Sixteen-year old Arthur Tessier, a Charleston contest winner, danced the Charleston in a rowboat in the St. Charles River, MI while seven youngsters aged 13-16 in the boat clapped and sang. The boy lost balance, toppled, and caused the boat to capsize. Seven of the boys and girls drowned. [10] A physician blamed the death of Evelyn Myers, 17, of Seneca, KS to her “dancing the Charleston.” The physician declared that “the extreme physical exercise of the Charleston is particularly dangerous for young women and that it may easily induce inflammation of the peritoneum.” [11] In the case of Geneva Tully, 16, of Cincinnati, OH, who died of heart disease following her Charleston contest win, the headline in the June 6, 1926 issue of the New York Times proclaimed “Charleston Caused Death.” A Paris physician described the problems of thousands of patients, caused by bending the knees sideways, as “the Charleston Knee.” [12]

In spite of all the negative press, composers, record producing companies, and music publishers made serious efforts to capitalize on the success of the Charleston. Several songs had the word “Charleston” in the title; for example, Charleston Mad, I’m Going to Charleston Back to Charleston, Charleston Stampede, Charleston Geechie Dance, Charleston Crazy, Charleston Clarinet Blues, etc. At least two songs were described as “Charleston Swing songs”: Sweet Georgia Brown composed in 1925 by Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey and Maceo Pinkard, and Sweet Man composed in 1925 by Maceo Pinkard and Roy Turk. Thinking of You, composed in 1926 by Walter Donaldson and Paul Ash, was a ballad foxtrot; however, when Julian Fuhs band recorded it for Elektrola EG 457, the tune is described on the record label as a “Charleston.” Two legendary actresses started their careers as Charleston Dance Contest winners. Fourteen-year old Ginger Rogers won the Texas State Charleston contest in 1925 and Joan Crawford won her first Charleston contest in a café in Kansas City in 1924. A Charleston contest took place in front of the St. Louis City Hall on November 13, 1925.

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Courtesy Missouri History Museum Photographs and Prints Collection.

The biggest ever Charleston contest took place on June 27, 1926 at the Polo Grounds in New York.

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Ad in the New York Times, June 18, 1926.

Twenty thousand people attended the event, including Mayor Walker. One hundred dancers competed for the $1,500 in prizes. The music was provided by the bands of Ben Bernie, Vincent Lopez, Roger Wolfe Kahn and Eddie Elkins. Several well-known personalities from stage and sports made appearances – Fanny Brice, Harry Houdini, the Marx Brothers, Sophie Tucker, Jim Corbett, Benny Leonard, etc. The one-thousand dollar first prize, presented by Al Jolson, went to Mary Suchier, a twenty-year old woman from Manhattan. In addition, she was to get a part in a Broadway show and in a Fox movie.

The Composers.

James P. Johnson.

In 1957, Thelonious Monk, while listening to one of his solos, remarked, “That sounds like James P. Johnson.” A year later, Dick Wellstood wrote, “Strangely enough, Monk does sound like James P. from time to time, and so do Fats, Basie, Tatum and Duke (as well as Willie Gant and Q. Roscoe Snowden). Since James P. has had such a strong influence on so many well-known pianists, it is amazing that most people have never heard of him.” [5] With Scott Joplin and Jelly Roll Morton, James P. Johnson is one of the early, seminal jazz and ragtime pianists. James P. Johnson is known as “the father of stride piano” because he developed this style of playing in Harlem, New York in the 1910s. Willie “The Lion” Smith, Luckey Roberts and Fats Waller were other master practitioners of the stride piano.

James Price Johnson was born in New Brunswick NJ on February 1, 1894.

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He was a most influential pianist and composer in the 1910s and 1920s. Some of the hit songs he wrote are “Old Fashioned Love”, “Don’t Cry Baby”, “Charleston”, “If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight”, “Runnin’ Wild”, “Porter’s Love Song to a Chambermaid”, “Snowy Morning Blues”, “Eccentricity Waltz”, “Carolina Shout” and “Keep Off the Grass”. For his accomplishments as a songwriter, James P. Johnson was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.

