Loudoun County Public Schools



Name:__________________ AP World History Block:________Period 6 Quiz Study GuideWorld War II. Underlying Causes of WWIa. MilitarismPowerful military leaders and armies started an arms race among nationsb. Alliances-Agreements were made between countries in case of war-Emergence of Allies and Central Powersc. Imperialism-Competition over colonies-Economic rivalries between major European powersd. Nationalism-Serbian desire to create a nation-German pride in military and power---French revenge on Germanye. Anarchy-Many areas in Europe were going through social unrest -No international body for peace II. New Found AlliancesGermany formed Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879Italy joined in 1882 creating the Triple Alliance Germany wanted to isolate France and allied with RussiaIII. Birth of the Triple EntenteNew Kaiser Wilhelm II took the German throne and fired Otto von BismarckThis ended the alliance with RussiaRussia then allied with France and Great Britain They formed the Triple EntenteIV. Rivalries in the BalkansThe Balkans were called the “Powder Keg” of EuropeMany countries had claims to the territories and spheres of influence existed with many European nations Austria makes the first move by annexing BosniaSerbia demanded that Bosnia have self ruleV. Serbian PaybackSerbia set out to end Austrian interference in the BalkansArchduke Ferdinand and His wife were visiting Sarajevo, the capital of BosniaGavrilo Princep a member of the Black Hand assassinated the Archduke and his wife. VI. The Start of WarAustria offered an ultimatum to Serbia demanding they stop resisting Austrian ruleAustria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.Russia then joined the Serbians sideBy August 3rd, Germany declared war on Russia and France VII. The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan was a full out attack on France by crossing neutral BelgiumThe purpose was to destroy France quickly and then attack Russia This plan forced Great Britain to join the war and Italy to abandon GermanyVIII. Two Major Battles a. The First Battle of MarneGermany crossed Belgium but could not break French defenses The Germans were now forced to fight a two-front war.This stalemate gives birth to trench warfare b. Gallipoli CampaignBritain launched an attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula In 1915, the Ottoman Empire joined WWI. They stopped the British assault This cut off the Allies from supplying the RussiansThis forced the Russians to suffer major losses in supplies and ammIX. The United States Enters the WarThe U.S declared its neutrality in 1914The Germans Started submarine warfareThe Germans sank a British passenger liner called the LusitaniaGermany used unrestricted submarine warfare to sink any ship without warning Even after unrestricted sub-warfare, the U.S remained neutralThe Zimmerman Telegram stated that the Germans would help Mexico regain lands lost to the U.S, if the Mexicans would join the warThe U.S is forced into WWI X. Russia Withdraw from the WarRussian involvement in WWI was hurting the Russia economy, soldiers and peopleRevolts broke out forcing Czar Nicholas II to abdicate in1917A provisional government was set up, but it was also weakThe Communist Party rose to power under Vladimir LeninLenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with GermanyRussia gives Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Ukraine to GermanyXI The End of WWIWhen Russia left the war Germany focused on FranceThe United States was now involved and prevented a German victory Bulgaria surrendered September 29, 1918The Ottoman Empire surrendered October 30, 1918Austria-Hungary surrendered November 3, 1918November 10, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated German throneNovember 11, 1918 Germany agrees to armisticeWorld War I is now over XII. X New TechnologyMachine Guns Grenades Mortars and ArtilleryTanksPoison GasGas GrenadesAirplanesSubmarinesPropagandaGun ShipsTrench WarfareXIII. Building the PeaceThere were four major politicians involved with making peace:David Lloyd George, Britain, Georges Clemenceau, France, Woodrow Wilson, the U.S, Vittorio Orlando, ItalyWilson’s Fourteen PointsAltering national borders in EuropeCreate new nations along the lines of Self-DeterminationCreate a League of Nations to prevent future warsXIV. The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles set harsh clause on Germany:Germany loses colonies in Africa and the PacificLimitations on German army: (100,000 soldiers, air force, navy, subs) Germany could not manufactures weaponsGermany had to pay 33 Billion dollars in reparations“War Guilt” clause placing blame for WWI solely on Germany Formation of League of Nations, Germany and Russia could not joinThe U.S never joined the League of Nations Armenian Massacre I. Origins of Problems between Turks and ArmeniansThe Ottoman Empire contained many Christian Armenians and MuslimsArmenians started calling for an independent state.Russia promoted Armenian independenceII. Problems EscalateThe Turks blamed the Armenians for losing important WWI battles. They were considered a threat to Turkish unity. This is what began the massacreIII. The Massacre BeginsTurks arrested thousands of Armenian intellectuals and most were executed.Encouraged a forced evacuation of ArmeniansThe Turks built labor camps where thousands of Armenians were killed by a variety of techniques: burned alive, shot, starvation, morphine injection, and poisoning.IV. ResultsThe Turks massacred over a million and a half Armenians After WWI the people responsible were sentenced to death.Genocide was brought to the attention of the worldRussian RevolutionI. The Effects of World War I on RussiaThe Russian Revolution occurred due to the following:Major losses poor leadership and poorly trained soldiersNo ammunition No food, shortage of breadThe Duma, the Russian Parliament (1906-1917), was created to help but had no real authority