The Young Turks and the Ottoman Empire



The Young Turks and the Ottoman Empire

1. Who were the Young Turks and what did they do?

Young educated members of the Turkish elite became inspired by nationalist ideas. Known as the Young Turks they demanded reform. A new Young Turk government encouraged industrialization, public education, and improved treatment of women.

The Mexican Revolution of 1910

1. Identify-

Diaz- General Porfirio Dias was a dictator who limited freedom of the press and used the police to enforce order. Diaz achieved solid economic growth by building railroads and telegraph lines, and promoting industry and investment. But he also seized lands from villages and left the peasants worse off then before.

Madero- Francisco Madero a wealthy liberal began the revolt against Diaz in 1910. When Diaz fled, Madero was elected president of Mexico.

Poncho Villa- Was a revolutionary who led a private army in the northern part of Mexico. Madero was assassinated in 1913, and a period of violence and civil war followed.

2. The Mexican Constitution 1917, still in effect today did the following in Mexico:

A) Established an elected president and guaranteed individual rights.

B) Divided power between the central government and individual states.

C) Promoted social and economic reforms

D) Established public education, universal voting, and an 8hr work day and gave workers the right to strike.

China Becomes a Republic 1912

1. During the uprisings in 1911, who was elected provisional president by revolutionaries?

Revolutionaries elected Sun Yat-Sun provisional president.

2. What historic event occurred in 1912?

The Manchu emperor finally gave up his throne. Thus, after 2500 years of rule by emperors, China became a republic in 1912.

3. After giving up power and then returning to power in 1916, Sun formed what?

In 1916, Sun returned to power and formed a new political party, the Kuomintang.

4. On what three principles were his new party based?

a. Democracy

b. Nationalism

c. People’s Livelihood

5. What was the outcome of Sun’s dream?

Sun was never fully able to bring all of China under his control. In many parts of the country, the power of local military commanders- known as warlords remained too great. Sun died in 1925.

World War I (1914 – 1918)

1. List, define, and briefly explain the leading causes of WWI.

Militarism- Germany and Britain competed to build the largest, most powerful navy. Military planning and arms races played key roles in the outbreak of WWI. Military leaders thought it better to attack first, rather than wait to be attacked.

Alliance System- By 1914, Europe was divided into two large camps by a series of secret alliances. On one side stood Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Ottoman Turkey (Central Powers). On the other side stood Russia, France, and Great Britain (Allies). These alliances sought to preserve the existing balance of power, disputes involving any two of these countries threatened to involve all the others.

Imperialism and Economic Rivalries- Competing colonial claims in Africa and Asia created an atmosphere of tension between the major powers. German industrialization threatened British economic supremacy. Russian interests in the Balkans threatened both Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks.

Nationalism- Nationalism caused rivalries between France, Britain, German, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The spread of nationalism had also led to the creation of new independent nations.

2. What was the flashpoint, better know as the SPARK or the direct cause?

In 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of a Slav nationalist group. Austrian leaders rightly believed that Serb Officials had secretly helped the assassins.

3. How did this lead to war?

Austrians wanted to teach Serbia a lesson, and German leaders encouraged the Austrians to act. Austria-Hungry invaded Serbia setting off a chain reaction. Because of its alliance treaty, Russia came in to protect Serbia. Next Germany entered to fulfill its treaty obligations to protect Austria. Finally Britain and France intervened to honor their alliance with Russia.

4. List new technology used in WWI?

Machine guns

Poison gas

Submarines

Airplanes

5. What was the main type of warfare or fighting in this war?

Soldiers dug deep trenches, which they defended. Soon these trenches extended hundreds of miles throughout France.

6. Why did the USA enter the war?

American ships that sent supplies to Britain and France were attacked by German submarines. In response to these attacks the US entered WWI.

7. What were the years for WWI?

World War I was fought during 1914 – 1918.

8. Name the Treaty that ended WWI and list five of its terms

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) concluded with peace.

9. What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI?

World War I led to the end of the Ottoman Empire.

10. Who was Kemal Ataturk and what was his great accomplishment?

Kemal Ataturk was a leading general during the war; he preserved Turkish territory in Asia Minor and formally abolished the Sultanate in 1923. He introduced sweeping reforms, such as the use of the Latin alphabet, to turn Turkey into a Westernized, secular state.

The Russian Revolution of 1917

1. List several problems in Russia prior to revolution in 1917:

Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Demonstrators were shot down by troops during an unarmed demonstration in St. Petersburg in 1905.