His most widely known composition is Carolina Shout. Tom Lord’s discography lists 124 recordings of the tune. James P. Johnson first recorded the tune in piano rolls (1918 and 1921). He then recorded it on disc, as Jimmie Johnson’s Jazz Boys in October 1921 (Arto 9096, Bell P96, Cleartone C96, Globe 7096, Hy-Tone K 96) and then as a piano solo on October 18, 1921 (OK 4495-B), viewed by some critics as the first jazz piano solo recording.

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James P. Johnson also wrote music for Broadway shows: Plantation Days, Runnin’ Wild, Keep Shufflin’,” etc. His symphonic music and film scores include: Harlem Symphony (performed in 1945 at Carnegie Hall with James P. Johnson at the piano and Joseph Cherniavsky as conductor), Symphony in Brown, African Drums, Piano Concerto in A-flat, Mississippi Symphonic Suite on St. Louis Blues, Yamacraw: A Negro Rhapsody”(re-orchestrated by William Grant Still in 1928 and first performed in a Carnegie Hall concert organized by William C. Handy with Fats Waller on piano substituting for Johnson who was conducting the orchestra for the Broadway hit show Keep Shufflin’), De Organizer, Dreamy Kid, Kitchen Opera, Manhattan Street Scene and Sefronia’s Dream.

At the invitation of organizer John Hammond, James P. Johnson participated in the 1938 and 1939 “Spirituals to Swing” concerts at Carnegie Hall.

Tom Lord’s Jazz Discography Online lists nearly 200 recordings by James P. Johnson: piano rolls, piano solo recordings, accompanist for female singers (Bessie Smith, Lativia Turner, Trixie Smith, Ethel Waters, etc.), leader of a jazz band that included such well-regarded musicians as Red Allen, Sid Catlett, J. C. Higginbotham, Pops Foster, etc.), sideman (Original Jazz Hounds, Clarence Williams, King Oliver, Count Basie), important participant in the Dixieland revival of the 1940s. With J. C. Higginbotham (tb), Sidney Bechet (sop), Richard Alexis (b) Paul Barbarin (d), he was one of Louis Armstrong’s Jazz Foundation Six.

James P. Johnson’s lifetime achievements were recognized by the United States Postal Service with a 32-cent stamp issued on September 16, 1995.

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Courtesy of

Other honors include his election to the Downbeat Jazz Hall of Fame (1973), the ASCAP Jazz Wall of Fame (2007), and, as mentioned previously, the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

James P. Johnson suffered a severe stroke in 1951 and died four years later in Jamaica NY on November 17, 1955. He is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Maspeth, Queens NY. The grave was unmarked until 2009 when a headstone paid by the James P. Johnson Foundation was placed on the grave.

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Courtesy Find A Grave Website

Cecil Mack.

Composer, author and publisher, Cecil Mack was described as a genius in an account of the success of The Blackbirds in the Moulin Rouge in Paris, France. [13] “We understand that the whole [the Blackbirds Choir] is the work and the design of Cecil McPherson. Mr. McPherson is a genius. A genius is one who, after intense study and effort of penetration into the very soul of things, evolves something new. One leading paper said that the Cecil Mack’s Choir opened new visions of Negro art.”