II.RUSSIAN LEADERSHIPCzar Nicholas II:Last czar of the Romanov’s Refused to pull Russia out of war despite the sufferingPeople rioted and demanded change He abdicated (stepped down) from the throne in February 1917III. Provisional GovernmentAlexander Kerensky set up provisional government Tried to be democratic, but kept Russia in WWI (not a popular decision) Tried to suppress Lenin and the Bolshevik party Soviets: formed local councils that represented peasants, workers, soldier The provisional government lasted from Feb 1917-Oct 1917IV.HERE COMES LENIN!Follower of Karl Marx1917 Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, led the October Revolution and removed the provisional gov’t This was a successful coup d’etat He mobilized the support of soldiers, workers, and peasants to revolt V. CommunismCommunism was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and was published in the Communist ManifestoCommunism is a society in which there is no private ownership, all property is shared by the community for the common benefit of all membersThe Differences between Communism and Capitalism CommunismCapitalismHistory is a series of class strugglesWorkers are exploited by employersIndividuals should follow self interest Competition is the key to successThere should be a classless societyGov’t controls everythingNo private ownershipsAll share wealthAllows for profitClasses developGovernment should not interfere Also known as a command economyAlso known as a market economyVI. LENIN’S PROMISEPromised LAND, PEACE AND BREAD!!Land seized from nobility would go to the peasants Peace: to get out of WWIBread: end of food shortagesVII. Bolshevik TakeoverBegan to nationalize the industries and assets of Russia1918 signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with GermansRussia lost the Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and FinlandRussia was officially out of WWIVIII. LENIN’S RULEdictator Set up a totalitarian gov’t Destroyed churches and synagoguesCreated the Cheka : secret police Created the RED army led by Leon TrotskyThe Execution of Tsar Nicholas II 1918The Red Army ordered the execution on the entire Romanov family July 17 The Romanov family was executed. Russia plunged into civil war The White Army was anti-Bolshevik and aided by the Allies1917-1921 RED army put down revoltsAllies withdrew support, and the Reds were victorious Lenin renames Russia : The Soviet Union in 1921IX. Lenin’s NEP 1920’s: rebuild Russia he used his New Economic PolicyThe NEP placed major industries in gov’t hands, but allowed for private businesses to form Combined communism with some capitalismEx: allowed farmers to sell grain for profitX. The Death of LeninThis plan slowly helped RussiaLenin has a series of strokes from 1922-1924, and dies in 1924He did not choose a successorXI. Trotsky vs. StalinTrotsky: War Commissar under Lenin, and a war heroStalin: General Secretary of the Central Committee Lenin did not trust Stalin, would have chosen Trotsky to lead1927 forced Trotsky to step down as war commissar1929 Trotsky was banished from Communist Party and exiledStalin now had sole power over RussiaTrotsky was murdered in Mexico by an ice pick in 1940Stalin become totalitarian dictatorXII. Five Year PlansStalin ends NEP in 1928Creates command economyCreates the Five Year PlanA plan of rapid industrialization and productionStalin set demanding goals for factories and productionUsed collectivization, Gov’t took over farmsKulaks or peasants were kicked offThey rebel: burn livestock, farms, Cause a Great Famine Anyone that disagreed were sent to labor camps, known as Gulags or executed.Stalin believed this policy would lead to increased production. In 1939, two countries in the world produced more than Russia, the United States and GermanyXIII. Stalin and Totalitarianismsingle-party dictatorship that controls every aspect of the lives of its citizensThere are no individual rights Citizens must obey the gov’t without questionThis gov’t uses propaganda, censorship, and terrorEx: Great Purge where Stalin eliminated threats in the Communist party in the 1930’s Secret police spied on citizensIn the end, his plans helped the Soviet Union become a major world power, at the cost of millions of lives The Mexican RevolutionI Porfirio DiazPresident of Mexico for 31 years.Power & wealth was in the hands of a select few.The people had no power President Diaz and his supporters used their political and economic resources to stay in power indefinitely.II Francisco MaderoMadero a local landowner wanted to remove Diaz and ran for president.Shortly before the elections of 1910, Madero was captured and imprisoned. He stated that the election was a fraud and declared himself PresidentThis started the Mexican RevolutionIII The RevolutionFrancisco “Poncho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata led an uprising of the peasants. The revolts defeated Diaz in six months. The people called for an election and Francisco Madero was elected President. IV A Second Uprisingmilitary uprisings led to the assassination of Madero was killed in 1913New leader General Huerta was abusiveVilla, Zapata, Carranza and Obregón fought and removed Huerta V The Constitution of 19171. . Carranza created a new constitution in 1917. 