Peasants seized nobles’ lands, while workers in the cities engaged in demonstrations and general strikes.

Tsar Nicholas II finally granted limited reforms, creating an elected legislature known as the Duma. However, only the very wealthy could vote for the Duma’s members.

2. Who were the Bolsheviks?

The Bolsheviks were a revolutionary group.

3. What was their motto?

“Peace- Peace for the soldiers, Bread- Bread for the workers and Land-Land for the peasants”

4. Who was their leader?

Led by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917.

5. What did they accomplish?

Tsar Nicholas realized he was powerless to govern the nation. He gave up his throne, and the leaders of the Duma declared Russia a republic.

6. Once in power, the Communists did the following:

a. The Bolsheviks changed the name of their political party to the “Communist” party.

b. Russia became the world’s first Communist nation.

c. In 1922, they also changed their name of their country to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) or “Soviet Union.

7. What is the NEP?

Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy in which some private ownership was permitted in agriculture and small factories. The government continued to control all major industries.

8. After Lenin died, who took over in the USSR?

When Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin emerged as the victory by accusing his rivals of disloyalty and having many of them executed.

9. List and explain his four major changes:

Reign of Terror- People lived in dread of being arrested by the secret police. In so-called purges, Stalin had other potential leaders arrested and executed. Stalin built enormous slave labor camps in Siberia, known as gulags. Tens of millions of people died victims of his reign of terror.

Collectivization- Private land was taken from the peasants, who were forced to join collective farms owned by the government. When peasants in the Ukraine rejected collectivization, Stalin seized their food supplies and sealed off the entire region. Millions of Ukrainians starved to death.

Five-Year Plans- Stalin successfully turned his nation for an agricultural into an industrial country. He introduced a series of goals called Five-Year Plans in which all aspects of the economy were controlled. Heavy industries were developed, while consumer needs were ignored.

Glorification of Stalin- Stalin glorified his part in building the nation, portraying himself as Russia’s greatest leader. Streets and cities were named after him; his picture appeared everywhere. Statues portrayed him as a gentle, fatherly ruler. Children memorized his sayings in school.

The World in Prosperity and Depression

1. Describe the 1920s and what event occurred in 1929 beginning what worldwide?

The US emerged from the war as the world’s greatest economic power. American consumers began buying mass-produced goods made in US factories. American bankers and industrialists invested some of their profits overseas, especially in Germany. American prosperity spread further to Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the 1920s new values emerged, women in the US, Britain and other countries won the right to vote. Increased industrialization created new jobs, many filled by women and more women pursued higher educations.

In 1929, the stock market crashed in New York, starting a chain reaction that plunged the American economy into the Great Depression.

The Rise of Fascism

1. List and explain the five main components of FASCISM:

Nationalism- Fascists were extreme nationalists, believing the highest value was the nation. They took this belief to extremes, often claiming that their nation was superior to all others.

Reaction Against Liberalism- Fascists opposed liberal ideas such as democracy, socialism, labor unions, and strikes. They were also strong anti-Communists.

Unity of Social Classes- Fascists felt a single national party should unite all social classes. They also believed that the strong had a natural right to dominate the weak.

All-Powerful Leaders- Fascists believed that a single, all- powerful leader, like Mussolini or Hitler, could best represent the national will and lead the nation.

Extreme Militarism- Fascists used violence to defeat their political opponents and prepared to use war to expand their nations. Fascists saw war as a glorious experience.

The Old Order Collapses

• Germany- In Germany, the Kaiser was forced out when the war was lost. The new democratic republic, known as the Weimar Republic, was weak. They preferred to give all political power to a single leader rather than to entrust it to the common people.

• Russia- The Russian Bolsheviks demonstrated how to organize a mass political party and how to build a totalitarian state. At the same time, the middle classes in other European countries feared the spread of Communism. This fear led many to support extremists like Mussolini and Hitler, who were strongly anti-Communist.

• Italy- A mood of dissatisfaction existed in Italy after the war. In 1922, Benito Mussolini seized power and began to make italy into a Fascist state. He copied many Bolshevik practices while denouncing their ideas. Like the Bolsheviks, Mussolini’s party had its own newspaper, as well as a private army of party members. Mussolini used violence against his opponents. Unions were abolished, strikes were outlawed, and the press was censored. Within three years, Italy had become a Fascist police state.