Richard C. McPherson, better known as Cecil Mack, was born in Norfolk, VA on November 6, 1883 (according to the ASCAP Biographical Dictionary) and died in New York on August 4, 1944. The date of birth must be in error. Richard C. McPherson is listed in the 1900 US Census of age 25, born in November 1875 in Virginia, profession stenographer. Interestingly, the enumerator for the page of the US Census is Richard McPherson himself. Mack attended Norfolk Mission College and Lincoln College in Pennsylvania (class of 1897). He enrolled in the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, but did not complete his studies. In the 1910 US Census, Richard McPherson gave 32 as his age and “Music Publisher” as his occupation. Cecil Mack’s wife, Gertrude Curtis, was the first woman African American dentist. Interestingly, Richard McPherson gives his occupation in the 1920 U.S. Census as “Manufacture Dental Supplies” and his age as 42. In the 1930 US Census, he is 45, occupation “Magazine Writer.” Finally, in his World War II Draft Registration Card, Richard C. McPherson gives his date of birth as November 6, 1880 and his place of birth as Portsmouth, VA. If Cecil Mack graduated from college in 1897, he most likely was born in 1875 as listed in the 1900 census.

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World War II Draft Registration Card

In the early 1900s, Cecil Mack wrote lyrics for several songs such as The Little Gypsy Maid, Zono My Congo Queen and the major hit Teasing, in collaboration with white music publisher and songwriter Albert von Tizer.

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Courtesy Johns Hopkins University, Levy Sheet Music Collection

In 1905, Cecil Mack founded the Gotham Music Publishing Company, the first African American music publishing house. The company lasted only a few months and merged with the Attucks Music Publishing Company, to form the Gotham-Attucks Music Publishing Company. It will be seen that the motto of the company was “House of Melody.”

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Courtesy of

Mack was the head of the company. Although the company lasted for only six years, it developed a good reputation and specialized in the publication of works by distinguished African Americans such as Will Marion Cook, Bert Williams, Alex Rogers, and Chris Smith. The company was one of the pioneers in using high quality art on the covers of its sheet music. In 1911 the company was sold to song-shark Ferdinand E. Mierisch, and quickly lost its reputation. In May 1912, Mierisch changed the name to the Ferd Mierisch Music Publishing Company and soon after was no longer heard of. [14]

One of Cecil Mack’s compositions during this period, written in collaboration with Ford Dabney was That’s Why They Call Me Shine, later, a jazz standard known simply as Shine.

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Courtesy of

Several Broadway shows featured songs with lyrics written by Cecil Mack: The Southerners (1904), Mrs. Black Is Back (1905), Marrying Mary (1906), Bandanna Land (1908), His Honor the Barber (1911), Runnin’ Wild (1923-24), Kilpatrick’s All Time Minstrels (1930). The Cecil Mack’s Choir participated in Lew Leslie’s Blackbirds (1930) and Rhapsody in Black (1931). The latter, a Lew Leslie production, was a musical revue billed as a “jazz concert.” The lyrics and music were by J. Rosamond Johnson, Cecil Mack, W. C. Handy, George Gershwin, Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh. Cecil Mack made the vocal arrangements for the spirituals and folk songs and led his Cecil Mack’s Choir. [15] Two of the stars of the show were Ethel Waters and Valaida.

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Ad in the New York Amsterdam News August 26, 1931.

Cecil Mack’s last Broadway production was Swing It (1937) for which he wrote the book and the lyrics and co-staged it with Jack Mason. The music was by Eubie Blake and Milton Reddie.

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Courtesy Special Collections & Archives, George Mason University Libraries

In an obituary for the Christian Science Monitor reprinted in the New York Age of August 19, 1944, Cecil Mack’s output is described as follows: “His songs were as American as Stephen Foster’s—one or two of them may be remembered as long—and were typically representative of the pre-radio era when fortunes were made over the 10- cent-store sheet-music counters. Cecil Mack's songs were pure fun and never had an off-color line.”

Recordings of Charleston in the 1920s.

First, a rather unusual fact: James P. Johnson never recorded Charleston on discs. He cut two piano rolls of the tune. The first was the 1924 Piano Roll QRS 101027, a Runnin’ Wild medley that consisted of Charleston, Old Fashioned Love, Open Your Heart and Love Bug. The second was the June 1925 Piano Roll QRS 3143 of Charleston. Other piano rolls of Charleston published in the mid 1920s were Ampico 206191 by Zez Confrey, QRS 8691 by J. Lawrence Cook and Melodee Maker 47091 by Freddie Rich.