2. It addressed-no foreign ownership of resources-organized labor code, the right to strike and eight hour work days. -Education was to be free3. Carranza would be killed and leaders would continue to push for democracyRebuilding of TurkeyI. The Rise of Mustafa KemalThe Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in WWI.After the loss, the empire fell apartThe Greeks attempted to overtake Turkey Mustafa Kemal was nationalist leader of the Young Turks The Young Turks rose up to defeat the sultan and the Greeks in 1919Kemal took the name Atatürk or “Father of the Turks” Became President of Turkey in 1923II. Atatürk’s ReformsTurkey was predominantly MuslimWanted to reform Turkey using Western ideasHe introduced western customs and clothesWestern ideas in gov’t by creating a parliamentChanged legal code from Islamic to WesternEducational system became coeducationalHe gave women full social and political rights. He used ruthless actions to institute change in TurkeyIII. Pan-ArabismPan-Arabism is a nationalist movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. Pan-Arabism is a form of cultural nationalism. Rise of FascismI Rise of FascismFascist parties began to rise in Europe after WWIFascism was to destroy the will of the individual in favor of the countryFascism is a division of totalitarianism II Post War Problems in ItalyItaly Joined WWI to gain land.Wilson cut them out of the settlement, 600,000 soldiers diedItalian post-war problems:National debtHigh unemploymentPovertyAnger StrikesRiots Demands for land reformIII Italy: The First Fascist StateItaly was the first state to have a fascist government Benito Mussolini created the Nationalist Fascist Party in 1919. Mussolini’s Blackshirts, fought against Socialists and Communists. By 1921 members were in the Italian parliament. Mussolini marched on Rome in 1922King Victor Emanuel III named Mussolini Prime Minister. IV Totalitarian ItalyMussolini took over parliament in 1922. When he did take complete power Mussolini:limited the power of parliamentbanned labor unions abolished rival political parties set up a secret police Use Black Shirts to intimidate opponents. He also used propaganda photos, documentary films, music, education, television, and parades to help his image. In addition he rejected Democracy, Capitalism, and Free TradeV Italian Foreign PolicyItaly started to focus on expansiona. Took Corfu in Greece in 1923 b. Controlled Albania c. Reconquered Libya d. In 1935 Mussolini conquered EthiopiaThis led to the relationship between Hitler and MussoliniRise of Nazi GermanyI. Fascism in GermanyAfter World War I, the Weimar Republic beganThe attempted to create a democracy, but problems existedA political party named The National Socialist German Workers’ Party will begin its rise to powerII. Adolf HitlerHitler joins Nazi Party in 19211923 starts the Beer Hall Putsch (attempted overthrow the government)1924 sentenced to 5 years in prisonIn prison Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)This book became the key to Hitler’s success III. The Nazi Party1926, Hitler became supreme leader of Nazis (Führer). October 29, 1929, the Wall Street stock market crashed Unemployment rose In 1932 Hitler ran for president but was defeatedHitler gained widespread support and became chancellor in 1933He soon concentrated power to the Nazi Party.IV. Hitler Becomes DictatorThe Reichstag was burned on February 27. The Reichstag Fire was blamed on the Communists.Hitler suspended many constitutional rights.Hitler proposed the Enabling Act, which gave him dictatorial powers Hitler became dictator of Germany in March 1933. V. Consolidation of PowerThis was the birth of the Third Reich in German history. Hindenburg died in 1934 Hitler became the sole ruler of Germany.VI. Totalitarian Reign Banned all political parties. Big business under government control. Outlawed freedom of the press Secret state police hunted down its enemies 1933 saw the birth of the first concentration camps for enemies of the state.VII Rebuilding GermanyHitler launched large public works: the construction of superhighways (autobahns), Hitler wanted to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Ended unemployment in GermanyGermany was the first country to rise up from the depression.VIII. The Night of Long KnivesHitler feared that others wanted his power. The Night of Long KnivesDuring the next 24 hours 200 other senior SA officers were arrested. Many were shot as soon as they were captured IX Hitler’s Anti-SemitismHitler was an anti-Semite. Anti-Semitism is the hatred for the Jews. To Hitler the Jews were responsible for all problems in the world.The Nuremberg LawsA citizen of the Reich may be one who is of German blood.Marriages between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood are forbidden Extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans is forbidden.Germans were encouraged not to use Jewish doctors and lawyers. X KristallnachtKristallnacht took place on November 9-10, 1938. A German diplomat, had been murdered by a Jew in Paris. During Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass as it was known: Jewish shops were destroyed Synagogues were burnt down. 20,000 were sent to concentration camps.After Kristallnacht the numbers of Jews wishing to leave Germany increased. Between 1933 and 1939, half the Jewish population of Germany left the country.XI The HolocaustThe worst atrocity by Hitler was the Holocaust.Known as The Final Solution6 million Jews were killed during the Second World WarJapanese AggressionI. Japan after WWIJapan was on the winning side in WWI and began to experience rapid growth economicallyJapan demanded trading rights and control over some aspects of the Chinese gov’t and economyWhen the Depression hit, Japanese militarists gained control and planned to create a new empire in ChinaII. Sino-Japanese WarJapan began expanding into KoreaJapan established control over Manchuria in 1931The Sino-Japanese war started because Japan wanted to expand further into AsiaIII. The BattleJapan signed an alliance with Germany in 1936Japan was more advanced technologicallyJapan was stronger but China was able to force the war into a stalemateMost costly loss was the City of Nanking (Nanjing)Fighting ensued again in 1941Rape of Nanking300,000 civilians were murdered 20,000 women were raped, most of whom were murdered thereafter Rapes were committed in broad daylight, in front of spouses, children, or other family members, and with appalling frequency. Japanese officials condoned the murder of women after the rapeOne outstandingly revolting account: Europe 1931-1939IV. SpainSpain established a parliamentary gov’t in 1931The system was extremely weak and failing1936 General Francisco Franco took control of parts of Spain This led to a massive civil war Germany and Italy supported Franco’s troops to help crush the democracyWhile France and Britain refused to help the Spanish democracy In 1939 Franco installed a dictatorship in Spain Spain stayed neutral during WWII V. Germany In 1933, Hitler began to rebuild the German military.Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. 1935, Hitler took back the Rhineland.In 1937 Germany signed an alliance with Japan. In early 1938 Hitler annexed AustriaAt the Munich Conference of 1938, Hitler was given the SudetenlandHitler received appeasement policy was used to avoid a war. VI. Europe 1939Appeasement worked for one year 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.March 1939 Italy invaded Albania. The Germans signed the “Pact of Steel” uniting Germany and Italy in May 1939. VII. Nazi-Soviet PactGermany signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in august 1939. Germany would take Eastern Poland and LithuaniaRussia would get the remainder of Poland, Finland and the Baltic States.German forces marched into Poland on September 1, 1939. September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war on GermanyWorld War III. The War BeginsOn September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded PolandGerman attack called “blitzkrieg”, or lightning war. Britain and France declare war on Germany The United States declared its neutralitySoviets and Nazis split PolandRussians attacked Finland and are expelled from the League of Nations. II. 1940In early1940 the Nazis invaded: DenmarkBelgiumFranceAnd other countriesAll of the nations above surrender to the Germans. Great Britain was the next targetIII. The Battle for BritainIn July 1940 the Battle of Britain began. The German Luftwaffe began mass bomber attacks on radar stations and airfields. Hitler then switched the attack to civilian targets. This decision cost the Germans the Battle for Britain.IV. Pact of SteelThe Italians and Germans signed the Pact of SteelThe Italians finally joined WWII in 1940 and attack Greece and North AfricaItaly was being defeated in both areasThe Germans had to help and defeated the Greeks, the Balkans and North AfricaThe Germans cancelled the Nazi-Soviet PactGerman attacked Russia: Operation BarbarossaV. Operation BarbarossaGermany:Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.The Soviets retreated and used the scorched earth plan, burning everything to keep them from the GermansThis forced the Russians to side with the Allies and Germany was fighting a two-front war VI. The PacificJapan continued its expansionTripartite Pact was signed between Tokyo, Rome and Berlin. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.The United States and Britain declare war on JapanGermany and Italy Declare war on the U.SAfter attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma and the Dutch East Indies.The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships.Bataan Death March The Japanese forced U.S. and Filipino soldiers to march after Japan defeated the Philippines in 1942.About 10,000 people died or were killed during the march.Relocation of Japanese AmericansAfter Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were targeted and thrown in internment campsVII. The U.SItaly surrendered in 1943June 1944 the Allies stormed Normandy (D-Day). On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide May 7, 1945 the German Army authorized an unconditional surrender. VIII. War in the PacificJapan refused to surrender.The U.S dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima The U.S dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki, The Japanese surrendered and World War II was over. Peace after WWIIIX. The Yalta ConferenceAfter the war, Germany would be split into four occupied zones, with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin.Germany would undergo demilitarization and de-nazification X. United NationsAllies set up an international organization to secure peace. The United Nations Security Council was given great power. Five permanent members are the US, GB, France, China and the Soviet Union. ***Purpose of the UNTo maintain international peace and securityXI. Universal Declaration of Human RightsUniversal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.All are equal before the lawXII. Genocide ConventionThe Genocide Convention was set up to declare that genocide is a crimeAny act of genocide will now be punishedXIII. Marshall PlanU.S would assist Europe in a plan to rebuild Aid to prevent starvationRepair and begin economic reconstruction.$13.3 billion for recovery.The plan had two major aims:To prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe To stabilize Europe for the development of democracy and free-market economies.Holocaust What was the Holocaust?Nazi genocidal policy: Referred to as the “Final Solution”Began in 1939-194511 million were killed: 6 million Jews5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled, political dissidentsI. STEPS LEADING TO THE HOLOCAUSTNazi’s targeted a number of ethic and cultural groupsJews were the most hatedHitler wanted a master “Aryan” race: pure German blood1933: Nuremberg LawsNovember 1938: Kristallnacht 1939-1940: Anti-Semitic policy escalated to the point of genocideII. Identifying Jews 1938 identification cards"J Stamp" based on the religion of grandparents was added to ID cards and passports of JewsThey had to take a "Jewish middle name" (Sara for women, and Israel for men)Jews were forced to wear the yellow star to identify themselvesIII. The GhettosJews were rounded up and placed in ghettosSome Jews were sporadically executed or died by random violenceOther Jews were placed into concentration( labor) campsIV. Medical ExperimentsZyklon-B was chosen as most efficient gasNazi’s used Jews to test medical experimentsJews (especially twins and dwarfs) were dissected for organs, and infected with diseasesV. 