John Heskett Industrial Design

John Heskett

Industrial Design

180 illustrations

@ Thames a Hudson

0MCAST

Contents

Introduction I From traditional crafts to industrial art

2 Industrialization and the search for harmony

3 The 'American system' and massproduction

4 Standardization and rationalization

5 Art and industry in the early twentieth century

6 The emergence of professional industrial design

7 The introduction of streamlining 8 Corporate design and product identity

9 Technological innovation and design for the home

10 Play, learning, work and leisure I I Mass-production and individual choice 12 Design and politics

Conclusion Select bibliography Index

Index

Italic numbers refer to illustrations

Aalto, Alvar I 14, I 17; 89 Adam, Robert and James 15 Adler Cabriolet 102 AEG 69-70, 90, 146, 153; 49-50 'Aga' cookers 146 pgnew, Kenneth 179 Airstream' trailer 170; 147 Albers, Josef IOI All Union Scientific Research Council

for Industrial Design (USSR) 200 'American Beauty' electric iron 153 American Heater Co. 153 American Horologe Co. 53 American Posture League 80 American Sales Book Co. 106 American Standards Association 71 Ames, Kenneth L. 59 'Anglepoise' lamp 80 Arabia ceramics I 17 Archer, L. Bruce 203, 206 Arens, Egmont I 10 Art Nouveau 85-7 Artek 114 Arts and Crafts Movement 26, 62, 85,

116, 196, 198 Arvatov, B. 98-9 Atlas Copco 170; 14-3 Atvidabergs I 18 Avenarius, Ferdinand 92

BACISAC 'Concorde' 201; 176 Baekeland, Dr Leo 155 Banham, P. Reyner 168 Barman, Christian 126 Barnes, Jlm 109 Bauhaus 101-4, 116 'Beauty oflabour' 194; 167-8 Beecher, Catherine 80; 61 Behrens, Peter 70, 85, 9-1, 102; 49-52 Be1 Geddes, Norman I I I , 120, 140,

145; 86,119 Bell Telephones 107-8, 126; 84 Bellini, Mario 139 Belter, John Henry 43; 26 Bentham. Sir Samuel 5 I Berlin elevated tramway 91 Berlin Stadtbahn 132-3: 108 Berliner Mobelfabrik 91 Bemadotte, Sigvard 118 Berry, A.F. 147 Berry 'Magicoal' fire 148; 120 Bertone 126 Bill, Max 104 B~ssell,Melville R. 15-1 Bjom, Acton I 18 Black and Decker 168

Black, Misha 9, 204 Blackett, Christopher 30; 12 Board of Trade (UK) 196 Boeing aircraft: 'B29' 174; '247' 121;

'707' 135; '747' 187 Bonsieppe, Gui 203-5 Booth, Henry 30; 13 Boulanger, P~erre124 Boulton, Matthew 13-15. 18; 1-2 Brandt, Marianne 102; 79 Braque, Georges 93 Braun, Artur and Edwin 142 Braun 'Kitchen Machine' 141; 116 Breer, Car1 123 Breuer, Marcel 102, 116, 140; 80 'Britain Can Make It' exhibition 186 British Engineering Standards Asso-

ciation 71 British Prometheus 146 British Standards Institute 71 Brookes Stevens 172 Brownell, Frank 58 Bruckmann, Peter 90 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 182 Brunel, Marc 51 Brunswick Co. I59 Bruynzeel kitchen 76; 57 Budd Manufacturing Co. 130; 104 Bugatti, Ettore 128; 103 Burlington Zephyr 130; 104

Cadillac cars 122; 1948 Coupe 178; 1955 'Eldorado' 178; 154

Callot, Jacques 12 Castagna 121 Cawardine, George 60 Chadwick, Hulme 170; 145 Chapman, Dave 109, 159, 172 Chermayeff, Serge I 16 Christiansen, Ole Kirk 158 Chrysler Co. 122; 'Airflow' 123, 170;

98 City of Salina 129 Clough, Jefferson M. 57 Coates, Wells 116 Colbourn, Zarah 27 'Coldspot' refrigerator 106, 146; 83 Cole, Henry 2-1, 24, 27 Colt, Samuel 52-4, 56; 32,34 Columbian Exposition, Chicago 146 Constructivism 85, 98 Consumers' Union (US) 180 Corning Glass 143-4; 117 Council of Industrial Design 199 Crompton and Co. 146