Considering the enormous popularity of the Charleston, there is a surprisingly small number of recordings of the tune in the 1920s. There were two recordings in 1923 and about a dozen recordings in 1925, none in 1926-1930. This provides some evidence that the popularity of the Charleston peeked in the mid 1920s and began to fade in the second half of the 1920s. Moreover, there were only about half a dozen recordings of the tune in the 1930s and 1940s.. It was not until the 1950s that Charleston was recorded frequently, about 170 recordings between 1950 and 2011. The two 1923 recordings are as follows.

The Ambassadors, New York, Oct 1923, Voc 14686 Old Fashioned Love (Intro Charleston), Beltona 403 (as Palm Beach Players), Coliseum 1886 (as Mayfield Dance Orchestra), Homochord H-638 (as Homochord Dance Orchestra), Guardsmen 7007 (as Original Black band).

Arthur Gibbs and His Gang, New York, Oct 10, 1923, Victor 19165, Charleston (Intro Open Your Heart)

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It is noteworthy that both recordings include other tunes from the show “Runnin’ Wild.”

Several of the recordings in 1925 were waxed abroad.

Euleterio Yribarren, Buenos Aires, 1925, Nacional 8494.

Bert and John Firman, London, Sept 21, 1925, Zonophone rejected.

Bela Dajos, Berlin, Oct 26, 1925

The Excellos Five, Berlin, Oct/Nov 1925, Grammophon G-20410.

Savoy Orpheans, Hayes Middlesex, Jul 7, 1925, HMV B-2076. This is of particular interest because the band leader introduces the number with these words: “This record is unique in that it uses a distinctly new syncopated rhythm. From the top!”

Leslie Jeffries and His Rialto Orchestra, London, Jul 1925, Aco G-15753, Beltona 845, Coliseum 1791, Duophone B-5076, Homochord H-838.

Edison Bell Dance Orchestra, London, Oct 1925, Edison Bell Winner 4297.

Jean Wiener et Clement Doucet (Piano Duet), London, Dec 14, 1925, Columbia (F) D13013, (E) 8988.

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Courtesy Norman Field

Several American bands recorded the tune in 1925: California Ramblers, New York, Apr 2, 1925, Edison 51542; The Knickerbockers, New York, Apr 10, 1924, Columbia 355D (issued as Original Charleston); M. B. Roseland, New York, March/April 1925, Emerson 10903; Waikiki Hawaiian Trio, Los Angeles, April/May 1925, Sunset 1107; Texas Ten, New York, May 5, 1925, issued under various pseudonyms for a variety of labels; Paul Whiteman, New York, May 10, 1925, Victor 19671; Ben Selvin, May 13, 1925, Vocalion 15038; Varsity Eight, New York, May 13, 1925, Cameo 724; Carlyle Stevenson, Los Angeles, July 1925, Sunset 1114; The Tennessee Tooters, New York, Aug 12, 1925, Vocalion 15086; Isham Jones, Chicago, Oct 2, 1925, Brunswick 2970 (issued as Original Charleston).

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Special mention must be made of the April 1925 recording of Charleston by Lovie Austin and Her Blues Serenaders. It was issued on Paramount 12278 with the title Charleston, South Carolina with a vocal by Priscilla Stewart, perhaps the only 1920s recording to feature a vocal.

Conclusion.