Who rose from the ashes of the Weimar Republic in Germany?

Adolf Hitler

What was his party called? Nazi Party

What was the title of the book he authored? Mein Kampf

Hitler ruled from 1933 to 1945

What did Hitler like to call Germany? Third Reich

In what ways was Hitler a dictator?

Hitler took over every aspect of German social, economic, and political life.

World War II

1. What were the years of the war?

1939 – 1945

2. What three key developments took us on the road to WWII?

League of Nations Fails- The League relied on collective security to prevent another war. Hitler, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, rebuilt his armed forces. The League could do nothing about it because its members refused to take action against dictators that might lead to war.

Appeasement- Hitler next claimed territories where Germans lived. He annexed Austria in 1938. Later that year, British Prime Minister Chamberlain met with Hitler in Munich and tried appeasement (granting concessions to an aggressor). Hoping to avoid war, Chamberlain agreed to Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia.

Invasion of Poland- In 1939, Hitler made a new demand for part of Poland. This time, Britain and France refused to give in. Hitler made a secret deal with Stalin to keep the Soviet Union out of the war.

3. What specific event began WWII?

Germany then invaded Poland, beginning World War II.

4. By the end of 1940, Hitler controlled most of Europe. Which country held out and who was its leader?

The British held out led by their new Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

5. Many historians say Hitler’s biggest military mistake began in 1941. What was it?

In 1941, Hitler betrayed Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union. The bitterly cold winter froze German trucks and tanks before they could reach Moscow.

6. Define the Holocaust.

The Holocaust refers to the genocide of the Jews during World War II. Genocide is an attempt to murder an entire race of people.

7. Describe the Holocaust.

The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and genocide of the Jews and many other minority groups. Jews were machine- gunned next to trenches they had been forced to dig themselves. Concentration camps were built where Jews were killed with poison gas and their bodies burned. Some Jews were used as slave labor in nearby weapons factories. Six million Jews died in the Holocaust.

8. On which side and why did the US enter WWII?

The US was on the Allied Powers side and entered the war in December 1941 when Japan attacked American ships at Pear Harbor, Hawaii.

9. What two factors turned the tide of the war?

The tide of the war turned in favor of the allies because the Soviet Union had greater manpower than Germany, and the United States had greater manufacturing capacity.

The War in Asia

1. Why was Japan so militaristically aggressive in the late 1800s and the early 1900s?

Japan’s late 19th century industrialization was remarkably successful. However, Japanese leaders needed raw materials and markets for their growing industries. They also wanted to replace European imperialism in East Asia by the imperialism of an Asian power.

2. During WWII, how did the US regain superiority over Japan after Pearl Harbor?

In 1943, the US regained naval superiority in the Pacific. American forces began “island-hopping” – liberating Pacific islands from Japanese control one at a time. Japan was slowly forced to retreat back to its home islands. After the defeat of Germany, the US turned its full military strength on Japan.

3. How did WWII end in Japan?

In August 1954, the Atomic Age began. Rather than risk a full- scale invasion of Japan the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Tens of thousands of Japanese were killed. Fearing additional nuclear attacks, Japan surrendered.

4. Who led the post-war changes in Japan?

American General Douglas MacArthur, who had led the Pacific campaign, was assigned the task of rebuilding and reforming Japan.

5. Explain the important changes in Japan after WWII:

Punishment of War Leaders- Leaders responsible for wartime atrocities were put on trial and punished.

Demilitarization- Japan’s ability to wage war was virtually eliminated. Japan was allowed only a small “self-defense force” Japan also renounced the use of nuclear weapons.

Territorial Losses- Japan’s overseas empire was taken away, leaving Japan with just her home islands.

New Constitution- The Constitution of 1947 renounced war and made Japan on of the world’s most democratic nations.

A New Role for the Emperor- The emperor’s political power was given to the people. To satisfy Japanese feelings, the emperor remained their symbolic head of state.

The Global Impact of World War II

World War II dramatically changed the world.

I. Defeat of Dictatorships- Hitler’s plans to conquer Europe and Japan’s plans for dominating Asia were defeated. After the war, Germany, Italy, and Japan were occupied by armies of the victorious nations and turned into democratic, peaceful countries.

II. Unparalleled Destruction- WWII was a global conflict, fought in Europe, North Africa, East Asia, and on the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Its destruction was unparalleled: More than sixty million people died, and much of Europe and Asia lay in ruins.