Crystal Palace Electrical Exhibition

146 Cubism 92-4

DAF 'Fz6oo' lorry 164 D'Aveze, Marquis 184 De Havilland DH88 Comet aircraft

I22 Delmenhorster Linoleum Fabrik 91 Dennison, Aaron L. 53 DePree, D.J. 136 De Puy, Roland G. 117 'Desien for Need' conference 2oc ~ e s k eD~o,nald 109 De Stijlg6-7 Deutsch Normen Ausschuss 71 Deutsche Technik 193; 166 Deutsche Warenkunde 92 Deutsche Werkstatten, Hellerau 91 DIN 'A-format' 76 Dixon. James 25; 10 Douglasaircraft: 'DCI' 1z1;'DCz' 122,

96; 'DC3' 123, 130, 197 Donlton, Henry 24, 44 Doulton wares 44, 87; 27, 68 Dresser, Christopher 24-6; g-10 Dre~fussH, enry 107-10, 126, 132, 135,

151, 178; 84 Duchamp, Marcel 93, I 16 Durant, Will I I O Diirerbund 92 Dyce, William 21 Dymaxion car 122; 97 Dymaxion house 206; 180

Eames, Charles 136-8; 111-13 Earl, Harley T . 110, 122, 178 Eastman, George 58, 172 Eastman Kodak 105-6 Eccles 'Liberty Hall' caravan 170; 146 Ecoles des Arts et MCtiers 183 Eichler, Fritz 142 Ekholm, Kurt I 17 Electrolux 118, 151; 124 Elkingtons, Birmingham 24-5 El Lissitsky 100, 102 Endell, August 85, 92 Erbe, Tubingen 203; 177-8 Ericson Telecommunications 126 'Esse' cookers 146 Evinrude 172

Federal Supply Service (US) 183 Fiat 'Topolino' 124; 'Ritmo' 202; 175 Figli di Amadeo Cassina I 16 Flaxman, John 14-15

Flying Hamburger 127; 101

Industrial Fatlgue Board (UK) 80

Loewy, Raymond 106-8, 110, 132,

Ford, Edsel55 Ford, Henry 66-7, 72, so3 Ford Motor Co. 122-3: 'Edsel' 179;

'Model T' 67, 72,46; 'Model A' 72,

International Business Machines (IBM) 14-2; 115

Irminger,Johann Jakob 12 Itten, Johannes IOI

135, 144, 147, 178; 83 London Underground 134-5; lop-10

Loms XIV of France I 1-12

Ludwig I1 of Bavaria 46

74.53; 'VS' 72, 74.54

IZORAM, Leningrad IOO

Frankfurt Standards 84; 63-5

MacArthur, D r John 161; 132

Frederick, Christine 81, 84; 62 Friedlander, Marguer~ta102 Frigidairc r 10 Froehcl, Dr Ernst 158 Fuller, R. Buckminster 122,206;97,180 Futurism 85, 94

Gan, Alexey 98 Gardner, James 186 Gate, Simon 117 General Electric (US) 153; 126 General Motors 11-11, 122-3, 130,

135, 138

Jaray, Paul 121, 124 Jenne, William K. 57 Jenny Lind 30-2; 14 Jensen, Georg S 18 Jcrome, Chauncey 53; 33 Johnson Motors 172 Johnson, Samuel 32; 15 Jones, Christopher 206 Jones, Owen 24-5 Journal ofDesign 2-3 Joy, David 30, 32; 14 Jugendstil 85

McCormick, Cyrus 54 Macchi M39 aircraft 186 Maldonado, Tomis 104, 203, 206;

177-8 Malevitch, Kasimir 9 7 3 ; 77 Mallard 131; 106 Mann, Sam 117 Marcks, Gerhardt 102 Marinetti, Fllippo 94, 116 Maxim Gorky airliner 187-8 May, Ernst X4 'Meccano' construction kit 158; 129 Medical Research Council (UK) 80

Gcstetner, Sigmund 106 Ghia 17.6 Gilhreth, Frank and Lilian 79 Gohelins S I , 12 Grand Rapids furniture 59-60, 136 Great Exhibition, London 20, 23, 27,

49-50, 54-5,184; 34 Greenhough, Horatio 38 Grenander, Alfred gI ; 72 Gresley, Sir Nigel 131; 106 Gropius, Waltcr 92, 101-2, 104, 116,