1942: The Beginning of the Final SolutionHitler implements his Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference The creation of Death or extermination camps beganThe largest and most famous was Auschwitz in PolandBetween 1943-1945 Jews from all over Europe were shipped to death campsVictims were gassed, and their bodies were crematedVI. The AftermathSoviets liberate camps in Poland in 1944 and Auschwitz was liberated in 1945An estimated 6 million Jews and 5 million others were killed1946: Nuremberg Trials:They tried Nazi’s for “crimes against humanity”1948: UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights VII. War Crimes TrialsIn 1945 and 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death for their war crimes.Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty of war crimes and were imprisoned, and in some cases, executed.Jewish NationalismI. Treatment of JewsPersecuted for centuries Pogroms: violent attacks on JewsAnti-Semitism: Hatred for JewsJews were not welcome in many places Ex. Russia produced the May Laws prohibiting the rights of Jews during the 1800’s II. Dreyfus AffairCaptain Alfred Dreyfus was accused of treason in FranceAnti-Semitic atmosphere caused Dreyfus to be imprisoned, released 12 years laterProved Jews were not welcome anywhereOne solution: the mass immigration of Jews to a land that they could: the mass immigration of Jews to a land that they could call their ownIII Theodor HerzlHerzl published The Jewish State in 1896Herzl started a plan called ZionismZionism: ideology that supports a homeland for the Jews in the Land of IsraelFirst Zionist CongressThe congress established the World Zionist Organization Created the economic foundation for the proposed Jewish stateHe died in 1904IV. Balfour DeclarationArthur Balfour in 1917 he issued the Balfour DeclarationCalled for a Jewish homeland in Palestine for JewsBut this should not displace the MuslimsIn 1920 Britain gained control of Palestine as a mandate from the League of NationsFrom 1917-1939 hundreds of thousands of Jews went to Palestine. The White Paper of 1939 was the idea of an independent Palestine governed jointly by Arabs and JewsThe Jews finally received their own home state in 1948 when the United Nations created two Palestine’s, one for Muslims and one for Jews.Chinese RevolutionI. The Chinese Revolution of 1911Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese Revolution of 1911.China became more westernized. Three Principles of the People were:Nationalism, socialism, and democracy.II. Chiang Kai-ShekSun Yat-sen died in 1925. Chiang Kai-shek was the new leader.Two major problems for China: The Japanese invaded Manchuria and the Communists allied with Russia III. Rise of CommunismA civil war was fought for four years 1949 the communists were led by Mao Zedong The Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China. Communists named mainland China the People’s Republic of China.The UN and U.S recognized the People’s Republic of China as the true China. IV. Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung, collectivized agriculture and industry.Steel production grew rapidly.1950’s Great Leap Forward: use cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the country.It failed crippling the economy and causing millions of deaths from starvation.V. Rebuilding ChinaBetween 1959 and 1961 poor policies and natural disasters caused famine. China introduced elements of capitalism that helped the economy. VI. The Cultural RevolutionUniversities were shut down for four years. Students and faculty worked in the fields.Anyone who opposed were arrested or killed. The new curriculum included only communist studies and vocational training. Mao Tse-tung died in 1976. He was replaced by Deng XiaopingVII. Deng XiaopingIn September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age of 83. Deng Xiaoping seized power and the Cultural Revolution ended. VIII. Four Modernizations“It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." Deng Xiaoping ...His policy was called the Four Modernizations SAID S: Science and TechnologyA: AgricultureI: industryD: Defense Tried to advance China because they had been isolated for so longThousands of students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business techniques. IX. Collective farmsCollective farms could now lease lands to peasant families who paid rentPeasants could now make profit on produceCombining capitalism with communismSimilar to Lenin’s NEP and Gorbachev’s Perestroika X. ResultsPlan worked : industry began to risePer capita income went up1980’s no money for refrigerators, radio’s, watches, & TVsBy 1990’s: more could afford these itemsPeople still wanted changeThey wanted democracy, especially studentsStudents were sent abroad and influenced by western ideas, dress, and pop cultureXI. Tiananmen SquareIn May 1989, student protests called for the end of corruption Led to massive demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Deng ordered tanks and troops into Tiananmen Square to crush the demonstrators This was a violation of human rightsHundreds were killed Democracy remained a dreamIndia’s IndependenceI. IndiaIndia was still a British colonyMany people wanted their autonomy or self-ruleThe Indian National Congress was formed it 1885It was meant to increase Indian rightsIn 1906 the Muslim League was formed to increase the rights of Islamic Indians Both were formed to oppose colonial rule II. India’s involvement in WWIThe Indians supported Britain in WWI.When the war was over India wanted to become free like other coloniesGandhi began to speak out against British ruleIII. Amritsar MassacreIndian nationalists held a peaceful protest The protesters were unarmed and were slaughtered by the British 379 people died, 1,137 woundedIndians from all over joined the movement for independence Britain now opposed any opposition IV. Indian NationalismMohandas Gandhi had become a national figure by supporting passive resistance Gandhi and his followers used protests, boycotts of imperial goods, and strikesThe British attempted to make minor reforms but Indians were not satisfiedFighting between Hindus and Muslims also escalatedGandhi pleaded for Indian unity, while others demanded a division of India V. Great Salt MarchNonviolent resistance to British authority. Britain imposed a heavy tax on the salt they sold to India. Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200 mile march to the seashorePeople began to make salt illegallyVI. Movement for peaceGandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru pressed the British for greater reform.In 1935, the British granted a constitution.In 1937, Gandhi and Nehru began their “Quit India” campaignThe start of WWII delayed the British withdrawal India would gain its freedom in 19471948 Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse VII. Problems after IndependenceAfter WWII Hindus and Muslims killing each otherGandhi promoted a united India (Hindu and Muslims ruling together)Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed a partition of India to create a Muslim state in Northern IndiaIndia was divided into thirds: India in the south and a Muslin state Pakistan into two parts (West Pakistan and East Pakistan) East Pakistan would become BangladeshAfter the partition, millions of people shifted to live where their religion was dominantHundreds of thousands of people were killed The nations are still fighting today especially in Kashmir Both India and Pakistan are now nuclear powers, making the area extremely dangerous Cold WarI. The Crumbling AllianceThe United States and the Soviet Union became the world superpowers. They had the resources and military to dominate the globe. Conflicting ideologies and distrust divided the Allies and led to the Cold War. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility that developedII. Origins of the Cold WarStalin wanted to spread Communism into Eastern Europe.Stalin left troops in every country that they liberated from Nazi rule.Stalin installed governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia and other Eastern European countries.By 1946, almost all of Eastern Europe was under Stalin’s control.III. The Cold War Heats UpChurchill’s labeled Stalin’s Eastern European countries as an “iron curtain.” It described the division of Europe into an “eastern” and “western” bloc. IV. Containment and The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine resisted Communism and would resist Soviet expansion anywhere.The United States would resist Soviet expansion anywhere in the world. Truman sent military and economic aid to resisting countries. Containment, limited communism to the areas already under Soviet control.V. Division of GermanyGermany was split into four parts.The Soviet Union controlled the EastThe West was united by the U.S, Britain and France.The Russians dismantled factories and resources. The Western democracies rebuilt German industries. VI. BerlinAll four Allies occupied the capital. Stalin sealed off railroads and highways into Berlin. This was known as the Berlin Blockade. The western powers responded with the Berlin Airlift.The airlift was a round the clock supply drop into BerlinThe airlift forced the Soviets to stop the blockade. VII. NATOIn 1949, the U.S, Canada, G.B, France, and other democracies formed NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Members of NATO pledged to help one another if any one of them was attacked.Other countries joined during the Cold War like Greece, Turkey, Spain and GermanyVIII. The Warsaw Pact In 1955 the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact. It included the U.S.S.R, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania Bulgaria, East Germany and Romania.The Warsaw Pact was used by the Soviets as a weapon to keep the satellites in order. IX. Nuclear Arms Race The United States and Russia had the atomic bomb.The superpowers spent billions to develop nuclear weapons. The advance of technology was greater than that of any one time period. X, PropagandaThe US defended capitalism and democracyThe Soviet Union defended communism and totalitarianism.XI. The Korean WarAfter WW II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel.Soviets in North Korea U.S. occupied South KoreaBoth Superpowers withdrew in 1949But in 1950, the North invaded the South. The North wanted to unify Korea under communism. The US and UN placed the forces in the South.The South Koreans were winning until China entered the war aiding the North An armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. South Korea became an economic powerhouse, while the North has suffered But North Korea has nuclear weapons and is considered a dangerous threat XII. Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy led a campaign against Communism in the early 1950s. “McCarthyism” made many people believe that the U.S was full of communistsXIII. The Space Race1957 the Soviets launch Sputnik.1969 the US’s Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.The Space Race caused the birth of superior world technology.XIV. The Cuban Revolution Cuba became independent in 1898 with U.S helpFor decades, the U.S invested in Cuban businesses which only helped the wealthy and not the peasantsThe policies were under the Batista dictatorshipFidel Castro led a peasant revolt in Cuba in 1959. Cuba became a communist country and was supported by the USSRThe new government began taking property owned by major US corporationsThe U.S feared a communist threat so close to its country XV. The Bay of PigsUS-planned landing to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in 1961.The invasion failed miserably and communism remained in Cuba.XVI. The Berlin Wall1961 Khrushchev begins construction on the Anti-Fascist Protection Wallbuilt to keep people from escaping from the east to the West for democracyXVII. The Cuban Missile CrisisSoviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba.Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba Khrushchev eventually removed the weapons as long as the U.S did not invade CubaNuclear war was avoided XVIII. France vs. VietnamFrance attempted to re-establish control over Indochina after WWII Fighting went on until 1954 when the French were slaughtered by Vietnamese guerilla warfareVietnam was split into two pieces The Communist North was led by Ho Chi MinhThe South was led by Ngo Dihn Diem Diem was overthrown and executed in 1963 XIX. The Gulf of TonkinCommunism was spreading quickly in Asiadomino theory: when one country fell to communism others could tooThe U.S and France wanted to back the South VietnameseGulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the U.S to take any measures against Vietnam.XX. The Vietnam War BeginsUS and French troops aided the South The North Vietnamese used Guerilla warfare.The U.S and France were unprepared for that style of combatThe North Vietnamese proved to be too much for the U.S and France and they removed troops in the early 1970’s Peace was in signed 1973. Vietnam was united in July 1976. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed on both sides of this conflict XXI. The War in AfghanistanThe Mujahdeen declared a jihad, a holy war on the communist gov’t.Russian soldiers were no match against Afghanistan.Mikhail Gorbachev took the Soviet Union out of the Afghanistan conflict.This showed the weaknesses of the Soviet UnionXXII. Star WarsStar Wars or SDI: a defense system that destroyed missiles before they hit a target.This cost both countries billions with no success.XXIII. The Birth of a New Soviet Russia1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became Russian leaderGorbachev wanted to end Cold War tensions Glasnost or openness where he ended censorship. Perestroika was the restructuring of government and the economy.XXIV. Collapse of the Berlin WallOn Nov. 9 1989, the Berlin Wall is opened. Many East Germans cross the border to West Berlin they celebrate for days. XXV. The Fall of the Soviet UnionFood shortages grew worse and prices soared. Countries gained full independence. Others broke from Soviet controlGorbachev resigned as president in 1991. Cuba was economically devastated by the fall of RussiaXXVI. PolandAnti-Communist movements existed in Poland during the 1980’sThe Solidarity Movement was led by Lech WalesaWorkers began to strike against communist policiesMartial law was instituted but the movement was too strongWhen communism fell in 1990, Walesa was elected president of PolandHe instituted Western reformsPoland has since joined NATO and the European UnionXXVII. Ethnic Cleansing in former YugoslaviaNationalistic movements erupted in the 1990s following the fall of Soviet RussiaBosnian-Serb militias attempt to expel Bosnia's Muslim and Croat population This “ethnic cleansing” of Muslims was led by Slobodan Milosevic Hundreds of thousands were killedEthnic Cleansing created more than two million refugees and displaced personsPeace was signed at the Dayton AgreementGenocide in Cambodia Khmer RougeI. The Rise of the Khmer RougeFormer leader was deposed.Lon Nol came to power but the Khmer Rouge gained power too.In 1975 the U.S stopped bombing Cambodia.In that same year Lon Nol resigned II. Khmer Rouge in PowerThe Khmer Rouge wanted a classless society Pol Pot wanted to purify Cambodia from western ideas.The regime executed civil servants, police, intellectuals and starved peasantsIII. Torture and KillingS-21 a prison camp was used to extract confessions from political prisoners.To do this they used electrocution, hot metal prods, and knives.Thousands were executed in this fashion and buried in mass graves.1.4 million Deaths, 20 percent of the population died between 1975 and 1978. IV. The Fall of the Khmer RougeIn 1978 100,000 Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia.Within weeks they took the capital and Pol Pot fled.They instituted a new gov’t the People's Republic of Kampuchea.Pol Pot died in 1998. 20th Century Africa1. WWI and its effects in AfricaAllies targeted the four German colonies in Africa 2. The mandate system United States opposed direct colonizationAllies divided up the Central Powers colonies in Africa and AsiaLeague of Nations: territories would be assigned to advanced nations until they could self-govern Most important mandate was British control over Palestine3. Africa and WWIIWWI weakened Europeset the stage for decolonization European grip on colonies weakened because of Depression Rise of Germany and Italy lead to conquest of Northern AfricaAfter WWII countries demand independence4. Decolonizing Africaa. African nationalism and independence African nationalism grew to protest against European imperialismImperial powers stated Africa was not ready for self-government White settlers opposed black independence b. Forcing the French out of North Africa 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria War in Algeria, 1954-1962 Algerian nationalists used guerrilla warfareAtrocities on both sides; Algerian independence, 1962 c. Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa Ghana on the Gold Coast first to gain independence, 1957 Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political actionsNkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957 Anti-colonial rebellions in Kenya after 1947 between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlersMau Mau leaders arrested many radical and political leadersMau Mau uprising crushed in 1955Political prisoners released: most notably Jomo KenyattaKenya gained independence, 1963 with Kenyatta as its first presidentd. EgyptEgypt became independent in 1922Egypt was still closely connected to BritainIn the 1950s Gamal Nasser overthrew the king and established a republic in Egypt He nationalized industries, including the Suez CanalHe was involved in many conflicts between the Western countries and the Middle EastHe ruled Egypt until his death in 1970He was replaced by Anwar SadatSadat’s contribution