III. The decline of Colonial Powers- WWII greatly stimulated the desire for national self-determination among the people of Africa and Asia. European colonial powers such as Britain, France, Holland and Belgium had exhausted their resources in fighting the war and could no longer resist independence movement in their colonies.

IV. The Cost of Fighting the War- Estimates place the direct costs of the war at more than two trillion dollars. Spending such a staggering sum brought about the economic collapse of many of the war’s participants. The US economy suffered the least because the US was spared the physical destruction and the costs of rebuilding.

V. The Rise of the Superpowers and the Cold War- The collapse of European power left tow superpowers in command of the world: the US and the Soviet Union. Their differences in viewpoint and in national interests rapidly led to the Cold War.

Birth of the United Nations

Facts about the United Nations:

a. Nickname: U.N.

b. Headquarters location: New York City

c. Main AIM: The U.N. Charter seeks to maintain peace in the world, while encouraging friendship and cooperation among nations. Members agree to give up the use of force in disputes, except in self-defense.

Also work on: The U.N. also works to eliminate hunger, disease, and ignorance, and promotes human rights and economic development.

d. Number of members: More than 180 members

e. Security Council: To ensure the participation of the major powers, the Charter gave the US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China permanent membership. The Security Council is responsible for deterring aggression. It can apply economic sanctions or military power to resolve disputes.

f. General Assembly: Every member state has one vote in the General Assembly. The Assembly votes on resolutions and makes recommendations to the Security Council.

The Decolonization of Asia and Africa

1. Why did the European powers let go of most of their colonial possessions after WWII?

The aggressive ambitions of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan had largely discredited imperialist beliefs. Having fought for democracy in Europe, it was hard for the Allied powers to justify denying democracy to the peoples of Asia and Africa. Old colonial powers were exhausted. Most were not willing to endure further warfare overseas to maintain colonial rule against determined local resistance.

2. Was the transition peaceful?

The end of European colonialism was not always bloodless.

India

1. Name the group that wanted independence.

Since its formation in 1885, the Indian National Congress had been the main organization dedicated to Indian independence.

2. Name their famous leader.

The leader of the Congress was Mohandas Gandhi.

3. Explain the three methods used in India’s struggle:

Non-Violence- Gandhi developed the policy of passive resistance. He counseled Indians to peacefully suffer British beating and violence, and he refused to advocate the use of force against British officials.

Civil Disobedience- Gandhi urged Indians to disobey unjust British laws. In 1930, he led a Salt March to protest the British salt tax. His followers also fasted and refused to work for the British. As a result, Indians were jailed in large numbers.

Cottage Industries- Gandhi encouraged Indians to boycott (refuse to buy) British cotton goods, and to buy homemade goods. He hoped this would rebuild India’s cottage industries and raise living standards.

4. In 1947, why was India divided into two nations? Name the nations.

British leaders recognized that they were too weak to resist Indian demands for freedom. British agreed to Indian independence. However, British fearing violence between Hindus and Muslims partitioned India into two separate nations.

India was largely a Hindu nation and Pakistan was Muslim.

Southeast Asia

1. Briefly describe when and how these nations gained their independence.

a. Philippines- The United States Granted the Philippines its independence in 1946.

b. Vietnam- The French in Vietnam suffered a crushing defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The loss broke the will of the French to fight for their empire, and they pulled out of Vietnam giving them their independence from France.

Middle East and North Africa

a. Egypt- British had granted Egypt and Saudi Arabia their independence in 1922. However, the British kept troops in Egypt to protect the Suez Canal. In 1953, Egypt gained its independence when the king (British puppet) of Egypt was overthrown by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, an Arab nationalist.

b. Transjordan and Palestine- The decolonization of Palestine and Transjordan under British rule also posed a thorny problem. In 1917, the British had promised to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Fearing a full-scale civil war between Jews and Arabs the British brought the problem to the new United Nation.

Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Where, when, how, and what was Kwame Nkrumah able to achieve?

A British colony know as the Gold Coast located in sub-Sahara Africa, was led by Kwame Nkrumah who followed the examples of Gandhi by staging demonstrations and boycotting British products. At first the Nkrumah was jailed by the British. After his release, he as able to win independence for the Gold Coast in 1957. The Gold Coast changed its name to Ghana and became the first black African colony to win its independence.

2. What followed in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Over the next decade, almost all of sub-Saharan Africa achieved independence. In some cases violent conflicts arose between Europeans settlers and native Africans.

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