The Charleston was introduced in New York in late 1923, and, within a little over a year, became a world-wide craze. The popularity of the Charleston lasted for a few years – peaking in 1925-26 and beginning to fade by the late 1920s. In fact, already in 1926 there were signs, in the U.S, of a decline. The Toledo News-Bee of June 29, 1926 reported that members of the American Society of Dancing Teachers “were inclined to the belief that the Charleston fad was on the wane.” A headline in the Miami News and Metropolis of August 24, 1926 warned, “Craze for Charleston is waning fast.” And the September 21, 1927 issue of New York Amsterdam News mentions “The waning Charleston.” “The Charleston Is Dead in Paris” proclaimed the Evening Tribune of May 5, 1929. However, while in vogue, the Charleston was danced in the US, Europe and South America by royalty, professional dancers, high society and middle class folk, as well as lower income people. It was banned in dance halls, schools, official functions and blamed for death, accidents and illnesses throughout the world. In spite of the highly unfavorable press, the Charleston was widely embraced and its acclaim was unparalleled. Today, we think of the Charleston as the archetypal symbol of the jazz age and of prohibition, but at the time, although extremely popular and influential, it was a relatively short-lived phenomenon. It was displaced by other dances such as the Black Bottom, the Dixie Stomp and the Varsity Drag.

Coda: A Fascinating Tidbit.

According to George Johnson, tenor saxophonist of the Wolverine Orchestra (that included Bix Beiderbecke), the Charleston began its popularity in September 1924 at the Cinderella Ballroom.[16]

At about the time we started at the Cinderella, a famous

dance team featured at one of the shows in New York a

new dance called the Charleston. It is not generally known

that this dance started its country-wide popularity at the

Cinderella to the music of the Wolverines. The dancers

found our particular rhythm perfectly suited to the Charleston,

and the management did everything in its power to forward

the popularity, offering prizes for the best team and in many

other ways helping it to make it the craze it became.

I have not been able to find confirmation of George Johnson’s claim. But I will point out that Pee Wee Russell stated, “I remember they used to have a Sunday afternoon thing at the Arcadia Ballroom. Ordinarily, the band would complain about the extra work, but Bix would really look forward to it. He said he liked to see the kids dance. He liked to watch them do things like the Charleston. He said he liked it because the kids had a fine sense of rhythm. And in their way, the kids knew what Bix was doing. They knew he was doing something different because he made them want to dance.”[17]

Acknowledgment. I am grateful to Robert Rothberg for information about the British issues of Charleston recordings.

Notes.

[1] Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance by Marshall and Jean Stearns, Da Capo Press; 2nd edition, 1994. For a detailed report on several accounts as to how the Charleston was incorporated into Runnin’ Wild, see The Wicked Waltz and Other Scandalous Dances: Outrage at Couple Dancing in the 19th and Early 20th centuries by Mark Knowles, McFarland, 2009.

[2] Jazz From The Beginning by Garvin Bushell, Da Capo Press, 1998.

[3] Tom Davin, "Conversations with James P. Johnson," The Jazz Review, Vol. 2, No. 5 (June, 1959).

[4] Negro Folk Music U.S.A. by Harold Courlander, Dover Publications, 1992.

[5] Dick Wellstood, “Review of W. C. Handy Blues. Sung by his Daughter Katharine Handy Lewis. Accompanied by James P. Johnson. Folkways FG3540,” The Jazz Review, Vol 1, No. 2 (December, 1958).

[6] The dance is spelled “Bransle” or “Branle” in different sources.

[7] The New York Times, October 8, 1926.

[8] The New York Times, January 28, 1927.

[9] The New York Times, May 15, 1926.

[10] The New York Times, June 21, 1926.

[11] The New York Times, February 16, 1926.

[12] The New York Times, April 29, 1928.

[13] New York Amsterdam News, July 31, 1929.

[14] The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Spring, 1987), pp. 79-112.

[15] A Century of Musicals in Black and White: An Encyclopedia of Musical Stage Works By, About, or Involving African Americans by Bernard L. Petersen, Greenwood Press, 1993.

[16] The Wolverine Days by George Johnson, in Swing Music, Fall 1936.

[17] Chapter by Charles Edward Smith in The Jazz Makers, edited by Nat Shapiro and Nat Hentoff, Greenwood Press, 1957.

Recommended Reading.

James P. Johnson: A Case of Mistaken Identity by Scott E. Brown, Institute of Jazz Studies, Scarecrow Press, 1992.

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