was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel at the Camp David Accords in the late 1970’s e. South Africaindependent in 1901, but rights were denied to blacks Apartheid: 1948 legal system designed to keep races separate African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid Nationalism and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president f. Crisis in DarfurDarfur region of Sudan is home to racially mixed Muslim tribesIn 2003 two Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the gov’tThe gov’t responded with:a scorched-earth campaignarming and bankrolling militias that kill innocent civiliansthis tragedy is largely unsupported by the rest of the world to date the Darfur genocide has killed more than 400,000 civilians It has also displaced 2.5 million people Genocide in RwandaI. Background:Two Main Ethnic GroupsHutu and Tutsi Hutu were 90% of population Tutsi were considered aristocracy II. Colonial BackgroundBelgians received Rwanda after the First World War They made the Tutsi eliteThey enjoyed more privileges:Colonial Identity Cards used to determine who is Hutu and who is Tutsi III. Tensions begin 1990’s1962: Rwanda received its independenceThe Hutu seized powerHutu began discriminating against TutsiUN sends peacekeeping forces in 1990Hutu extremists plan to exterminate TutsiIV: Turning Point 1994April 6th 1994: Rwandan president Habyalimana and President from Burundi were assassinatedRwanda plunged into political violence Death lists were made (ex: Tutsi politicians ,leaders, moderate Hutu’s)V. Genocide BeginsThe Hutu militia begin to kill Tutsi’s in cold blood The Hutu radio encourage killing by broadcasting non-stop propagandaTutsi’s take refuge in churches and hospitals became main targetsTutsi were forced by Hutu to kill their own familiesVI. The World Response The UN sent in 5,000 soldiersUN and US were careful not to use the word “genocide”The UN army pulled out and only 200 soldiers were left to guard the entire countryVII. The AftermathThe killings end when Tutsi rebels invade from neighboring countries and Defeat the HutuGenocide ended July 1994Two million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda to neighboring countriesAmerica gave financial support and food By 1996, UN trials began March 31st, 2005 finally condemned the Genocide of 1994 Middle East and OilI. OPECThe Middle East controls two-thirds of the world’s oil reservesIn 1960, the Middle East united with a few other oil-exporting countries, like Venezuela, to form OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). OPEC members countries have controlled the price of oil since 1960II. The Persian Gulf WarIraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 under Saddam Hussein Iraq wanted to gain control of a greater percentage of the world’s oil reservesThe UN and U.S sent forces to drive the Iraqis out of KuwaitKuwait was liberated and Iraq was humiliatedIraq was then subjected to UN monitoring, severe limitations on its military activities and economic sanctions. Hussein still remained in powerHussein held on to his brutal dictatorship for another 10 years2005 Hussein was capturedHussein was executed in December 2006 III. Taliban and Al QuedaThe Taliban formed in Afghanistan following the fall of the U.S.S.SThey are a Islamic fundamentalist groupThe gov’t imposed strict Islamic lawIt was also a safe haven for Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist group Al QuedaAl Queda despises the United States, Saudi Arabia and Israel Al Queda wants these countries removed to stop infecting Islamic cultureOn Sept. 11 2001, Al Queda operatives attacked the World Trade Center in NYCAl Queda also organized other attacksThe U.S and UN targeted and removed the Taliban from powerAl Queda in still a major terrorist threatEuropean UnionI. The European Union Is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic countries Established in 1992 A common single marketA single currency (the euro) A common trade policyA Common Foreign and Security PolicySet up internal borders which allows mobility for European Union citizens II. European Common MarketDesigned to help the economy of Europe Prevent future war by integrating its members togetherIII. The European Parliament Elected officials that represents the interests of the citizensElections are held every five yearsEvery European Union citizen is entitled to voteThe Parliament governs more than 455 million peopleIranian revolutionI. Problems in IranReza Shah used western ideas in Iran since 1925Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took over Iran in 1941 continued Western reforms and increased women’s rightsThis infuriated Islamic fundamentalists who wanted to make Islam the law of the landBut people demanded more reforms, rights, and freedoms II. The Iranian RevolutionTwo sides surfaced: One focused on the Shari'ah and UlemaThe other wanted WesternizationThese two groups formed a unified front. protests erupted January 9, 1978 The protesters demanded that the Ayatollah Khomeini be allowed to return police opened fire on the students The police continued to interrupt protestsHundreds were killed between January and August 1978 September 8, "Black Friday," Iranian troops killed several hundred peopleOn September 9, the Shah declared martial law and imprisoned many The revolutionaries changed tactics from demonstrations to strikes. Khomeini spoke regularly to Iran through "speeches" which were distributed throughout IranIn December demonstrators seized gov’t buildings, shut down businesses with strikes, assassinated gov’t officials. On January 16, 1979, the Shah left Iran for good. On February 1, Khomeini returned to Iran The Revolution was over and Khomeini declared a new Islamic Republic.III. KhomeiniUnder Khomeini's rule, Sharia was introduced, Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized He promised many reforms but died before they were enacted in 1989 ................
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