138, 140; 73 Gugelot, Hans 142, 160; 130 Guild, Lurelle 154; 121 Gustavsberg ceramics I 17

Hald, Edvard r 17 Hall, John Hancock 51-2; 31 Hansen, Theophil46 Hawker Hurricane 195; 169 Hedley, William 30 Heibcrg, Jean 126 Heinkel, Ernst 194 Heller, Orlo 120 Herman Miller Co. 136-8 Hindenburg I 88 Hitchcock, Lambert 42

Kbgc, Wilhelm I 17 Kandinsky, Vassily 102 Kawasaki: South Manchurian Railway

locomotive 132, 107; 'B8' motorcycle 173-4, 150; 'CzTR' motorcycle 173, 151 Kay, Cyril 122 Kelvinator S 10 Kersting, Walter Maria 113; 88 Kodak Carouselslide-projector 160;130 Kodak cameras: 'Bantam Special' 105, 82; 'Brownie' 58, 40; lightweight 58; Folding Pocket Kodak 58, 39; 'Vanity Kodak' so5 Kohn, Jakoh and Josef 43 Korting and Mathiesen 79, 102; 59, 79, 81 Kramer, Ferdinand 84; 63-4 Kruckenberg, Count 127-8; 102 'Kubu4 glassware 112; 87 Kuhler, Otto 130; 105

Lancaster, Maud 150, 156 Land, Admiral 197 Landberg, Nils 117; 93 Landmann, Ludwig 84

Meissen 12 Messerschmitt 109 aircraft 193, 195;

170 Messerschmitt, W~lhelm194 Mettcrnich, Prince Clemens 42 Meyer, Adolf 84 Michelotti 126 Midland Railway 32, 35-6; 15-19 Min~stryof Industrial Development,

Alternative Technology Cell (India) 206 Ministry of Trade and Industry, Industrial Arts Institute (Japan) zoo Ministry of Works (UK) 183 ' M ~ n o x c' amera 172; 148 Mitchell R.J. 186, 189 Mitropa sleeping-compartment (Gro-

pius) 92; 73 Moholy-Nagy, Lazlo 101, 104 Mondrian, Pict 96 Montgomery Ward 62; 43 Morris, William 19, 26, 58, 85. 87 Moser, Koloman 87 Moller-Munk, Peter ro9 Murphy Ltd 116; 92 Mussolini, Benito 186 'Mustcrring' furniture 75; 56

Hochschule fur Gestaltung, Ulm 'Land-Rover' 197

Muthesius, Hermann 88-90. 102; 69

103-4, 204,206

La Pavoni coffee-machine I I 6

Hoffmann,Josef 85, 87, 91; 67

'La Superleggera' chair I 16

Nader, Ralph 180

Honda 'Gold Wing' motor-cycle 178

Lausitzer Glasverein I S 2; 87

Nash Motors 110, 178

Hoole and Co. 23-4; 7-8 Hoover cleaners 15s; 122-3 Hoover, Herbert 71 Hoover, William 151

Le Blanc 50 Le Brun, Charles 11

LcCorhusicr 3 8 , 9 4 4 , 102, 116

Le Creusot I -< .A

Naumann, Friedrich 88 Nelson, George 136, 138 New Bauhaus, Chicago 103-4 New England Glass Co. 46; 28

Horizons S I S Hornhy, Frank 158; 129 Hotchkiss stapler 120; 95 Houghton, Arthur A . 143

Ledwinka, Hans 124; 99 'Lego' 158 Leslie. Frank cu ~ ' ~ r ~~ oi ui vte a u94, 96

'Nightingall' oven 147 Nizzoli, Marcello 138 North, Simeon 51 Noyes, Eliot 14-1

House Beautfnl 156; 128

'Liberty' ships 197

Nuff~eldTrust 203

' Howe, Elias 56

Lincoln 'Zephyr' 74; 55

Hukin and Heath 25; 9 Hussey, Obed 54

Lindig, Otto roz Lindner lighting I 12

Obrist, Hermann 85 OEEC European Productivity Agency

Ideal-Standard Co. I 16; 90-1 Illinois Institute of Technology 103

Little, Jack 109 Lobmeyr, Ludwig 46 Lockheed aircraft: Constellation

147 Olds, Ransome E. 66 'Oldsmohile' 66; 45

Imperator 40; 21-2

Electra 135

Olins, Wally 141

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